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Light availability and distribution play an important role in every ecosystem as these affect a variety of ecosystem processes and functions. To estimate light availability and distribution, light simulations can be used. Many previous models were based on highly simplified tree models and geometrical assumptions about tree form, or were sophisticated and computationally demanding models based on 3D data which had to be acquired in every season to be simulated. The aim of this study was to model the shadow cast by individual trees at high spatial and temporal resolution without the need for repeated data collection during multiple seasons. For our approach, we captured trees under leaf-off conditions using terrestrial laser scanning and simulated leaf-on conditions for individual trees over the remainder of the year. The model was validated against light measurements (n=20,436) collected using 60 quantum sensors underneath an apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.) on a sunny and cloudless summer day. On this day, the leaves and the shadow were simulated with a high spatial (1 cm) and temporal resolution (1 min). The simulated values were highly correlated with the measured radiation at r=0.84. Additionally, we simulated the radiation for a whole year for the sample apple tree (tree height: 6.6 m, crown width: 7.6 m) with a resolution of 10 cm and a temporal resolution of 10 min. Below the tree, an area of 49.55 m² is exposed to a radiation reduction of at least 10%, 17.74 m² to at least 20% and only 0.12 m² to at least 30%. The model could be further improved by incorporating branch growth, curved leaf surfaces, and gravity to take the weight of the foliage into account. The presented approach offers a high potential for modelling the light availability in the surroundings of trees with an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.

O artigo 20 da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais (LGPD) prevê a revisão de decisões automatizadas tomadas unicamente com base em dados pessoais. O presente trabalho trabalha questiona se essa revisão, especialmente quando executada pela Autoridade Nacional de Proteção de Dados (ANPD), conforme a previsão do §1º do referido dispositivo, pode servir como ferramenta de assessment do critério de entendimento esclarecido conforme apresentado por Robert Dahl. Por meio do método hipotético-dedutivo, o trabalho estrutura o argumento e explica como o dispositivo pode servir ao referido assessment, concluindo que esse uso é sim possível, considerando as possibilidades da revisão em questão e as limitações do respeito ao segredo industrial preconizado no dispositivo.

Abstract The insertion of new distributed energy resources, such as distributed generation (DG), energy storage systems (ESS), demand response (DR), and microgrids (MG), is emerging, bringing new challenges to the current distribution network. In this regard, the active distribution networks (I) with multi-microgrids concept appears. The present paper proposes a hierarchical (master-slave problem) computational model to achieve optimal coordinated operation of multi-microgrids connected to an I. Day-ahead operation planning of an I was formulated as a multiperiod non-linear optimal power flow model, resulting in a non-linear optimization problem, additionally, the day-ahead operation planning of MGs was formulated as a multiperiod linearized optimal power flow resulting in a mixed-integer linear optimization problem. Numerical results on four different test-system microgrids connected to a 359-nodes ADNs test-system belonging to a Brazilian distribution company show the effectiveness of the proposed model and solution strategy. Three cases have been tested: with a maximum load-shedding restriction, without this restriction, and considering insertion of DG. Besides, the hierarchical model can evaluate how much losses and load shedding take effect without integrated operation and expansion planning of emerging distributed networks. This study showed the importance of analyzing the systemic impact of integrating multi-MGs and I synergistic operation interactions, resulting in improvements in the voltage quality levels, operation costs, and power losses. The results showed that, including DG in the system, the costs were reduced by 13,48% compared to the case base.

A pandemia de COVID-19 entrou na vida das pessoas de forma avassaladora, trazendo mudanças nos hábitos, pensamentos e ações. O artigo faz uma análise jurídica e bioética do site “1 DAY SOONER”, o qual é representativo e está apto a fundamentar uma generalização para situações análogas frente a pandemia de COVID-19, envolvendo vários aspectos jurídicos, tais como direito à vida, à saúde e ao próprio corpo, liberdade, autonomia privada, solidariedade, renúncia a direitos, e alguns temas voltados também à Bioética, como beneficência e a não-maleficência em evento pandêmico, considerando-se a legislação brasileira aplicável ao tema. A pesquisa tem metodologia baseada em estudo de caso. Há muito por realizar no que tange ao interesse das pessoas em serem voluntárias em convocação/desafio para testes envolvendo humanos, expondo-se deliberadamente a infecções, relativizando e renunciando direitos.

Abstract The optimization of microgrids present challenges such as managing distributed energy resources (DERs) and the high reliance on intermittent generation such as PV and wind turbines, which present an aleatory behavior. The most popular techniques to deal with the uncertainties are stochastic optimization, which comes with a high computational burden, and adaptive robust optimization (ARO), which is often criticized for the conservativeness of its solutions. In response to these drawbacks, this work proposes a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model using a data-driven robust optimization approach (DDRO) solved by a two-stage decomposition using the column-and-constraint generation algorithm (C&CG). The DDRO model uses historic data to create the bounds of its uncertainty set, eliminating the conservativeness created by the arbitrary definition of the uncertainty set that is seen in ARO while maintaining a low computational burden. The DDRO model applied was not previously utilized in MGs, only in bulk power systems. A benchmark MG system was simulated for a 24-hour period without uncertainties, with uncertainties using ARO (15% uncertainty budget) and with uncertainties and DDRO. The operational costs without uncertainty were $124,600,60, while the ARO approach rose those costs by 32.5% ($ 165,137.18). Finally, the DDRO approach managed to keep the costs in $ 126,934.54, a mere 1.8% increase from the base case without uncertainty. All simulations were performed in less than 1 minute. The results confirm a) the advantages of bounding the uncertainty set with historical data instead of an arbitrary definition of bounds and b) the fast-converging times of DDRO.

A discussão ao redor das fake news se intensificou após as eleições norte-americanas de 2016 e as brasileiras de 2018. O presente artigo, procura responder se existe forma de frear a propagação dessas notícias falsas com políticas públicas de educação. Para tanto, trata dessas questões utilizando-se dos princípios da Governança da Internet. Foca-se, principalmente, na propagação de fake news no Brasil, durante os últimos 2 anos, utilizando como metodologia de pesquisa o método hipotético-dedutivo, por meio da qual partiu-se da hipótese de que a Governança da Internet, por meio do Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil, pode exercer caráter fiscalizatório-normativo e educativo perante a população e, também, os ‘geradores’ de fake news. A técnica de pesquisa utilizada foi a documentação indireta, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica. O artigo tem como sua conclusão que políticas públicas que incentivem a educação, conscientização e consequentemente a fiscalização dos usuários da Internet, podem ser sim efetivas no combate às fake news. O Comitê Gestor da Internet do Brasil, assim como agências e portais de checagem de fatos e ferramentas que sinalizam a veracidade das informações, auxiliam no processo de segmentar o que é fake news do que é notícia confiável.