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The aim of this research was to develop an optimum fermentation and composition model for a new fermented pumpkin-based beverage with high probiotic survival and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Relationship between fermentation temperature, inoculum and ingredient concentration with response variables (fermentation time at the fermentation endpoint pH 4.5, survival rate of Lactobacillus mali K8 in pumpkin-based beverage treated with simulated gastrointestinal tract enzyme fluids, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and sensory overall acceptability after 4 weeks of refrigerated storage) was investigated using response surface methodology. Optimal formulation was obtained at an approximation of 40% pumpkin puree concentration, 8 Log CFU/mL inoculum and at 35 °C. The product derived from this optimum formula reached the fermentation endpoint after 28.34 ± 0.10 h and the quality change during 4 weeks storage was studied. The product achieved 88.56 ± 0.67% of L. mali survival after treatment with simulated gastric and intestinal juices; demonstrated 95.89 ± 0.30% α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, as well as scored 6.99 ± 0.40 on sensory overall acceptability after 4 weeks of storage. These findings illustrated that the model is effective in improving probiotic survival and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with excellent sensory acceptability, thus may offer a dietary means for the management of hyperglycaemia. Keywords: Probiotics, Response surface methodology, Box-Behnken, Hyperglycaemia, Functional food

This study investigated the role of accreditation in early childhood education quality management in Jakarta Province, Indonesia. We used purposive sampling to secure four participants, two school principals from two early childhood schools (Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, referred to as "PAUD"), one assessor for early childhood education in Jakarta Province, and one member of Jakarta Province's accrediting body. Semi-structured interviews were the primary data collection method. In PAUD, the role of accreditation in improving school quality management encompasses teacher and staff empowerment through collaboration and a continuous growth plan among teachers, administrative staff, and principals. To attain quality use of technologies, each PAUD should develop a documentation system linked to cloud storage of data, that facilitates access and cooperative efforts concerning teaching resources. A school's self-evaluation is a way to be introspective in order to assure effective short-term and long-term plans for the school's quality management improvement.

Every student must have and develop spatial abilities to be successful in learning geometry. The rapid development of technology also allows teachers to use Macromedia Flash as an alternative in developing and improving students' spatial abilities. This study aimed to determine and describe the improvement of the students' spatial ability after getting geometry material by using Macromedia Flash at MTsN Model Banda Aceh. This research used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design and one group pretest posttest design. The population of this study was all students of class VIII MTsN Model Banda Aceh with random sampling as the sample selection techniques so that the selected sample was the students of class VIII-5. The data collection in this study was carried out using a spatial ability test consisted of pretest and posttest questions. The gained data were analyzed with SPSS version 17 with paired sample t-test and percentage. The results showed that there was an improvement in students' spatial ability after having geometry material learning by using Macromedia Flash at MTsN Model Banda Aceh. Besides, the improvement of students' spatial ability based on indicator of perception spatial was 61.1%, mental rotation indicator was 55.6%, and indicator of visualization spatial was 66.7%.

The education development and changes that have taken place either within the country or globally has made Civic and Citizenship Education (CCE) in the school system becomes important. However, often times this subject has been taken lightly by students as well as teachers and deemed as not important because this is a nonexamination subject. This situation results in knowledge, skills and civic values not being able to be assimilated by students. Due to this factor, a study was conducted to review the effectiveness of the 3E Gallery (expose, explore, excite) in order to foster a sense of love for the diversity of cultural heritage through CCE. The study involves 24 students from Form 2 Aspiration (K8), a rural school in Pahang, Malaysia. The initial review and analysis was conducted through interviews, observations and analysis of students' achievement of school-based Assessment. It was found that they were not interested in this subject because they were not clear of the needs to learn the subject. To change the paradigm, an effort through the learning approach 3E Gallery was carried out. This method is designed to build an active learning method that helps students understand their roles and responsibilities as responsible members in various social groups. With this method, students was introduced the skills of translating information and have the opportunity to experience the exploration into each gallery which was built by them. The finding shows that this activity produced a sense of excitement for the students to express love for the national arts heritage. The achievement in this subject has also increased after this learning approach was being applied. This reflects that the action taken in the action research study is timely and effective.

In 2020, a plant displaying promising attributes as both an attractant and bioinsecticide for Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), known locally as "Hujan Emas", was discovered at PT Sampoerna Agro Tbk, Indonesia. Despite its potential, the identity of this plant remains unknown. This study aims to reveal the plant's identity and ascertain its potential as an attractant and bioinsecticide against O. rhinoceros. Identification was performed using morphological and sequence analyses of the MaturaseK, chloroplast rps16, and chloroplast rpl16 genes. Field observations were conducted over 9 months, focusing on the number of adult O. rhinoceros visiting the plant and the number captured using synthetic pheromone (ethyl 4-methyloctanoate) traps. Bioinsecticidal activity assessments focused on extracts from the plant's bark, stem, and leaves. Morphological characterization and sequence analysis conclusively affirmed the plant's identity as Senna multijuga (Fabales: Fabaceae). The total number of O. rhinoceros specimens obtained from S. multijuga was 1.6 times higher (836 beetles) than that obtained using the pheromone trap (512 beetles), suggesting that S. multijuga has better attractant capability than ethyl 4-methyloctanoate. The leaf extract exhibited insecticidal activity against larvae, while the stem and bark extracts demonstrated insecticidal activity against both larvae and adults. Larval mortality ranged from 1.25% to 3.75%, while adult mortality was notably higher, ranging from 12.5% to 25%. This is the first report on the capability of S. multijuga as an attractant and bioinsecticide against O. rhinoceros. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sets out to validate and test the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in the context of Malaysian student teachers' integration of their technology in teaching and learning. To establish factorial validity, data collected from 302 respondents were tested against the TAM using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modelling (SEM) was used for model comparison and hypotheses testing. The goodness-of-fit test of the analysis shows partial support of the applicability of the TAM in a Malaysian context. Overall, the TAM accounted for 37.3% of the variance in intention to use technology among student teachers and of the five hypotheses formulated, four are supported. Perceived usefulness is a significant influence on attitude towards computer use and behavioural intention. Perceived ease of use significantly influences perceived usefulness, and finally, behavioural intention is found to be influenced by attitude towards computer use. The findings of this research contribute to the literature by validating the TAM in the Malaysian context and provide several prominent implications for the research and practice of technology integration development.

Purpose: It is argued that the approaches to learning of students undergoing teacher training are likely to be related to their teaching and learning environment, especially as they move from a more regimented, structured learning environment in school to a tertiary learning environment that encourages more independent thinking and perhaps questions ideas. Therefore, this investigation has an overall goal to use the unique approaches to learning (surface and deep approaches) of students in a teacher preparation program to address the needs of this particular group of students during their teacher education. The study examines the associations between scores on student-teachers' approaches to learning, their academic performance and teaching efficacy. Methodology: The approach to learning instrument used was the "Bahasa Melayu" R-SPQ-2F and the teaching efficacy was collected through the "Bahasa Melayu" Teachers' Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES). The sample for this study was a total of 104 second-year student-teachers from two cohorts enrolled in a teacher education degree programme in a Malaysian university. The R-SPQ-2F was administered on the 10th week of a 14-week semester. A cover page accompanying the questionnaires provided general information about the study and specific instructions to answer the questionnaire. Student-teachers were requested to provide their cumulative grade-point average (CGPA) score from the previous semester. Data was analyzed by using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (Pearson's "r"). Findings: Findings showed that surface approach to learning has shown significant negative association with teaching efficacy, indicating that those student-teachers who used surface learning exhibited low teaching efficacy. Deep approach to learning has shown significant positive association with both academic achievement and teaching efficacy, indicating that those student-teachers who adopted deep learning had better academic achievement and also had a stronger sense of teaching efficacy. Implications of these findings were discussed as they related to teaching and learning, specifically in the attempt to facilitate deeper learning strategies. Significance: The study provides further evidence that the translated versions of the "Bahasa Melayu" R-SPQ-2F and the "Bahasa Melayu" TSES are reliable instruments to assess and monitor student-teachers' approaches to learning and their teaching self-efficacy beliefs. This study also adds to the very limited number of investigations of approaches to learning, academic performance, and teaching self-efficacy of student-teachers in Malaysia.

This study examines the impact of female representation on the Board of Directors (DDP), Board of Commissioners (DKP), and Audit Committee (KAP) on credit risk in commercial banks in Indonesia. Utilizing panel data with 399 observations from various banks over a specified period, the Random Effect Model (REM) was applied to analyze the relationship between the independent variables (DDP, DKP, and KAP) and the dependent variable (credit risk). The results indicate that DDP has a significant negative impact on credit risk (coefficient -4.331768, p = 0.0000), suggesting that increasing the proportion of women on the Board of Directors tends to reduce credit risk. This could be attributed to the diversity of perspectives and caution in decision-making brought by women, as well as a push for higher transparency and accountability. The DKP shows a nearly significant negative impact on credit risk (coefficient -1.371344, p = 0.0593). Although its impact is not as strong as DDP, the presence of women on the Board of Commissioners can also reduce credit risk through enhanced supervision and control. Conversely, KAP does not have a significant impact on credit risk (coefficient 0.508613, p = 0.5055). This suggests that while gender diversity on the audit committee is important for regulatory compliance and internal control, it may not directly influence credit risk management. Theoretically, these findings support the literature that gender diversity on boards improves the quality of decision-making and risk management. Managerial implications emphasize the importance of increasing female representation on the Board of Directors and Board of Commissioners to reduce credit risk and enhance the financial stability of banks. Gender diversity policies should be implemented at all organizational levels to maximize their benefits in corporate governance. This study provides insights for policymakers and practitioners in the banking sector on the importance of gender diversity in managing risk and improving the financial performance of banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problems with social entrepreneurship are scarce resources, ignorance, and inadequate government assistance. The literature review strategy was used in this investigation. The study's findings suggest that social entrepreneurship training and network building help communities build the information and abilities needed to grow their enterprises, as well as dependable relationships and increased access to resources. Through social entrepreneurship, communities can also become more financially independent, make more money, and become economically self-sufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toll road construction is currently being intensively carried out both by the government and by private parties. However, in practice, there are often delays in completing the construction of toll roads on several sections. This delay in completion has resulted in many impacts, including the emergence of potential claims from service providers, increased construction costs which can result in increased investment costs and even damage to the image of the company and the Government. The majority of these delays are caused by inadequate planning and control processes. This research uses the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) 6th Edition and PMBOK 7th Edition approaches to find out what risks arise at the Planning and Control stage. To then develop a PMBOK-based planning and control process for toll road construction. This research aims to use the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) 6th Edition and 7th Edition approach in identifying risks that arise at the planning and control stages of toll road construction, as well as developing a PMBOK-based planning and control process to minimize delays in toll road construction. This research method involves analysis based on PMBOK to produce relevant recommendations for toll road operators. The results of this study are expected to provide input for Toll Road Operators in planning and controlling toll road construction, so as to minimize delays in Toll Road Construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]