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Deliverable 2.1 illuminates how collecting and analysing data in novel ways is capable of generating new knowledge and stimulating new practices that are sensitive to the Risk Perception Action Gap (RPAG), as well as enhancing community resilience approaches. To frame this process of enhancing both disaster resilience (see also D1.2) and community resilience and bridging the RPAG, the extant literature is explored through predominantly desk-based research on three distinct but interrelated concepts: community resilience, community risk perception and citizen generated data in order to: 1. Lay the conceptual foundations of terms frequently used in the project, such as : community resilience, community risk perception and citizen generated data. 2. Produce working definitions of community resilience and of risk perception that will be adopted for the duration of the project. 3. Generate a knowledge-base of good practices and State-Of-The-Art regarding the utilisation of citizen genrated data and other digital technologies for bridging the RPAG and enhancing community resilience. Following an introduction and proceeded by an overall concluding section, D2.1 is divided into three main conceptual chapters (2, 3 and 4), each focused on one of the three above mentioned major concepts. In Chapter 2, community resilience is approached from an academic perspective, as a conceptual amalgam of previously presented epistemologies of resilience across different disciplinary and conceptual boundaries, constituting the ontological outcome of the ‘social turn’ in resilience scholarship. Building on this accumulated knowledge of resilience literature in academia and practice, and combining it with definitions of resilience (mainly disaster and community oriented ones) across a variety of EU-funded projects, we introduce a working definition of the term for RiskPACC, emphasising the key role of human agency and active citizenship while also highlighting the importance of communication channels and ‘trust-ties’ between communities and other local stakeholders. The working definItion of community resilence used for RiskPACC is: The capacity of communities and individuals to interact with their surrounding physical and built environment, comprehend risk and actively mobilise activities to enhance societal connectedness including the use of digital technologies, to co-produce knowledge and build two-way communication channels with the CPAs and other local stakeholders to cope with, adapt to, prepare for and recover from external perturbations or inherent stresses. Following the introduction and consolidation of the working definition for community resilience, Chapter 3 explores community risk perception in extant academic literature and its transtition from a predominantly phychology-oriented to a more sociological concept, whilst illuminating the gap between how experts and lay people perceive risk. The relationship of community risk perception with place is also discussed, as well as its influence during the ongoing COVID-19 crisis, D2.1 Month 4 6 | Page Dissemination Level: PU This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101021271 eventually justifying the adoption of the European Environment Agency definition of the term as a working definition for RiskPACC : Risk perception involves people’s beliefs, attitudes, judgements and feelings, as well as the wider social or cultural values that people adopt towards hazards and their benefits. The way in which people perceive risk is vital in the process of assessing and managing risk. Risk perception will be a major determinant in whether a risk is deemed to be "acceptable" and whether the risk management measures imposed are seen to resolve the problem. Here, beyond specific aspects of risk perception, significant attention is also paid in the understanding of the risk context (events and policies) and environmental conditions and constraints, thus foregrounding the importance of situating people in their socio-political/community context, instead of merely viewing them as independent individuals. Moreover, the role of trust in influencing the degree to which citizens believe and act upon communications from CPAs is also emphasised. Complementing this focus on local responses, Chapter 4 focuses on citizen generated data, including social media, and their potentialities for supporting disaster resilience (including improving disaster response) and enhancing community resilience. More specifically, VGI is prioritised as an emerging digital technological trend, while its relevance for engaging local communities in decisionmaking for disaster resilience, and bridging the RPAG, is also emphasised. The analysis in D2.1 has generated a robust knowledge-base that will support the development of the project’s practical Framework (WP4) and digital tooled solutions based on new forms of digital and community-centred data (WP5), and will ultimately feed into the development of the “RiskPack” toolbox/package of solutions (WPs 5,6 and 7). Summing up, the key findings of this Report are the following: • Community resilience is a contested term that emphasises human agency, mobilisation of social capital and the strengthening of communication channels and (in)formal institutions in the process of coping with, adapting to, preparing for and recovering from external perturbations or inherent stresses. • Understanding, capturing and acknowledging community risk perception and aligning it with CPAs’ conceptualisations of risk is fundamental for bridging the RPAG. Digital technologies such as citizen generated data, VGI and social media can support the process of capturing risk perception and thus contribute to the bridging of the RPAG, enhancing community resilience and improving overall disaster resilience.

This report will draw together findings from the previous tasks in Work Package 2 (WP2) identifying academic and policy literature, best practices, stakeholder outcomes and end user perspectives and requirements, as well as key gaps in the current operationalization of concepts in risk perception and action as they pertain to community resilience and civil protection. The report will provide the basis for the development and refinement of work undertaken in subsequent WPs to bridge the risk perception action gap (RPAG). The report is structured with four key sections. The first section provides an overview of WP2, where Deliverable 2.3 (as well as D1.3 in WP1) fits into this and its relevance to the rest of the RiskPACC project. This highlights how this Report has been informed by previous Deliverables and how it will in turn inform the subsequent work programme in RiskPACC. The second section presents the adopted approach in identifying emergent gaps in the utilisation of community risk perception and community resilience in civil protection and disaster management. It begins by presenting some refined working definitions of disaster and community resilience, and risk perception, that will be utilised in subsequent project work. It then identifies the ‘Theory of Change’ approach that the project adopts and through which RiskPACC’s vision of community resilience is unfolded. Based on this the intended plan is to work backwards from so as to ascertain key outcomes; the interventions that are needed to be made in current practice and how these might be delivered in the context of the project and through its planned and intended activities. The third section details 18 key gaps within current approaches to community resilience and community risk perception that have subsequently been categorised in four groups and which are discussed in the remainder of this chapter: 1. Gaps between theory and practice 2. Governance gaps 3. Operational and implementation gaps 4. Data and technology related gaps In detailing these gaps, a range of questions that arise for civil protection stakeholders and communities charged with enhancing resilience have been identified and are also explored. In the fourth and final section of this report we present a detailed roadmap that charts a course through the remainder of the project, ensuring that key identified gaps and barriers to the operationalisation of community resilience are continually reflected upon as tools are developed and training programmes and the ‘RiskPack’ are produced.

This briefing is based on the findings of the Waterproofing Data and Global Challenges Research Fund Translation Award researchprojects, which aimed to investigate and rethink the governance of water-related risks, with a focus on social and cultural aspects ofdata practices. The researchers worked together with school students, teachers, community members and official agencies to co-produce knowledge and design strategies to reduce the impact of flood-related events. The projects developeda social data innovationcombining community engagement, citizen science and data analytics to improve the resilience of communities to flooding.It includes a citizen-science mobile app, a model curriculum for schools, and a data analytics platform for developing early-warning models. This policy brief has been authored by João Porto de Albuquerque, Vangelis Pitidis, Diego Pajarito Grajales & Leigh Walker.

The purpose of this study was to examine the potential effect of Chios Mastic Gum (CMG) consumption on bone mineral density (BMD) and strength of ovariectomized rats. CMG is a known resin used from ancient times for its beneficial biological properties. Thirty mature female Wistar rats were randomized into three equal groups: sham-operated (control), ovariectomized (OVX), and ovariectomized and administered CMG per os (OVX+CMG). BMD of the total tibia, proximal tibia, and the 6th lumbar vertebra were measured at baseline and at 3 and 6 months post ovariectomy. Bone strength was assessed with three-point-bending (3pb) of the right femur. At 3 and 6 months, BMD values of the OVX+CMG group were significantly higher for the anatomical cites evaluated than those of the OVX group. Femoral thickness assessed via 3pb had intermediate values in the treated group compared to the other groups. Cytology of vaginal smears and uterine weight of the OVX+CMG group were consistent with estrogen depletion. Gastrocnemius muscle and intraperitoneal fat ratios to body weight (BW) of the OVX+CMG group did not significantly differ from the control group. Daily consumption CMG had a protective effect on BMD of the total and proximal tibia and the 6th lumbar vertebra of the rats, without causing undesirable effects on the vaginal epithelium and uterus. The 3pb results also demonstrated a favorable effect on the thickness of rat femurs. In addition, CMG was beneficial for both the muscular system and the intraperitoneal fat/BW ratio of the rats.

PurposeThe study aims to identify the gaps and the potentialities of citizen-generated data in four axes of warning system: (1) risk knowledge, (2) flood forecasting and monitoring, (3) risk communication and (4) flood risk governance.Design/methodology/approachResearch inputs for this work were gathered during an international virtual dialogue that engaged 40 public servants, practitioners, academics and policymakers from Brazilian and British hazard and risk monitoring agencies during the Covid-19 pandemic.FindingsThe common challenges identified were lack of local data, data integration systems, data visualisation tools and lack of communication between flood agencies.Originality/valueThis work instigates an interdisciplinary cross-country collaboration and knowledge exchange, focused on tools, methods and policies used in the Brazil and the UK in an attempt to develop trans-disciplinary innovative ideas and initiatives for informing and enhancing flood risk governance.

Purpose:\ud \ud The study aims to identify the gaps and the potentialities of citizen-generated data in four axes of warning system: (1) risk knowledge, (2) flood forecasting and monitoring, (3) risk communication and (4) flood risk governance.\ud \ud Design/methodology/approach:\ud \ud Research inputs for this work were gathered during an international virtual dialogue that engaged 40 public servants, practitioners, academics and policymakers from Brazilian and British hazard and risk monitoring agencies during the Covid-19 pandemic.\ud \ud Findings:\ud \ud The common challenges identified were lack of local data, data integration systems, data visualisation tools and lack of communication between flood agencies.\ud \ud Originality/value:\ud \ud This work instigates an interdisciplinary cross-country collaboration and knowledge exchange, focused on tools, methods and policies used in the Brazil and the UK in an attempt to develop trans-disciplinary innovative ideas and initiatives for informing and enhancing flood risk governance.

Resilience narratives have gathered increased attention in city-regional planning over the last two decades, emphasizing holistic foresight, long-term strategic visioning, cross-sectoral integration and collaborative modes of planning. Combining such resilience narratives with the established idea of socio-spatial imaginaries, we introduce the novel concept of ‘resilience imaginaries’ and explore its application in the city-region of Thessaloniki, Greece. This paper illustrates that resilience imaginaries can be viewed as dynamic and politically contested visions for long-term city-regional development, collectively structured by civic stakeholders, institutionally expressed through city-regional governance transformations and materially manifested through city-regional planning interventions.

This chapter focuses upon the potential of co-production in research linked to risk and resilience. Specifically, it proposes the need to see resilience practice as co-production and illustrates the argument with reflections from the Waterproofing Data project, which investigated water-related risks, with a focus on social and cultural aspects of data practices. The chapter describes how the project adopted a dialogic approach and developed innovative methods around data practices into a method that reframed citizen sensing as a critical pedagogical process. Here the engagement of residents of urban poor neighbourhoods in Brazil was central for a process of research co-production together with a multidisciplinary research team and stakeholders of local governmental and non-governmental organisations involved in disaster risk reduction. Ultimately, we argue that co-production is a necessary ingredient in research looking to transform governance and decision-making in how we respond, in a flexible way, to risks and crisis.

Although the proportion of people living in slums is increasing in low- and middle-income countries and food insecurity is considered a severe hazard for health, there is little research on this topic. This study investigated and compared the prevalence and socio-demographic associations of household food insecurity in seven slum settings across Nigeria, Kenya, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Data were taken from a cross-sectional, household-based, spatially referenced survey conducted between December 2018 and June 2020. Household characteristics and the extent and distribution of food insecurity across sites was established using descriptive statistics. Multivariable logistic regression of data in a pooled model including all slums (adjusting for slum site) and site-specific analyses were conducted. In total, a sample of 6,111 households were included. Forty-one per cent (2,671) of all households reported food insecurity, with varying levels between the different slums (9–69%). Household head working status and national wealth quintiles were consistently found to be associated with household food security in the pooled analysis (OR: 0·82; CI: 0·69–0·98 & OR: 0·65; CI: 0·57–0·75) and in the individual sites. Households which owned agricultural land (OR: 0·80; CI: 0·69–0·94) were less likely to report food insecurity. The association of the household head’s migration status with food insecurity varied considerably between sites. We found a high prevalence of household food insecurity which varied across slum sites and household characteristics. Food security in slum settings needs context-specific interventions and further causal clarification.

to provide an overview of the use of mobile phone in Italy while driving in the years 2015-2017.road side observational study.a sample of 145.107 drivers in 28 cities across the national territory with a resident population of more than 10 million inhabitants (17% of the Italian population). For each city, the survey was carried out in Urban (U), Sub-Urban (SU), and Extra-Urban (EXT) areas. Data were aggregated by three geographic areas: North, Centre and South.monitoring of the use of mobile phone when driving.the prevalence of mobile phone use when driving is 5.6% in the North, 4.1% in the Centre, and 6.3% in the South. The stratification by urban area also shows similar values (U: 5.3%; SU: 5.1%; EXT: 7.4%).a considerable prevalence of use of mobile phone when driving is observable throughout Italy, with substantially homogeneous values in different territories and in areas with different levels of urbanization. This behaviour increases the risk of road traffic accidents, according to scientific literature. Despite normative sanction of this behaviour, the prevalence is still high, even though comparable to what observed in other industrialized countries. Multilevel actions could be implemented, effective according to scientific literature, not limited only to the regulatory-sanctioning ones. The reduction of the use of the mobile phone while driving can have a significant impact for public health and traffic safety, because on the prevalence data of this study it is possible to assess that potentially up to 24,000 accidents/year could be avoided in Italy.

BackgroundSlums or informal settlements characterize most large cities in LMIC. Previous evidence suggests pharmacies may be the most frequently used source of primary care in LMICs but that pharmacy services are of variable quality. However, evidence on pharmacy use and availability is very limited for slum populations.MethodsWe conducted household, individual, and healthcare provider surveys and qualitative observations on pharmacies and pharmacy use in seven slum sites in four countries (Nigeria, Kenya, Pakistan, and Bangladesh). All pharmacies and up to 1200 households in each site were sampled. Adults and children were surveyed about their use of healthcare services and pharmacies were observed and their services, equipment, and stock documented.ResultsWe completed 7692 household and 7451 individual adults, 2633 individual child surveys, and 157 surveys of pharmacies located within the seven sites. Visit rates to pharmacies and drug sellers varied from 0.1 (Nigeria) to 3.0 (Bangladesh) visits per person-year, almost all of which were for new conditions. We found highly variable conditions in what constituted a “pharmacy” across the sites and most pharmacies did not employ a qualified pharmacist. Analgesics and antibiotics were widely available but other categories of medications, particularly those for chronic illness were often not available anywhere. The majority of pharmacies lacked basic equipment such as a thermometer and weighing scales.ConclusionsPharmacies are locally and widely available to residents of slums. However, the conditions of the facilities and availability of medicines were poor and prices relatively high. Pharmacies may represent a large untapped resource to improving access to primary care for the urban poor.

This paper examines OpenStreetMap data quality at different stages of a participatory mapping process in seven slums in Africa and Asia. Data were drawn from an OpenStreetMap-based participatory mapping process developed as part of a research project focusing on understanding inequalities in healthcare access of slum residents in the Global South. Descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis were employed to examine the following research question: What is the spatial data quality of collaborative remote mapping achieved by volunteer mappers in morphologically complex urban areas? Findings show that the completeness achieved by remote mapping largely depends on the morphology and characteristics of slums such as building density and rooftop architecture, varying from 84% in the best case, to zero in the most difficult site. The major scientific contribution of this study is to provide evidence on the spatial data quality of remotely mapped data through volunteer mapping efforts in morphologically complex urban areas such as slums, the results could provide insights into how much fieldwork would be needed in what level of complexity and to what extent the involvement of local volunteers in these efforts is required.

This article investigates the role of digital technologies and data innovations, such as big data and citizen-generated data, to enable transformations to sustainability. We reviewed recent literature in this area and identified that the most prevailing assumption of work is related to the capacity of data to inform decision-making and support transformations. However, there is a lack of critical investigation on the concrete pathways for this to happen. We present a framework that identifies scales and potential pathways on how data generation, circulation and usage can enable transformations to sustainability. This framework expands the perspective on the role and functions of data, and it is used to outline a critical research agenda for future work that fully considers the socio-cultural contexts and practices through which data may effectively support transformative pathways to sustainable development.\ud \ud

Home accidents, or domestic accidents, are accidents that occur inside a home or the adjacent areas (stairways, courtyards, gardens, attics, cellars, garages, etc.). In Italy, they are monitored through a number of surveillance systems including the PASSI system and the ISTAT (Italian Institute of Statistics) Multipurpose Survey on Households. Only the SINIACA system (Italian National Information Service on Domestic Accidents), managed by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute for Health), provides health-related information regarding such events and their circumstances and consequences, based primarily on AccidentEmergency Departments' data.This is an observational study on the domestic accidents trends in the province of Trento, using data on AccidentEmergency Departments admissions, between 2009 and 2018, combined with mortality and hospital discharge data.The authors extrapolated records regarding admissions for domestic accidents from the digital annual AccidentEmergency admissions archive. For the 2009-2018 period, they analysed: the trend over time, both overall and classified according to gender and age group; and the inflow rate/10,000 inhabitants, broken down according to gender, nationality (Italians and foreign nationals) and age group. The coverage of the additional SINIACA variables regarding the accident dynamic, contingent activity and place of the accident were also analysed. With regard to the case load for 2018, the authors analysed the site and type of the injuries, the level of severity, outcome and the services provided, comparing the 0-14 years and65 years age groups. Trend significance was analysed using the Cochran-Armitage test for trend and the significance of the differences between the proportions was analysed using the Chi-squared test. We have also calculated the costs of the services provided, overall and by age group.During the study period, a total of 99,386 AE admissions for domestic accidents were recorded, with an annual average of 9,938 admissions. Between 2009 and 2018, there was a statistically significant increase of 41%, which was due in part to better event recognition and recording. Females prevail over males, especially over the age of 75 years. Over time there is an increase in cases over the age of 65, due to the progressive ageing of the population. Considering the resident population alone, the AE inflow rate rises from 147 admissions/10,000 inhabitants in 2009 to 197 admissions/10,000 inhabitants in 2018, with a 39.0% increase. Inflow is greater in the two extreme age groups: in 2018, in the 0-4 years age group, the inflow rate is 319 admissions/10,000 inhabitants and in the over 75 years class it rises to 481 admission/10,000 inhabitants, 1.6 and 2.4 times the mean inflow for home accidents in the province of Trento, respectively. Admissions are less amongst foreign nationals than amongst Italians. Generally speaking, the events were of a mild severity, with white triage codes accounting for 16% of cases and green triage codes for 73%. The degree of severity is higher amongst subjects aged over 65, as well as in women and Italian citizens.The level of recording of SINIACA variables increases over time, to reach 100% coverage in 2018. Falls are the most common dynamic in all age ranges; household chores, activities of daily living and DIY are the three most commonly observed activities. Home accidents most commonly occur in the areas adjacent to the home and the kitchen. In over 2/3 of cases, the injuries sustained were to the limbs and the head/face. Head/face injuries prevail in the youngest age group. Wounds, burns and head injuries are the most common types of injury sustained by children in the 0-14 years age group, whereas fractures and dislocations are typical of the older age groups. Diagnostic and care resource consumption is far higher amongst the elderly, which absorb 61% of the total costs of the cases treated in the year 2018.AccidentEmergency facilities provide a privileged observatory for the monitoring of domestic accidents in the population. By comparing our data with the ISTAT data, it can be estimated that 1 in 2 home accidents in the population resulted in an AE admission. Admissions increase over time, particularly amongst the elderly and they are not higher amongst foreign nationals than amongst Italians. The inflow rate is higher in the extreme age ranges: 0-4 and75 years; however, there are differences between the two in terms of type of injury, level of severity and outcome. It is essential for AE admission data to be fully digitalised, and facility and staff sensitisation is also important in order to guarantee the availability of good-quality data. The completeness of AE data and the possibility of obtaining case stratification based on social and demographic characteristics could make it possible, through a virtuous integration of services, to use these data for the implementation of prevention initiatives. These, if carried out effectively, could also contribute to contain healthcare costs.

In the twenty-first century, in response to an array of existential threats, the concept of resilience has risen to prominence in urban studies to address the amplified complexity, uncertainty and accompanying risk contemporary urban environments face, stemming from economic, environmental and socio-political volatility and rapid change (Bourgon, 2009; Chandler, 2014; Duit, Galaz, Eckerberg, & Ebbesson, 2010; McGreavy, 2016; Normandin, Therrien, Pelling, & Paterson, 2018). Under the banner of urban resilience - a concept that has emerged, as an amalgam of previously applied ‘resilience’ concepts in various scientific disciplines (Alexander, 2013) - urban planners and policy-makers have sought more holistic, integrated and communitycentred governance approaches that offer a variety of ‘qualities’ and ‘principles’ for confronting this emergent complexity and uncertainty of city life (Meerow, Newell, & Stults, 2016; Moser, Meerow, Arnott, & Jack-Scott, 2019; Normandin, Therrien, Pelling, & Paterson, 2019; Sellberg, Ryan, Borgström, Norström, & Peterson, 2018; Tobin, 1999).

to describe intentional self-harm related deaths in Piedmont Region (Northern Italy) analysing trends by gender, age, area of residence, socio-economic level.descriptive study of mortality using data from the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat).resident population in Piedmont Region in the period 2003-2014.age-standardized suicide (ICD-10: X60-X84) rates, by gender, health district of residence and educational level; frequencies of suicide method and place of occurrence by gender and age.in a context of declining injury related mortality, especially that due to traffic accidents, the regional trend of suicides shows only a slight decrease, becoming the main cause of injury deaths since 2009, equal to 21% of all injury deaths in the studied period. Among the largest Italian Regions, Piedmont is the one with the highest rate of suicide. There are no significant trend variations related to the recent period of economic crisis. The occurrence is higher among men in general and particularly in older people, persons with low educational level and those living in mountain areas. The main suicide method used by women is "jumping from a high place" (36.7%) while the main one for men is "hanging, strangulation and suffocation" (50%). This is globally the most frequent method for all ages. "Self-poisoning" gains importance between 30 and 49 years old. Suicides occur for over half of cases in home, without any difference by gender and age.suicides are a public health and social concern. Yet despite its extent, this problem is still not adequately considered in public health prevention programmes. Important contributions to a deeper understanding of the determinants can be obtained from health information systems, in particular data from emergency care and multiple causes of deaths records.

to give an overview of the use of safety devices in motorized vehicles in Italy in the years 2015-2017.road side observational study.a sample of 232,283 road users in 28 cities across the Italian territory with a resident population of more than 10 million inhabitants (17% of the Italian population) was considered.the use of seat belts (front and rear), child restraints, and motorcycle helmets were monitored. For each city, the survey was carried out in urban, sub-urban, and extra-urban areas. Data were aggregated by three geographic areas: North, Centre, and South. Data for front seat belts was also provided for drivers and passengers separately.the use of front seat belts shows a dramatic geographical trend ranging from 82.6% (North) to 36.3% (South). Drivers use seat belts more frequently than passengers (63.3% vs 57.4%). The same North-South trend shows the use of rear seat belts (from 19.0% to 3.3%) and child restraints (from 59.9% to 16.6%). Helmet use was high everywhere in Italy (more than 94%).despite the use of safety devices, which has been mandatory for many years, compliance seems to depend on the voluntary behaviour of drivers and passengers influenced by socioeconomical and cultural patterns. The use of rear seat belts and child restraints is still far from an acceptable level, as well as the use of front seat belts in the South and in the Centre. The increased use of safety devices would have significant public health and traffic safety implications, as a potential of 327 deaths/year could be saved.