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The paper analyzes the prospects for the introduction of Industry 4.0 elements in the construction of new installations and the modernization of existing ones at oil refineries and petrochemical plants of the Russian Federation in order to create competitive new generation production facilities. It shows the impact of the Industry 4.0 elements on business continuity and minimization of operating expenses. The approaches to assessing the technological development of oil refining and petrochemical enterprises have been determined in the paper. The introduction of the Industry 4.0 elements will minimize the risks of doing business, maximize the period of non-stop operation of production, and combine the disparate components of the petrochemical plant into a single network.

The review deals with the development and production of synthetic additives to lubricating oils and plastic lubricants, influencing the friction and wear of metal surfaces. The state of the art of the synthesis and use of such additives based on organic, organoelement, and metal-containing compounds is considered. New synthetic routes to relatively safe and low-toxic compounds with minimal content of environmentally harmful elements (chlorine, phosphorus, sulfur, metals) are described, and their use as antiwear additives to lubricating materials is analyzed. Despite large number of the suggested new antiwear additives, it is difficult to expect that an optimum combination of tribological properties will be reached in a molecule of a single additive as in the case of additives based on zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates.

To enhance the resistance of a metal-organic frameworks(MOF) to a change in the medium pH composite materials are synthesized from Cu-BTC (MOF-199) and activated carbons of various brands (AR-V, AGN-2, ART-1, BAU-A, MeKS). It is shown that the highest stability is exhibited by a material synthesized using activated carbon AR-V with the highest acidity of the surface as a matrix. The targeted increase in the acidity of the surface of carbon matrices due to their preliminary oxidation leads to the formation of metal-organic composite materials more resistant to acidic or alkaline media.

The state of the art of the petrochemical industry in Russia was analyzed. The data obtained from Russian companies revealed extremely strong dependence of this branch of industry on imported technologies and catalysts. The most promising directions that should be developed first for accelerated progress of the petrochemical industry in Russia were outlined, and measures (including those on the state level) aimed at reducing the dependence on the import of technologies, catalysts, and equipment used in petrochemical industry were suggested. Up to 30% of the main equipment and more than 90% of auxiliary equipment can be produced in Russia, but this requires joint efforts of process developers, equipment producers, and petrochemical companies. The existing scientific and technical potential based on basic and applied research pursued by Russian scientific institutions will favor bringing efficient petrochemical technologies into practice at newly constructed enterprises.

Features of dry reforming of methane over perovskite-type complex oxide GdFeO3 synthesized by several methods (solid-phase, citrate–nitrate sol–gel, glycine–nitrate sol–gel syntheses) have been studied. It has been found that the use of the sol–gel method leads to the formation of porous catalysts consisting of nanosized particles. Significant differences in morphology and texture affect the catalytic properties of GdFeO3. The sample synthesized by the citrate–nitrate sol–gel method mediates the conversion of hydrogen contained the feed methane to molecular hydrogen at a selectivity of 90%. It has been shown that GdFeO3-based catalysts exhibit a stable on-stream behavior for a long time.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the publication activity of chemical institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences within the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation in the period 2015–2019 in the field of applied chemistry was performed. The Web of Science database was used as the information source. Analysis was performed using the Zerkalo (Mirror) intellectual system for analysis and prediction of the research activity, developed by the Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. The most significant keywords that largely characterize promising directions in the field of applied chemistry were revealed. The publication effectiveness of research institutions was analyzed by the method of fractional counting with differentiation of contributions from articles. The localization analysis of publications was performed on the basis of the affiliation data indicated in the papers. It revealed stable international cooperation for one third of research teams.

A comprehensive study of urea greases obtained on the basis of Group I distillate oils, which have a viscosity in the range from 24.4 to 342.0 mm2/s at 40°C, has been carried out. The results obtained have made it possible to reveal the dependence of various physicochemical parameters of greases (dropping point, ultimate strength, colloidal stability, wear rate) on the viscosity of the base oil and the structure of diurea used as a thickener. The revealed relations allow prediction of the properties of greases at the stage of selecting the initial components.

The catalytic activity of bis(isopropoxo)titanium(4+) complexes containing 1,2-diolate ligands activated with aluminum alkyl chlorides and dibutyl magnesium in the copolymerization of ethylene and hexene-1 has been studied. The effect of the precatalyst structure and the organoaluminum activator composition on the catalytic activity, the incorporation of hexene-1, and the copolymer microstructure has been studied. The synthesized copolymers have been characterized by DSC, GPC, and 13C NMR. The complexes containing perfluorophenyl substituents exhibit the highest activity in this set and provide the highest degree of incorporation of the comonomer. The replacement of Et2AlCl with Et3Al2Cl2 leads to a significant decrease in both productivity and the degree of incorporation of hexene-1 into the copolymer. The mechanical properties of the resulting copolymers have been studied.

The GdVO3 and GdVO4 catalyst has been prepared via solid-phase synthesis. It has been shown by a complex of physical and chemical methods that or GdVO3, the main one is the phase with the structure of the first homologue of the Roldlesden-Popper series of a rhombical distorted perovskite. Orthovanadate of GdVO4 crystallize in the structural type of zircon. The catalytic properties of GdVO3 and GdVO4 are studied in the propane cracking process to form propylene and ethylene. It was found that GdVO3 and GdVO4 has a high selectivity and catalytic properties. It was shown that propane conversion started at 773 K, was only 2% at 873 K, and raising the temperature to 923 K increased propane conversion to 21%. In the presence of GdVO4 and GdVO3, a considerable increase in propane conversion was observed that reached 60% at 923 K. The structure of the catalyst is stable under the conditions of preferential C3H8 reduction. Deactivation was much faster with GdVO3, and it was observed after 20 h of operation at a rate that was slightly slower than the one for GdVO4.

Coordination compounds of titanium(IV) with OSO-type ligands have been prepared and characterized, and their catalytic activity in ethylene polymerization has been studied. It has been shown that in the presence of an {Et2AlCl + Bu2Mg} binary cocatalyst, the activity of the titanium-containing catalyst system reaches 1629 kgPE mol(Ti)−1 h−1 and leads to the preparation of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The UHMWPE reactor powder has been processed by a solvent-free method to high-strength and high-modulus films (σ = 2.32 GPa, E = 125 GPa).

Coordination compounds of titanium(IV), zirconium(IV), and vanadium(V) with chiral salen ligands have been obtained and characterized, and their catalytic activity in the polymerization reaction of ethylene has been studied. It has been shown that in the presence of polymethylaluminoxane as a cocatalyst, the activity of the titanium-containing catalyst system reaches 944 kgPE mol(Ti)−1 h−1 and leads to the preparation of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene.

Colloidal stability of greases is one of the most important physicochemical parameters, which characterizes their working capacity and affects the mechanical strength and tribological properties. An integrated study of the colloidal stability of greases based on synthetic base oils with organic thickening agents demonstrated that the stability depends to a noticeable extent on quite a number of factors, such as the nature of a base oil and a thickening agent, presence of fillers, synthesis conditions, etc. A combination of these factors makes it possible to obtain greases with required colloidal stability.

Tetraalkylammonium molybdenum and rhenium thiometallates with different alkyl groups have been synthesized. The compounds obtained have been characterized by spectral and thermal methods. By thermosolvolysis of tetraalkylammonium thiometallates at 155–165°С in a DMF medium, particles of MoS3 and Re2S7 sulfides soluble in nonpolar hydrocarbons owing to the treatment of their surface with surfactants (alkenylsuccinimide) have been prepared. The particle size of these sulfides ranges within 8–110 nm depending on the nature of the precursor. A high friction-reducing activity of molybdenum nanoparticles in a mineral lubricating oil medium and antiwear activity of rhenium nanoparticles in mineral and synthetic lubricating oils have been shown.

Features of propane conversion for selective olefin production in the presence of nanofibrous aerogel materials have been studied. The effect of modification of aerogel alumina with titania and silica on the catalytic activity and the olefin selectivity in propane conversion at atmospheric pressure has been shown. Low-temperature nitrogen adsorption has revealed that these catalysts have a developed specific surface area of about 300 m2/g; water vapor adsorption at 293 K has shown that materials of this type contain 0.2–0.6 mmol/g of acid sites. X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy have revealed that the synthesized materials are an amorphous aerogel with tangled fibers with a thickness of ~6 nm.

The main problems of the development of heavy oil fields and the ways of their solution are considered. The modern nontraditional methods for extracting heavy crude oils, ensuring their in situ upgrading, such as aquathermolysis, combination of catalytic upgrading and in situ combustion, and in situ electric heating, are analyzed. Research fields that could bring the technologies for heavy crude oil extraction closer to the ready-touse level are outlined. The main processes allowing heavy crude oil to be involved in processing at the existing oil refineries are considered, and the Russian experience in this field is demonstrated.

Lubricating greases based on pentaerythritol and trimethylolpropane esters and dioctyl sebacate have been synthesized using diureas as a thickener prepared by reactions of toluene diisocyanate, aniline, and primary aliphatic amines of various structures. The physicochemical properties of the greases, such as ultimate strength, yield stress, modulus of elasticity, dropping point, and colloid stability, have been characterized, and data on their antiwear activity have been obtained. The relationship between the structure of grease components, its rheology, and antiwear properties has been revealed.

Greases based on poly-α-olefin oils of various viscosities, thickened with diureas of various structures, were studied systematically. The influence of the base oil viscosity and/or thickener structure on the physicochemical properties of lubricants was demonstrated. Diurea thickeners differing in the length of the hydrocarbon substituent influence the properties of lubricants prepared with base oils of similar chemical nature but different viscosity in different fashion. The revealed trends were confirmed by rheological studies in a wide range of shear rates. Tribological measurements at loads in the interval 20–80 kgf demonstrated significant dependence of the antiwear properties of ureate lubricants based on low-viscosity poly-α-olefin oils on the thickener structure. This dependence becomes less pronounced in going to higher-molecular-mass oils.

The review deals with the synthesis and use of nanosized additives in friction and wear processes. Various types of nanosized additives are considered, and their performance as friction modifiers is demonstrated. The influence exerted on the antiwear performance of lubricating materials by the size and concentration of the introduced particles differing in the chemical nature is considered. Methods for preparing nanosized additives and stabilizing them in lubricating materials are described.

The review deals with greases in which organic ureas of various compositions and structures are used as thickeners. The nature of compounds participating in the synthesis of organic ureas and the main types of polyurea thickeners are considered. The physicochemical, tribological, and operation properties of plastic polyurea lubricants are discussed.

In the course of studying the dependence of wear properties on the composition of a mixture of hydrocarbon oils with polyorganosiloxanes, it has been revealed that adding 10 wt % hydrocarbon oils to polyorganosiloxane leads to significant growth in the diameter of the wear pot. A further increase in the content of hydrocarbon oils in the mixture at a concentration of ~30 wt % induces a sharp decrease in the wear parameter and it has a value lower than that for a clean oil. An analogous, but less expressed dependence for antiscuff properties has been observed. The values of density and viscosity of the mixtures in the same limits was detected. Based on element analysis, IR spectroscopy, and roentgen fluorescent analysis, the nature of the found effect has been proposed.

Branched alkylphosphinic acids obtained from synthetically available α-olefin dimers demonstrate promising anti-wear properties and represent a prospective group of ogranic friction modifiers due to high thermal stability.

An original approach to α-olefin oligomerization as well as novel thermally stable zirconocene catalysts for use in such reactions has been elaborated. The method reported allows the achievement of fractions of lightweight α-olefin oligomers up to 90% yields without considerable formation of byproducts like internal alkenes, alkanes, and higher oligomers. Trimers, tetramers, and pentamers of 1-hexene, 1-octene, and 1-decene were isolated as individual compounds and were hydrogenated. Viscosity characteristics of the isolated saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons have been studied at various temperatures. The isolated saturated oligomers of 1-octene and 1-decene outperform the traditional electrophilic oligomerization products in terms of viscosity indexes, pour points, and low-temperature viscosity.

The interaction of ethylene glycol and glycerol with carbamide in the presence of nanosized cobalt oxide obtained by the decomposition of cobalt(II) acetylacetonate in diphenyl ether is studied. The average size of the nanosized catalyst particles is 8–10 nm. The effect of nanoheterogeneous catalysis on the cyclocondensation of polyatomic alcohols with carbamide is investigated. A high capacity of the nanosized catalyst in this process is found 150 g(cyclic carbonate)/(g(catalyst) h), which is more than 100 times higher than the capacity of conventional catalysts.

The progress of the biodiesel industry throughout the world led to the overproduction of glycerol, which, in turn, led to a drastic decrease in the glycerol price. This makes glycerol an attractive raw material for preparing various products and intermediates. Procedures for converting glycerol into high value added products are considered in this review.

Nanosized iron(III) oxide with an average particle size of 8–10 nm has been synthesized by the thermolysis of iron(III) acetylacetonate using diphenyl ether as a dispersion medium. Reduction processes in a hydrogen atmosphere in the presence of nanosized iron oxide and natural mineral hematite (Fe2O3) have been studied by the temperature-programmed reduction method. The activation energies of the reduction processes have been determined by the Kissinger method; it has been shown that, in the case of nano-Fe2O3, the activation energies are several times higher than the respective values observed for hematite. The adsorption properties of nano-Fe2O3 and hematite have been studied; the isosteric heats of chemisorption of hydrogen and carbon monoxide on the surface of these samples have been determined.

Nanosized iron(III) oxide has been obtained by thermolysis of iron(III) acetylacetonate using diphenyl ether as a dispersion medium. It has been shown that increase in thermolysis temperature from 180 to 250°C allows one to half the average size of Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The introduction of surfactant into dispersion medium also leads to decrease of the average size of particles down to 4 nm. The phase composition of the prepared nano-Fe2O3 has been established, the possibility to reduce nano-Fe2O3 into iron metal has been shown by temperature-programmed reduction

The wear and score resistance of different types of plastic lubricants infused with additives based on sulfur-containing molybdenum compounds are studied. It is shown that the tribological properties of all the studied lubricants are improved by infusion with 2-8 wt. % of molybdenum dithiocarbamate and that the additives are most active in the lubricants containing polyurea thickener.

Features of propane conversion in the presence of samarium vanadite and samarium vanadate, both produced via solid-phase synthesis, are studied. It is shown that SmVO3 catalyzes mainly the propane cracking process to form methane and ethylene, while SmVO4 equally accelerates both cracking and the dehydrogenation of propane. Based on the results from catalytic experiments, energies of activation are calculated for the thermal cracking of propane (104 kJ/mol) and the conversion of propane in the presence of SmVO3 (39 kJ/mol) and SmVO4 (42 kJ/mol). The thermal stability of SmVO4 in a hydrogen atmosphere is studied via temperature-programmed reduction, while SmVO3 stability in an oxidizing environment is studied by DTA. Energies of activation for the reduction of SmVO4 (75 kJ/mol) and the oxidation of SmVO3 (244 kJ/mol) are calculated using the Kissinger method.

Features of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis in the presence of an iron-containing catalyst supported on spherical nanosilica (the average sizes of spherical SiO2 and iron-containing particles on the silica surface are 250 and 14 nm, respectively) are studied. The catalyst exhibits high activity in the conversion of syngas, viz., 7.6 times higher than the activity of a 20% Fe/silica gel catalyst. A distinctive feature of a catalyst supported on spherical silica is higher selectivity for liquid products, which decreases only slightly with increasing temperature. Reduction characteristics are studied using the temperature-programmed reduction method; the specific surface area is measured and the phase composition of the synthesized catalyst systems is determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.

Tetrathiotungstates with different alkyl groups have been synthesized by an exchange reaction between ammonium tetrathiotungstate and tetraalkylammonium halides. Synthesized samples are analyzed by elemental analysis and optical and thermal methods. Nano-WS3 particles that are stable and soluble in nonpolar hydrocarbons are prepared by thermolysis of alkyltetrathiotungstates. The average particle size of nano-WS3 is about 10–100 nm and depends on the nature of raw tetraalkylammonium halides. It is shown that nanoparticles of WS3 are soluble in Vaseline oil (1–2 wt %) and exhibit antiwear activity.

The state-of-the-art and future prospects of biodegradable lubricating greases are analyzed. The nature and properties of base oils and organic thickeners used in the production of greases are considered.

The reduction specifics of REE orthovanadates LnVO4 (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) have been studied using the temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) method. Hydrogen and carbon monoxide were chosen as reducing agents. The reduction temperature is found to depend both on the REE and the reducing agent. REE orthovanadates are reduced in the range 1033–1153 K not forming phases that contain vanadium in intermediate oxidation states. In CO, the reduction temperature is found to be higher than in H2 for all orthovanadates. TPR data have been used to calculate the activation energies of reduction of REE orthovanadates using the Kissinger equation. The effective activation energies of reduction depend on the REE and the reducing agent and are in the range 41–147 kJ/mol.

Carbon spheres (CSs) synthesised by the hydrothermal approach were explored as a model support material for a bimetallic Fe–Co Fischer–Tropsch (FT) catalyst. The CSs were characterised by N2 adsorption–desorption, thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and powder XRD. If annealed at 900 °C for 4 h, the CSs exhibited an improved surface area, thermal stability and crystallinity. A series of Fe–Co bimetallic FT catalysts supported on the annealed CSs were prepared by co‐precipitation. A variety of Fe‐to‐Co ratios were used with the total metal loadings maintained at 10 %. Catalyst reducibility studies were performed by H2 temperature‐programmed reduction and in situ powder XRD. Catalysts with a Fe/Co ratio of 5:5 (w/w) showed Co–Fe alloy formation upon reduction at >450 °C. Interestingly, the presence of this alloy did not correlate with high C5+ selectivities during FT synthesis; rather the Co‐rich/Fe‐poor catalyst gave the best selectivity. The CSs allowed the metal–metal interactions in the bimetallic systems to be monitored because of the weak interaction of the metals with the support. ePDFPDF PDF Tools Share Abstract Carbon spheres (CSs) synthesised by the hydrothermal approach were explored as a model support material for a bimetallic Fe–Co Fischer–Tropsch (FT) catalyst. The CSs were characterised by N2 adsorption–desorption, thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and powder XRD. If annealed at 900 °C for 4 h, the CSs exhibited an improved surface area, thermal stability and crystallinity. A series of Fe–Co bimetallic FT catalysts supported on the annealed CSs were prepared by co‐precipitation. A variety of Fe‐to‐Co ratios were used with the total metal loadings maintained at 10 %. Catalyst reducibility studies were performed by H2 temperature‐programmed reduction and in situ powder XRD. Catalysts with a Fe/Co ratio of 5:5 (w/w) showed Co–Fe alloy formation upon reduction at >450 °C. Interestingly, the presence of this alloy did not correlate with high C5+ selectivities during FT synthesis; rather the Co‐rich/Fe‐poor catalyst gave the best selectivity. The CSs allowed the metal–metal interactions in the bimetallic systems to be monitored because of the weak interaction of the metals with the support.

It has been shown that Fe-Co nanocatalysts in situ synthesized in a hydrocarbon medium with a Fe/Co weight ratio of 2–6 can mediate the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in a three-phase system at a pressure of 20 atm, a temperature of 250–300°C, and a CO/H2 ratio of 1: 1. The introduction of CO leads to a significant increase in the total activity of the catalyst system (K CO reaches 85% at 300°C). However, gas evolution is enhanced and the highest yield of liquid products is as low as 74 g/m3 in this case. The introduction of K and Al into the Fe-Co catalysts and the optimization of the Fe/Co ratio make it possible to increase the yield of liquid products to 143 g/m3 (Fe/Co = 2.4) and achieve an efficiency of 337 g/(kg Me h). The Fe-Co nanocatalysts exhibit a high polymerizing activity (Schulz-Flory alpha is higher than 0.8). Hydrocarbons obtained over Fe-Co-K-Al catalysts contain more than 20% olefins. Their amount increases with the increasing Fe concentration in the sample. Oxygenates formed over these catalysts are composed of alcohols by over 90%, of which ethanol prevails (65–70%).

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in a slurry reactor at a pressure of 20 atm and a temperature of 220–300°C in the presence of 100Co : 2Pd : (5–50)Al2O3 and 100Co : 2Pd : (20–50)ZrO2 (parts by weight) catalysts in situ synthesized in a hydrocarbon medium has been studied. The catalysts were prepared by the decomposition of cobalt salts and promoters in melted petroleum paraffin P-2 at 300°C and in situ reduced with hydrogen. It has been found that the nanocatalyst containing 20 parts by weight of ZrO2 exhibits the highest activity in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and provides the yield of liquid products of 70 g/m3 at a CO conversion of 80%.

Regularities of the alcohol formation in a three-phase system in the presence of the nanosized 100Fe: 8Al2O3: 3K2O (parts by weight) iron catalyst under the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis conditions have been determined. It has been found that the molecular-weight distribution of alcohols does not follow the Anderson-Schulz-Flory law. The principal product is ethanol; its proportion in the mixture can be as high as 78 wt %. It has been supposed that the formation of alcohols can follow the mechanism including the CO insertion in the metal-carbon bond. It has been shown that the highest ethanol yield (78 wt %) is obtained using 20 atm, 300°C, and H2/CO = 2.5 (mol/mol), an iron-containing catalyst charge in the reactor of 2 wt %.

The formation of carbon dioxide in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis performed in a three-phase system in the presence of a nanosized catalyst was studied. The synthesis temperature was found the main parameter responsible for the yield of CO2. At a constant conversion of CO, pressure has almost no effect on selectivity for the formation of CO2, whereas a decrease in the H2/CO ratio and an increase in the contact time or the concentration of an active component in the reaction zone lead to a decrease in the selectivity.

The equilibrium composition of the Fe2O3-H2-CO system depending on temperature and pressure was calculated by the methods of chemical thermodynamics at different molar ratios between the system components. It was found that the equilibrium composition of the mixtures formed in this system mainly depends on ratios between the system components. The effect of the partial pressures of H2 and CO on the equilibrium composition of products in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was determined.

It was found that alcohols can be synthesized from CO and H2 at 3 MPa and 280–300°C in the presence of Fe catalysts containing an activated fibrous carbon material (AFCM) as a support. It was established that 20% Fe/AFCM catalysts possess an extremely high specific activity in the conversion of carbon monoxide (∼1 × 10−4 mol CO (mol Fe)−1 s−1), which is higher than the activity of traditional bulk iron catalysts by almost an order of magnitude. The values of CO conversion and selectivity for alcohols obtained for these catalysts are close to the parameters of industrial processes (Synol process, Oxyl process, and synthesis according to Bashkirov); however, they are obtained under milder conditions in a single run rather than with the use of a recycle. The Fe/AFCM catalysts make it possible to obtain monohydric alcohols in yields to ∼50 g/m3 (to a 50% concentration in synthesis water) upon the almost complete conversion of CO. In this case, the fraction of C2-C4 alcohols was as high as 55–60%.

Iron catalysts supported on an activated fibrous carbon material (AFCM) and characterized by high performance in the hydrocarbon synthesis from CO and H2 have been studied. It has been shown that the promotion of Fe/AFCM catalysts with potassium and aluminum oxides or with copper reduces the optimum temperature of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and enhances the polymerizing activity of the catalysts.

It was demonstrated that R 2–R 4 saturated monohydric alcohols can be synthesized from CO and H2 in the presence of Fe catalysts containing a carbon support of the Sibunit type with granule sizes of 3–5, 1–2, and 0.05–0.1 mm in a fixed-bed reactor at 3 MPa and 240–300°C. It was found that the activity of Fe/Sibunit catalysts and their selectivity for the formation of liquid synthetic products increased with the size of granules and the amount of iron. The catalysts make it possible to obtain fatty alcohols, in which the fraction of R 2–R 4 alcohols is as high as 75%, in yields to 56 g/m3.

The features of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in the presence of 100Fe: 8Al2O3: 3K2O (parts by weight) catalyst nanoparticles under the slurry reactor conditions have been studied. The catalyst is prepared in situ and activated in the reactor. It has been found that during the preparation process, the catalyst reacts with the dispersion medium to form a structured system that is not liable to sedimentation. It is shown that the use of CO as a reducing agent makes it possible to increase the yield of liquid hydrocarbons by a factor of 1.5. An increase in the syngas pressure has almost no effect on the yield of liquid hydrocarbons; however, it gives the possibility of enhancing the catalyst efficiency up to 700 g/(kg Fe · h) at 40 atm. In conditions of a three-phase system, gasoline-fraction hydrocarbons, half of which consist of olefins, are mostly formed on the nanosized catalyst.

Temperature-programmed reduction was used in combination with measurements of magnetization to determine the peculiarities of iron reduction in the Fe-K-Al system. It was found that reduction by hydrogen proceeds with the formation of metallic iron through the stage of magnetite formation (Fe3O4); the effective activation energies are 63 and 39 kJ/mol for the I and II stages, respectively. It was shown that substituting carbon oxide for hydrogen leads to iron reduction proceeding only to the stage of magnetite formation (EFe3O4 = 94 kJ/mol). The magnetite interacts with CO to produce carbide (presumably Hegge carbide Fe2C). Iron reduction in the synthesis gas occurs with the preferential participation of hydrogen or carbon dioxide, depending on the rate of temperature rise.