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The dependence of the expression level of the wheat proteinase inhibitor gene EU 293132.1 on the degree of acetylation of chitooligosaccharides and the trophicity of the pathogen was revealed. When wheat plants were infected with hemibiotrophus Septoria nodorum, high stimulating effect on the activity of proteinase inhibitors was provided by chitooligosaccharides with a degree of acetylation of 30%, and when infected with necrotrophus Bipolaris sorokiniana – chitooligosaccharides with a degree of acetylation of 65%.

В статье рассмотрены основные правила и особенности ведения бухгалтерского учета на малых предприятиях, отличия его ведения от крупных. Приведены основные нормативные документы, регулирующие ведение учета на малых предприятиях. Показан упрощенный способ ведения плана счетов.

We investigated the effect of presowing treatment of seeds with salicylic (SA) and jasmonic (JA) acids on the growth of wheat Triticum aestivum L. seedlings, generation of hydrogen peroxide (Н2О2) therein, and transcriptional activity of the genes encoding defense proteins—oxalate oxidase (OxO), peroxidase (PO), and proteinase inhibitor (PI)—upon their inoculation with stinking smut pathogen Tilletia caries (DC.) Tull. SA and JA were found to reduce adverse effect of T. caries on growth of seedlings and the extent of their infection by the pathogen. Improvement of plant resistance to T. caries depended on a stimulatory effect of SA and JA on the formation of Н2О2 in plant tissues and changes in activity of ОхО, PO, and catalase. SA was shown to elevate transcriptional activity of the genes of oxalate oxidase and peroxidase. We detected a considerable stimulatory effect of JA on transcriptional activity of the gene encoding proteinase inhibitor. Revealed differences in the activation of defense proteins pointed to differing mechanisms of SA and JA action on protective potential of wheat plants infected with T. caries.

This review considers the main groups of hydrolytic enzymes associated with plant pathogens, as well as proteinaceous inhibitors of these enzymes, acting as the components of plant defense system. The role of hydrolases is described in the development of a pathological process in plant tissues. Significance of hydrolase inhibitors in the development of plant resistance to pathogens is analyzed. It is proposed that specific interactions in the “host plant–pathogen” system, involving hydrolytic enzymes and their proteinaceous inhibitors, depend on the nutritional specialization of fungi.

The influence of signal molecules (jasmonic acid, phytoprostanoid oxylipins, lipopeptides of the Bacillus subtilis 26D bacterium) on the Solanum tuberosum L. potato tuber proteome was studied upon infection with the Phytophtora infestans (Mont.) de Bary phytophthorosis causative agent. Processing by signaling molecules decreased the degree of oomycete development on potato discs and caused changes in the total spectrum of soluble proteins in a pH range of 6.0–7.0 and 7.5–8.7. Differences in the differential expression of 39 polypeptides under the influence of signal molecules and infection with a pathogen were detected. It was demonstrated that the maximal protective effect upon the potato tuber infection with a pathogen is caused by the induction of protective proteins in tissues with the following values of the molecular weight/pI ratio: 24/5.8, 75/6.45, 68/6.45, 19/6.5, 69/6.3. The presence of qualitative and quantitative changes in the expression of individual proteins indicated a differential mechanism of the effect of signal molecules on the protective potential of plant cells.

The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between uracil and hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution have been investigated. Iron ion admixtures in the solution have been demonstrated to bring about two reaction pathways, one free-radical and the other molecular. The mechanism of the reaction has been analyzed by mathematical modeling methods, kinetic curves illustrating the variation of intermediate product concentrations have been obtained, and the rate constants of elementary reactions have been calculated.

The free-radical chain oxidation of 1,4-dioxane in the presence of an inhibitor has been investigated by mathematical modeling. The forward kinetic problem has been solved, and complete kinetic information about the reaction has been gained, including the variation of the concentrations of all reaction participants. The inverse kinetic problem has also been solved to determine the rate constants of all elementary steps.

The influence of salicylic (SA) and jasmonic (JA) acids as signaling systems mediators on the generation of H2O2 and expression of genes encoding protective proteins was studied in the leaves of wheat Triticum aestivum L. upon infection with the pathogen of septoriosis Septoria nodorum Berk. It was found that presowing treatment of seeds with SA and JA decreased the development of the fungus on the leaves of wheat and had a stimulating effect on the production of H2O2 in the area of infection. An increased expression of genes encoding oxalate oxidase AJ556991.1 and anionic peroxidase TC 151917 was shown in infected tissues with the method of polymerase chain reaction.

The influence of chitooligosaccharides (COS) with different degrees of acetylation (DA) on the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and changes in the level of gene expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins (oxalate oxidase AJ556991.1, peroxidase TC 151917, chitinase AV029935L, proteinase inhibitor EU293132.1) in the roots of the wheat Triticum aestivum L. inoculated with root rot pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoenaker was investigated. Differences were detected in plant responses to infection. These differences were due to the pretreatment of COS seeds with differing DA. Our results demonstrated that COS with a DA over 65% more effectively induced accumulation of H2O2 and increased the transcriptional activity of genes of PR-proteins as compared to COS with a DA of 30%. These data suggest an important role for DA in the manifestation of eliciting properties of COS, also in the presence of H2O2.

Functional traits, potentially associated with resistance to infection, were investigated in cultivars of bread wheat. Plant responses to infection by hemibiotrophic fungus Stagonospora (Septoria) nodorum were studied under laboratory conditions. Infection-induced up-regulation of genes coding for class III peroxidase, oxalate oxidase and protease inhibitor was greater in leaves with reduced disease symptoms (percentage of chlorotic or necrotic leaf area). Similar association was detected between activity of pectinase inhibitors and disease severity. Resistant cultivar also differed from the susceptible one by increased content of Н2О2 in infected tissues and more intensive deposition of lignin. We discuss possibility of using these functional traits in plant breeding for increased stress tolerance.

The kinetics of the reactions of 5-hydroxy-6-methyluracil and 6-methyluracil with hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solutions has been investigated. The reactions proceed via two competitive mechanisms, namely, free-radical and nonradical ones. The iron ions present in water as impurities make possible the free-radical mechanism.

The antiradical properties of a number of uracil derivatives are studied in initiated 1,4-dioxane oxidation as a model reaction. The antioxidant activity of the uracil derivatives as inhibitors is estimated. The antiradical activity of the compounds is quantitatively characterized in terms of the effective rate constant of inhibition, fkIn.

An actual problem of analysis of probiotic lactobacilli resistance to antibiotics and other drugs used in the treatment of gastro-intestinal disturbances has been for the first time solved. The levels of resistance of 19 strains of Lactobacillus (14 strains of L. fermentum, 4 strains of L.plantarum and 1 strain of L.rhamnosus) isolated from commercial probiotics and sour milk products to 14 antibiotics of various nature, i.e. β-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, clindamycin, vancomycin, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol were determined. All the isolates were practically susceptible to the drugs of the first line antihelicobacterial therapy, i.e. amoxicillin and clarithromycin, that makes inexpedient the parallel use of the probiotics containing the above lactobacilli in the treatment of gastritis and gastric ulcer, despite the lactobacilli antagonism with respect to Helicobacter pylory. Lactobacilli are as well resistant to mesalazin and can be used for correction of dysbiosis in inflammatory affections of the intestine.

The influence of salicylic (SA) and jasmonic (JA) acids as signaling systems mediators on the generation of H2O2 and expression of genes encoding protective proteins was studied in the leaves of wheat Triticum aestivum L. upon infection with the pathogen of septoriosis Septoria nodorum Berk. It was found that presowing treatment of seeds with SA and JA decreased the development of the fungus on the leaves of wheat and had a stimulating effect on the production of H2O2 in the area of infection. An increased expression of genes encoding oxalate oxidase AJ556991.1 and anionic peroxidase TC 151917 was shown in infected tissues with the method of polymerase chain reaction.

A comparison was performed with respect to the transcriptional activity of protective protein genes (peroxidase TC 151917, oxalate oxidase AJ 556991.1, and proteinase inhibitor EU 293132.1) in five wheat cultivars (Omskaya 35 and 36, Simbirka, Bashkirskaya 26, and Kazakhstanskaya 10) infected with Septoria nodorum Berk, which causes septoria disease. The intensity of parasite development on leaves was assessed based on the areas of infectious sites in plant tissues. This value was minimal in cultivars Omskaya 35 and 36 and maximal in cultivars Simbirka and Kazakhstanskaya 10; cultivar Bashkirskaya 26 was at an intermediate position. Resistant cultivars had a higher degree of transcriptional activity of genes of anionic peroxidase, oxalate oxidase, and proteinase inhibitor during infection than sensitive cultivars. Our data demonstrate the prospects of using expression levels of the AJ 556991.1, TC 151917, and EU 293132.1 genes as markers for the selection of resistant wheat cultivars.

99 A number of pyrimidine derivatives (6 methyl uracil, 5 fluorouracil, 5 hydroxy 6 methyluracil) are pharmaceuticals exhibiting a wide spectrum of activ ity. The efficacy of pharmaceuticals as antioxidants is one of the main characteristics of their biological activity. However, the mechanism of inhibition of free radical induced chain oxidation by uracils has been poorly studied. The primary event of attack of poten tial antioxidant molecule by peroxyl radical plays an important role in the mechanism of oxidation retarda tion because it affects further reaction course. It is known [1] that the free radical oxidation of virtually equimolar amounts of 2,2' azobis(2 methylpropion amide) dihydrochloride and 5 methyluracil with atmospheric oxygen for 25 h at 313 K leads to the fol lowing products