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The paper presents the results of U-Pb isotope dating of zircons extracted from rocks of the southern part of the Baltic Shield (Early Riphean conglomerates and Paleoproterozoic secondary quartzites) and makes a comparison of these results with the ages of crystalline complexes of the East European Platform (EEP). The paper presents the study results on composition of quartzites from the Bol. Tyuters and Gogland islands. There has been discussion about tectonic and paleogeographical features in the period prior to the beginning of Riphean sedimentation in the northeastern part of the EEP. It is concluded that the conglomerates are composed of erosional products of mainly Paleoproterozoic and less frequently Archean crystalline complexes. At the same time, the rocks at the base of the generalized section of Riphean deposits (Gogland group), did not contain any zircons with ages referring to 200 million years prior to the inferred time (1640–1660 Ma) of the beginning of the conglomerate sequence formation. The rocks that compose the Gogland group and their underlying Paleoproterozoic basement rocks have significant differences. We associate these differences with the existence of pre-Riphean sheet-like deposits, comprising rocks of essentially quartz composition, in the southern Baltic Shield, in the upper levels of the peneplenized Paleoproterozoic basement structure. The deposits relics are only found on the Bol. Tyuters Island; in all other places, these deposits were completely eroded or underwent significant structural and material transformations. The absence of detrital zircon grains with ages ranging from 1.87 to 1.65 Ga in the clastic rocks of the Riphean basal horizons implies no noticeable Pre-Riphean and Early Riphean orogenic movements in the northeastern part of the EEP. Tectono-magmatic reactivation in this region occurred only in the middle of the Early Riphean.

U-Th-Pb isotope dating of grains of detrital zircon from quartzites of the Suvanyak metamorphic complex, which forms the Suvanyak tectonic unit that forms the western part of the Uraltau uplift, located in the east of the West Ural megazone in the Southern Urals. The results of isotope dating of grains of detrital zircon from quartzites of the southern part of the Suvanyak metamorphic complex (samples G18-1 and R14-396) show that numerous populations of Late Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian detrital zircon grains suggest a Peri-Gondwanan origin of the primary sources of detrital material for the protolith of the studied rocks.The structure of the Suvanyak tectonic unit involves metamorphic formations of different ages – Early Paleozoic in the south and Late Precambrian in the north, which are now formally united into a single Suvanyak metamorphic complex. Their differentiation requires additional research.For the Late Paleozoic southeastern margin of the Baltica (at that time already involved in the structure of the composite continent Arct-Laurussia), according to the results of isotope-geochronological study of detrital zircon from the sedimentary and metasedimentary sequences of the Southern Urals, a number of the following tectonic structures were identified. Near the southeastern edge of the margin, there was a Late Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian oceanic basin, within which a volcanic arc or arcs were active during 650–520 Ma. The structure of the southeastern edge of the margin included the Peri-Gondwanan terrane or terranes (? Cadomian type), as well as thick Riphean-Early Paleozoic sedimentary sequences, autochthonous to the Baltica.

Aim. A study of atrophic gastritis severity and rate in patients with gastric polyps (GP).Materials and methods. The study enrolled 61 patients with hyperplastic (HGP) and 41 — with adenomatous GP (AGP). All patients had 24-h gastric pH-metry, control of the pepsinogen I, II and gastrin-17 levels, in addition to a general clinical, endoscopic, histological examination and testing for Helicobacter pylori.Results. GP patients had benign manifestations prevailed with epigastric heaviness and overflow, and a scarce history of H. pylori testing at no control of rendered eradication therapy. A symptomatic proton pump inhibitor treatment in GP was either prescribed or voluntary. Focal atrophic gastritis in endoscopy was revealed in 12 (19.7 %) HGP and 16 (39.0 %) AGP patients, diffused atrophic gastritis — in 49 (80.3 %) HGP and 25 (60.9 %) AGP patients. Low-grade chronic gastritis in histology prevailed in HGP, moderate — in AGP, and severe — in 21.9 % cases. Moderate (27.9 %) to severe (65.6 %) atrophy of gastric mucosa was registered in HGP, with 53.7 and 39.0 % respective AGP cases. Polyp dysplasia was detected in 20 % HGP and 75.6 % AGP cases. Pepsinogen I H. pylori-positive were 52.5 % HGP and 70.7 % AGP cases.Conclusion. A largely similar aetiopathogenesis of gastric polyps and chronic atrophic gastritis warrants the H. pylori diagnosis and a more detailed patient control for chronic gastritis grading and staging, functional insufficiency of gastric mucosa and the severity of hyperplastic and dysplastic change. The H. pylori eradication, in contrast to anti-secretory therapy, allows the containment of chronic gastritis and is a critical measure in gastric cancer prevention.

Aim. To study the prevalence of carotid (CA) and femoral artery (FA) atherosclerosis among Russian population, mainly in middle age group, using a representative sample of one of the Central Russian regions.Material and methods. The analysis included participants of the ATEROGEN-Ivanovo study (sub-study of the ESSE-RF conducted in the Ivanovo region) aged 40-67 years, who were invited for CA and FA ultrasound to assess plaque presence. A total 1102 people were examined, which was >80% of the original sample.Results. The age of subjects was 54 [48; 60] years (men, 28%). Only 11,2% of participants took statins; 30,9% had low cardiovascular risk (CVR), 35,6% — moderate CVR, 21,8% — high CVR, and 11,8% — very high CVR. The incidence of at least one plaque in CA or FA was 73,6%. The prevalence of CA atherosclerosis was 76,4% in men and 59,1% in women, FA atherosclerosis — 54,9% and 28,3%, respectively. Furthermore, plaques were detected already at the age of 40. The incidence of plaques significantly increased with age, with the exception of carotid atherosclerosis in men, a significant increase in the incidence of which stopped at 45 years of age.Conclusion. Among the Ivanovo population aged 40-67 with a predominance of low-to-moderate CVR patients, there is a high prevalence of carotid and femoral atherosclerosis, which indicates a high potential for using ultrasound for diagnosing subclinical atherosclerosis in assessing CVR in people of this age range.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an aggregate of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system characterized by recurrent, disabling clinical course and damages predominantly targeting optic nerves, brain stem and spinal cord. NMOSD is stratified into two types: seropositive for aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-IgG) and seronegative, which is reported in 25 % of cases. This article presents modern conceptualizations of NMOSD and describes authors’ own experience of clinical observation of patients.

Pure culture of thermophilic facultative anaerobic microorganism was isolated from surface sediment of methane seepage Posolsk Bank. New strain Geobacillus sp. PB15/Grf7geo does not differ from the typical strains by morphological and physiological-biochemical properties. It is able to withstand of wide temperature range with optimum growth between 55–60 °C. Chemoorganotroph. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence of the strain showed 97 % identity to cultivated strains of this genus. The strain forms a common clade with uncultivated representatives and does not cluster with sequences of cultivated strains within the genus Geobacillus in the phylogenetic tree. Strain Geobacillus sp. PB15/Grf7geo has been deposited to the collection of the VKM (=VKM B–3150T).

The results of the international multicenter study EMPEROR-REDUCED were reviewed the on-line scientific meeting of Moscow experts on October 30, 2020. Some proposals and recommendations for further study of the cardiovascular and renal effects of empagliflozin and its use in clinical practice in patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction were accepted.

Aim. To study the clinical manifestations and factors associated with the presence of chronic heart failure (CHF) in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) prior to anti-inflammatory therapy. Material and methods. The study included 74 patients with valid diagnosis of RA (criteria ACR/EULAR, 2010), 56 women (74%), median age – 54 [46;61] years, disease duration – 7 [4;8] months; seropositive for IgM rheumatoid factor (87%) and/or antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (100%) prior to taking disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and glucocorticoids. CHF was verified in accordance with actual guidelines. The assessment of traditional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging, carotid artery ultrasound, were carried out before the start of therapy in all patients with early RA. The concentration of NT-proBNP was determined by electrochemiluminescence. The normal range for NT-proBNP was less than 125 pg/ml.Results. CHF was diagnosed in 24 (33%) patients: in 23 patients – CHF with preserved ejection fraction, in 1 patient – CHF with reduced ejection fraction. 50% of patients with RA under the age of 60 were diagnosed with CHF. NYHA class I was found in 5 (21%) patients, class II – in 15 (63%), class III – in 1 (4%). Positive predictive value of clinical symptoms did not exceed 38%. All patients with early RA were divided into two groups: 1 – with CHF, 2 – without CHF. Patients with RA+CHF compared with patients without CHF were older, had higher body mass index, frequency of carotid atherosclerosis, of ischemic heart disease (IHD), hypertension, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and intima media thickness. Independent factors associated with the presence of CHF were identified by linear regression analysis: abdominal obesity, CRP level, systolic blood pressure, dyslipidemia, carotid intima thickness, IHD. The multiple coefficient of determination was R2=57.1 (R-0.76, p

Chronic autoimmune inflammation is one of the leading risk factors for the development of chronic heart failure (CHF) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of the review is to analyze the results of investigations on the effects of conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), and targeted csDMARDs on cardiac function and the risk of developing CHF in patients with RA. Methotrexate may reduce the CHF risk and have a positive effect on the course of this condition in patients with RA. Despite the data on the presence of leflunomide effects that impede myocardial remodeling, there is no evidence of the role of the drug in the prevention of CHF in RA patients. Hydroxychloroquine may contribute to the prevention of CHF, but the risk of developing severe cardiotoxicity should be considered when taking the drug for a long time. Most studies have not revealed the negative effect of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors on the prevalence and incidence of new cases of CHF in RA patients, and an improvement in the structure and function of the heart during therapy has been shown. Inhibitors of interleukin (IL) -1, inhibitors of IL-6, inhibitors of T-cell co-stimulation, anti-B-cell therapy, targeted csDMARDs do not increase the risk of CHF and may have cardioprotective effects, including slowing the progression of left ventricle myocardial dysfunction. Due to the high risk of CHF and CHF-associated mortality in RA patients, early diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction, development of a prevention and treatment strategies are needed, including high-quality prospective studies to assess the effect of anti-rheumatic therapy on myocardial function, risk of developing and decompensation of CHF in RA patients. It is possible that some drugs may possess protective effects on cardiomyocytes so they could become the first-line drugs in patients with CHF or the risk of its development.

The high prognostic significance of the concentration of the N-terminal - pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) was identified for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and general populations. Aim: to investigate the significance of NT-proBNP level in patients (pts) with RA with the ineffectiveness and/or intolerance of basic anti - inflammatory therapy; compare the level of NT-proBNP with atherosclerotic lesion of the brachiocephalic arteries (BCA), traditional risk factors and inflammatory markers. Materials and methods. The investigation enrolled 28 pts (24women/4men) with the lack of efficacy/resistance and/or intolerance of basic anti - inflammatory drugs (DMARDs); median age was 55 [46; 61] years, median disease duration 114 [60; 168] month; DAS28 6,2 [5.1; 7.0]; SDAI 35.0[23.9; 51.0], CDAI 30.0[21.0; 42.0], serum positivity for rheumatoid factor (RF) (100%)/anti - cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACCP) (86%). The study did not include RA pts with congestive heart failure. High incidence of traditional risk factors was found in RA pts: arterial hypertension - in 75%, dyslipidemia - 61%, smoking - 17%, overweight - 61%, family history of cardiovascular diseases - 36%, hypodynamia - 68%. Coronary artery disease was diagnosed in 11% RA pts. Lack of efficacy of 3 or more DMARDs was found in 46% of pts, intolerance to previous therapy with DMARDs - in 54% pts. 47% were receiving methotrexate (20 [18; 25] mg/week), 11% - leflunomide, 7% - sulfasalazine, 46% - glucocorticoids, 75% - non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs. The control group consisted of 20 healthy donors, comparable to pts by age and sex. Serum levels of of NT-proBNP were measured using electrochemiluminescence method Elecsys proBNP II (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland). The determination of the intima - media thickness (IMT) BCA were assessed from duplex scanning. Atherosclerotic lesion of BCA was assessed by the presence of atherosclerotic plaque (IMT ≥1.2 mm). Results. NT-proBNP concentrations in RA pts proved to be higher (78.7 [41.4; 101.3] pg/ml) than those in the control group (55.3 [36.6; 67.3] pg/ml, p100 pg/ml - 1 group (n=6) and ≤100 pg/ml - 2 group (n=22). Groups of RA pts did not differ in gender, age, activity of RA, frequency of detection of traditional risk factors. Atherosclerotic lesion of the BCA was detected in 3 (50%) pts of the 1 group and in 8 (36%) pts of the 2 group (p>0.05). In RA pts the level of NT-proBNP correlated with age (r=0.39; p

The amorphous coordination compounds of terbium (III) and europium (III) with methyl ester of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, as well as their mixtures (coprecipitate), in the composition of TbxEu(1-x)L2OH·H2O, are isolated in a solid state by the method of coprecipitation from a weakly basic aqueous-ethanolic medium. According to elemental analysis and pH potentiometric studies, neutralization of cations’ charges is carried out by two molecules of dissociating ligand and one hydroxyl group. The method of thermogravimetric analysis has established that the water molecule that is part of the complexes is coordinated. According to the IR spectroscopy, the coordination of the ligand is carried out with the help of the oxygen atoms of the dissociating hydroxyl and the carbonyl group of the ester fragment. The obtained compounds are not volatile and when the mass spectra are registered in the BBA mode, they are completely destroyed. The complex of terbium (x = 1) in solid state exhibits an effective sensitized luminescence of green color, which is due to the intramolecular transfer of excitation energy from the ligand to the Tb3+ ion. The europium containing complex (x =0), which is isomorphic to terbium one, when excited by UV light, practically does not radiate due to the discrepancy between the energies of the triplet level of the ligand and the emission level of the Eu3+ ion. Sensitized f-f luminescence of the Eu3+ of red color be realized in solid precipitates of the complex mixture (x

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by a twofold increase in morbidity and mortality due to chronic heart failure (CHF). At the same time, the prevalence of CHF among RA patients is significantly underestimated. The aim of the review was to analyze the results of the main studies on the features of the clinical presentation of heart failure (HF) in RA patients, the role of visualization techniques and biomarkers in the diagnosis of HF and preclinical dysfunction of the myocardium. HF in patients with RA is characterized by a predominance of HF with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The use of clinical diagnostic criteria in RA patients can lead to both over- or underdiagnosis of CHF. Systolic dysfunction estimated by LVEF is rare in RA and does not reflect the real frequency of myocardial dysfunction. Echocardiography (ECHO-CG) with tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) and visualization of myocardial deformation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart in RA patients revealed a high frequency of HF with preserved ejection fraction, left ventricular remodeling and hypertrophy, pre-clinical systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Determination of natriuretic peptides is useful for verifying the diagnosis of HF and estimating the prognosis in this cohort, despite the possible decrease in the sensitivity and specificity of these indicators in RA patients. The review discusses the advantages of MRI of the heart, including quantitative T1 and T2 regimens, in the diagnosis of myocarditis, myocardial fibrosis, and myocardial perfusion disorders in RA patients. In order to verify the diagnosis of heart failure and detect pre-clinical myocardial dysfunction in RA patients, the determination of natriuretic peptides concentration should become part of the routine examination, beginning with the debut of the disease, along with the collection of a cardiological history, physical examination, ECHO-CT with TDE, and visualization of myocardial deformation. Evaluation of the quantitative characteristics of tissue according to MRI of the heart could improve the diagnosis of myocardial damage.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease with a high cardiovascular risk, which is caused, in particular, by an increased incidence of chronic heart failure (CHF). Analysis of the results of the main studies on the prevalence of CHF, the features of the etiology and pathogenesis of myocardial dysfunction in RA was the purpose of the review. According to the registers, population and epidemiological studies, the risk of CHF and CHF-associated mortality in RA patients is 1.5-2.5 times higher than in the general population. In most of the studies only clinically manifested congestive heart failure (HF) was considered, so the actual prevalence of CHF may be significantly underestimated. An increase in the risk of CHF was noted immediately after the debut of RA, with the prevalence of HF with preserved systolic function of the left ventricle, which indicates the important role of diastole disturbance in the pathogenesis of myocardial dysfunction. Chronic systemic autoimmune inflammation contributes to the development of CHF in RA patients, in addition to coronary heart disease, traditional risk factors (TRFs) of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Inflammation plays a leading role in the development of CHF through various mechanisms including direct damage to the myocardium and coronary arteries (myocarditis, coronary vasculitis, microcirculatory disorders), aggravation of the severity of TRFs of CVD, accelerated progression of ischemic heart disease, endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular wall stiffness, cardiac and vascular remodeling. Early diagnosis of CHF and timely measures that can slow its progression is needed due to the high risk of CHF and CHF-associated mortality in RA patients, especially in patients with risk factors for CHF.

Background. Patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) have increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy is an effective in PsA but its cardiovascular effects are poorly understood.Aim. To study the changes in carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT), parameters of arterial stiffness (AS), ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (AMBP) in early PsA (EPsA) patients during the anti-TNF therapy with adalimumab (ADA).Material and methods. Patients with EPsA (n=16; 11 females, 5 males; median age 45.5 years, EPsA duration – 7.7 months) were included into the study. All patients were treated with ADA 40 mg every other week up to 3 months. At baseline and after 3 months of therapy all patients were assessed for conventional cardiovascular risk factors, DAS (Disease Activity Score) and HAQ (Health Assessment Questionnaire) indices, C-reactive protein (CRP), c-IMT, ABPM. At baseline the 4 patients had arterial hypertension, and all patients received effective antihypertensive therapy. All patients were assessed for AS parameters: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWVcf) and index of wave reflection (rigidity index; RI, %). c-IMT was measured using a high-resolution B-mode ultrasound machine. The results are presented in the form of a median – Me (25; 75 percentiles).Results. By the end of the 3rd month of therapy, a decrease in the activity of early PsA was observed as compared to baseline values: DAS decreased from 4.6 (2.9; 1.9) to 1.6 (1.3; 1.9), p=0,001; HAQ from 0.93 (0.81; 1.31) to 0.25 (0; 0.56), p=0,001; CRP from 27.2 (9.7; 33.7) to 1.8 (0.8; 3.1) mg/l, p=0.001. EPsA remission (DAS

The urgency of the study is determined by the lack of data necessary in order to assess the safety of prolonged use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) in patients with IHD combined with anti-aggregant therapy. The aim of the study was to study the relationship between the use of PPI and the risk of thrombotic complications in patients undergoing planned procedures of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and receiving dual antiplatelet therapy. Materials and methods. The study is a prospective register of patients who successfully underwent planned percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The effect of PPI (omeprazole and pantoprazole) on the frequency of the combined end point cardiovascular death, ACS, AI, TIA, peripheral arterial thrombosis and PE was assessed using the Log-Rank criterion, as well as in a multivariate analysis (Cox proportional risk regression model). Results. A total of 391 patients were included in the study (23.1% women, mean age 61.2 [Symbol] 10.4 years). The median duration of follow-up was 18 months. During this period of time, 34 adverse events were recorded. Log-Rank analysis showed that the proportion of patients without adverse events in the omeprazole group was significantly lower in comparison with patients who did not receive PPI (0.56 vs. 0.84, Log-Rank p=0.003), and for pantoprazole no such pattern was found (0.89 against 0.84, Log-Rank p=0.21). The average level of residual platelet reactivity (ORT), as well as the number of patients with high ORT (> 208 PRU), did not differ significantly between the groups of omeprazole, pantoprazole and the group of patients not receiving PPI. According to multivariate analysis, omeprazole was an independent predictor of thrombotic complications after a planned PCI (OR 3.75, 95% confidence interval 1.72-8.17, p=-0.0009). Conclusion. Long-term use of omeprazole (at least 30 days) is an independent predictor of thrombotic complications in patients who underwent planned PCI.

Using analytical solutions to analyze the state of the bodies at the research and engineering calculations provides computing resources. We propose a methodology for structuring full parametric solutions to the problems of mathematical physics, including the basic mixed problem of elastostatic. The tool is a relatively new energy method of boundary states based on computer algebra. The method is based on the concept of state of the medium, isomorphism of Hilbert spaces of internal and boundary states of the body. The method is self-sufficient in the sense that, in principle, does not require comparison of the solution of test problems with those constructed by other methods. For inclusion in the solution in an explicit form of the medium constants we recommend saving computing resources method of boundary states with perturbations in which the direct method is combined with approach to A. Poincare. To explicitly include in the decision parameters the boundary conditions we suggested the technology of the reference solutions. Its effectiveness is demonstrated on a concrete example the basic mixed problem of elastostatic. The object of research is a limited simply connected body whose boundary is divided into three sections. At each site held individual method of parameterization of the points of the border: polar, cylindrical, spherical coordinate systems. The calculations are made using the computer algebra of the system “Mathematica” and demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed methodology to achieve this goal. The sequence of steps leading to guaranteed achievement of goal is described. The decision of a concrete task is made. Its results are presented in explicit analytical form containing all the parameters of the boundary value problem of elasticity theory and illustrated graphically after calculation by the analytic solution for a concrete set of parameter values.

Under natural conditions, biodegradation processes proceed slowly, especially in regions with low temperature. To activate vital processes in hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms at low temperatures, biologically active compounds can be employed as growth stimulants. A low-temperature (10 °C) study has shown that tris-(2 hydroxyethyl) ammonium arylchalcogenylacetates, “protatranes” exert an effect on the growth of hydrocarbon-oxidizing strains of Rhodococcus erythropolis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, isolated from natural oil seepage on Lake Baikal. It has been found that “protatranes”, at microconcentrations, increase the growth rate of R. erythropolis bacteria by 2–16 times. It has been established that compounds slightly effect the growth of P. fluorescens. The positive effect of “protatranes” compounds on the growth rate of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms at low positive temperatures can be used for the development of environmentally benign methods for the restoration of natural objects after their contamination with oil. Keywords: Protatranes, Stimulants, Hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria, Lake Baikal, Arylchalcogenylacetic acids, Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium salts

Atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease (PAD) is well-known thrombotic risk factor in different cohorts of patients. This current review analyzes epidemiological data of trials and registries about influence both clinical and asymptomatic peripheral atherosclerotic disease on adverse ischemic events. Individual assessment of the atherothrombotic prevalence, which is directly related to vascular thrombotic risk, remains an important problem. Issue of PAD routine screening using traditional methods of ultrasound duplex scanning, measurement of ankle-brachial index is discussed in details. Comparative efficiency of present antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs is shown in the key of preventing PAD thrombotic complications. PAD detection can be the reason for "intensification" of antithrombotic treatment, the only one option of which until recently was an additional treatment with P2Y12 platelet receptors blockers. However, the routine treatment with dual antiplatelet therapy in stable manifestations of atherothrombosis is not supported by the current guidelines. In this regard, it seems relevant to intensify therapy by simultaneously affecting on the platelet and plasma components of hemostasis in patients with PAD, that was demonstrated in a recently published study COMPASS. Treatment with rivaroxaban small doses in addition to acetylsalicylic acid allowed to improve significantly outcomes in a wide range of patients with stable manifestations of atherothrombosis without high risk of bleeding and severe renal impairment. However, use of this multicomponent therapy has not been approved by relevant clinical recommendations yet, which causes certain difficulties in choosing optimal scheme of antithrombotic treatment among patients with PAD.

ABSTRACT. Background. Interest in the study of the properties of sevoflurane, increased in recent years due to its influence on hemodynamics and morphological condition of the respiratory department of lungs, causes advisability of analyzing the structure of organs directly involved in the reactions of radical surgery for colorectal cancer. Objective. The purpose of research is to select the optimal method of anesthesia protection of patients from operating aggression during surgical treatment of colorectal cancer, comparative analysis of tissue and cell ultrastructure in intraoperative biopsies of the colon in the conditions of application of the standard ataralgesia and combined anesthesia with epidural analgesia. Methods. It was performed a comparative analysis of clinical and morphological data and results of treatment using total intravenous anesthesia followed analgesia with opiates analgesics, and combined techniques using low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia and epidural analgesia, followed by prolonged epidural anesthesia. Results. It was shown a significant advantage of combined techniques in comparison with total intravenous anesthesia due to: normodynamic type of hemodynamics during operation, possibility to extubate patient in operating room, effective analgesia in early postoperative period. Methods of prolonged epidural analgesia provided a significant need reduction for opioid analgesics, efficient analgesia in postoperative period, saved anti-tumor immunity and resistance to metastasis in patients with cancer, has provided more early resumption of intestine motor function, reduced terms of patient's staying in the intensive care unit. Implemented methodology reduced the frequency of postoperative mortality, complications, average length of hospital stay and frequency of patient returns to intensive care unit. Combined low-flow sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia and epidural analgesia with bupivacaine during radical operations followed by containment of endothelial dysfunction by limiting the destructive and degenerative changes in the endothelial cell organelles, stabilization of membranes, preventing spasm of arterioles, stasis and erythrocyte sludge. Conclusion. Combined techniques of low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia and epidural analgesia, followed by prolonged epidural anesthesia is an optimal method of anesthesia protection of patients from operating aggression during surgical treatment of colorectal cancer. Methods of epidural analgesia versus opioid analgesia leads to a significant reduction of the phenomena of infiltration, perivascular and interstitial edema in the composition of the intestinal wall in the area of surgical procedure..

Notion of mean derivatives was introduced by Edward Nelson for the needs of stochastic mechanics (a version of quantum mechanics). Nelson introduced forward and backward mean derivatives while only their half-sum, symmetric mean derivative called current velocity, is a direct analog of ordinary velocity for deterministic processes. Another mean derivative called quadratic, was introduced by Yuri E. Gliklikh and Svetlana V. Azarina. It gives information on the diffusion coefficient of the process and using Nelson’s and quadratic mean derivatives together, one can in principle recover the process from its mean derivatives. Since the current velocities are natural analogs of ordinary velocities of deterministic processes, investigation of equations and especially inclusions with current velocities is very much important for applications since there are a lot of models of various physical, economical etc. processes based on such equations and inclusions. Existence of solution theorems are obtained for stochastic differential inclusions given in terms of the so-called current velocities (symmetric mean derivatives, a direct analogs of ordinary velocity of deterministic systems) and quadratic mean derivatives (giving information on the diffusion coefficient) on $\mathbb R^n$. Right-hand sides in both the current velocity part and the quadratic part are set-valued but satisfy some natural conditions.

Context: Limb lengthening has its own share of problems, obstacles, and complications, which is of great concern when used for a cosmetic indication. Aims: This study explores safe limits for cosmetic tibial lengthening and examines how age of the patient and length gained influences osteogenesis and complications. Settings and Design: This was a retrospective analytical study. Subjects and Methods: We reviewed 70 consecutive cases (140 segments) of monofocal tibial cosmetic lengthening with minimum of 1-year follow-up operated between 2006 and 2010. Statistical Analysis Used: We correlated patient's age and percentage by which bone was lengthened with external fixator index (EFI) and occurrence of obstacles and complications and did receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine the safe limit. Results: Mean age of patients was 27 (16–52) years. Mean tibial lengthening was by 16.5% (4.1–27.9) of the preoperative length. Sixty segments faced 76 difficulties comprising 16 problems, 47 obstacles, and 13 complications. Patient's age positively correlated with EFI, but did not correlate with the incidence of obstacles and complications. Percentage by which bone was lengthened negatively correlated with EFI and positively correlated with incidence of obstacles and complications. ROC curve analyses (with optimum balance of sensitivity and specificity) revealed lengthening by more than 18.1% and 16.4% to be significantly associated with the occurrence of complication and more than one obstacle, respectively. Conclusions: In cosmetic tibial lengthening, increasing age increases the duration of external fixation and increased lengthening increases obstacles and complications. Great caution must be exercised in cosmetic tibial lengthening beyond 16%.

The article offers a retrospective analysis of the interaction between the language and cogitative activity of the person in the globalization context. The paper addresses the issue of linguistic differences in cross-cultural communication and discusses communicative strategies that could be used to mitigate them. The authors argue that lingua-didactic multicultural education can help remove the main obstacle in the traditional teaching of Russian as a foreign language (RFL) - a “clash of cultures”; and not only can introduce a model of teaching to write, read, and speak in Russian, but can also offer a system of instruction that will allow the students to understand the way Russians think, which surely would make it easier for them to “translate” a text from one culture into another in a non-native “cultural environment” providing a polylingual format for interaction.

The development of compact oscillators of electromagnetic radiation capable of providing the output power higher than several Watt in millimeter and sub-millimeter ranges is an actual task for a large number of practical applications, in particular, to enhance the sensitivity of DNP NMR spectroscopy. The simulation of 130 GHz CW Clinotron was carried out on basis of experimental results of the earlier developed CW Clinotrons in 2mm wavelength range. Basing on the analysis of oscillator operation characteristics, the space charge dependence on frequency, Pierce parameter and the system electrical length were determined. The obtained results were used in the simulation of grating and in further simulation of operation parameters of clinotron tubes. Basing on simulation results, the clinotrons with homogeneous and four-stage grating were designed. The output power more than one Watt in CW clinotron with homogeneous grating in the frequency range 125…135 GHz was experimentally obtained. Start current and required focusing magnetic field were obtained in the experimental test in electromagnet. The experimental test also shows the close fit between simulation results and experimental data. The proposed methodic can be used in the simulation of CW clinotrons in both millimeter and sub-millimeter ranges.

The representatives of immunoinflammatory diseases are rheumatic ones, such as primarily rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, spondyloarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other systemic connective diseases, which are characterized by a high risk for untimely death. The high risk of untimely death in these diseases has been found to be associated with the severity of an immunoinflammatory process that gives rise to severe irreversible damage to vital organs and systems and with the development of a wide spectrum of comorbidities (infections, interstitial lung disease, malignant tumors, osteoporotic fractures, etc.). Among them, diseases of the cardiovascular system, which are most commonly caused by the early development and accelerated progression of atherosclerotic coronary lesions, hold a central position. The paper gives the data available in the recent literature on the impact of antirheumatic therapy (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biological agents) on the cardiovascular system.

Трансдермальний спосіб введення є одним з перспективних шляхів введення лікарських засобів. Розробка нових підсилювачів крізьшкірної проникності є одним з способів підвищення ефективності трансдермального шляху введення. Перспективними підсилювачами трансдермальної проникності є похідні холестерину. Нами були досліджені естери холестерину та жирних кислот, як потенційні підсилювачі трансдермального введення 7-бром-5-2'-(хлор)феніл-1,2-дигі-дро-3Н-1,4-бензодиазепін-2-ону крізь шкіру in vitro.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease conferring a high risk for cardiovascular events (CVE). Systemic inflammation underlying RA favors the development of CVE. The safety of biological agents acting on the cardiovascular system has been inadequately investigated. On the one hand, they decrease RA activity and, on the other, may increase the risk of CVE. This review analyzes the literature data predominantly published in recent years on the effect of an IL-6 receptor inhibitor on the cardiovascular system. Tocilizumab is shown to be a promising agent to reduce cardiovascular risk. The findings need to be clinically verified. Long-term prospective investigations should be conducted to determine more exactly the impact of IL-6 receptor inhibition on the development of CVE.

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic immune-mediated disease that is observed in 8-30% of psoriatic patients. It has been recently established that PsA and psoriasis are closely associated with the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome, hypertension, abdominal obesity, and a risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and acute cerebrovascular accidents, which shortens lifespan in the patients compared to the general population. The authors state their belief that the synergic effect of traditional risk factors (RFs) for CVD and systemic inflammation underlie the development of atherosclerosis in PsA. It is pointed out that the risk of CVD may be reduced not only provided that the traditional RFs for CVD are monitored, but also systemic inflammation is validly suppressed. The cardioprotective abilities of methotrexate and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors are considered; the data of investigations showing that the treatment of PsA patients with TNF-α inhibitors results in a reduction in carotid artery intima-media thickness are given. It is noted that there is a need for the early monitoring of traditional RFs for CVD in patients with PsA and for the elaboration of interdisciplinary national guidelines.