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The author analyzes three waves of the crisis of democracy during the 20th and early 21st centuries. The first crisis of democracy in the early 20th century is caused by the emergence and development of public politics, which challenged the possibility to govern the masses having conflict potential, it balanced the power of the people and universal suffrage with the control of the media in order to maintain the stability of political system. The second wave of the crisis of democracy (the last third of the 20th century) is associated with the destruction of the conventional world and the weakening of the nation-state; and its markers were: the imbalance between the branches of government, the domination of economics over politics, the predominance of equality over freedom, the problematic implementation of human rights, and, as a consequence, the inability to put into practice the national form of democracy. The third wave of crisis (early the 21st century) is accompanied by the transformation of democracy into post-democracy, in which the power of the people is replaced by the power of global capital, and the illusion of consent is reinforced by the prohibition of alternative points of view and the narrowing of the space of issues allowed for discussion in the name of public security. The crisis of the policy to achieve peace through the transformation of the balance of powers into a balance of interests called into question the principles of democracy. On the contrary, post-democracies justify the use of force to spread democracy around the world, and they take an active part in contemporary military conflicts, which can rightly be defined as hybrid proxy wars. Drawing on J. Habermas’s concept of communicative rationality, the author concludes that to overcome the crisis of democracy it is necessary to accept the very possibility of an alternative to this form of government and allow to discuss these previously marginalized issues as well as to maintain the return of the majority to genuine communication and politics, contribute to its enlightenment.

Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are important intracellular regulators of transcription. In normoxia, these proteins undergo posttranslational modifications (hydroxylation) that prevent interaction with coactivators (CBP/p300) and pro- mote HIF degradation. The two main systems that hydroxylate HIF are prolylhydroxylases and factor-inhibiting HIF-1 (Factor-inhibiting HIF-1, FIH-1). Under hypoxia, these inhibitory mechanisms stop working. This leads to dimerization of HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and HIF-3α with constitutively synthesized oxygen-independent HIF-1β. The main vector of HIF operation is adaptation to hypoxia. To perform this task, oxygen capacity of the blood (HIF stimulates the synthesis of erythropoietin and its receptors, iron absorption and transport), angiogenesis, anaerobic ATP production, compensa- tion of intracellular acidosis, etc.). Hyperfunction of HIF underlies carcinogenesis. Tumor cells are characterized by enhanced angiogenesis, proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, immune surveillance, and atypical metabolism (e.g., the Warburg effect). These processes are under the control of HIF. Herminative mutations of HIF genes or other genes involved in the regulation of this transcription factor lead to von Hippel-Lindau disease, congenital erythrocytosis, and other pathologies. Suppression of HIF is being studied as a promising anti-tumor strategy. Hypofunction of HIF contrib- utes to the pathogenesis of anemia in chronic kidney disease and vascular rarity in pathological myocardial hypertro- phy. Stimulation of HIF, by inhibition of prolyl hydroxylases, has been investigated in phase 3 trials and is used to treat anemia in chronic kidney disease. This therapy appears to be comparable in safety profile to the drug erythropoietins. The risk of thrombosis is slightly higher with prolylhydroxylase inhibitors.

The article presents the research results on determining the optimal concentration of macro- and micro-fertilizers NanoSilicon, Kristalon (universal, yellow, brown), FERTIKA Lux, Batr max in the growing medium for accelerated in vitro reproduction of potato micro-cuttings due to the effectiveness of their action on the growth of the root system, the height of the stem and the number of internodes. It was found that the maximum number of roots and their greatest length in the studied varieties Pershatsvet (11.1–11.2 pcs and 6.0–6.1 cm) and Rubin (10.8–10.9 pcs – 6.2–6.5 cm) was recorded when using the fertilizers Kristalon yellow and brown in a concentration of 0.4 g/l. The largest number of internodes in the Pershatsvet variety was obtained when using the Nanosilicon in a dose of 0.05 ml/l, macro- and micro-elements Kristalon yellow and FERTIKA Lux in a dose of 0.4 ml/l (8.1 pcs). In the Rubin variety, the largest number of internodes was obtained when using Kristalon universal in the growing medium in a dose of 0.4 ml/l (7.2 pcs).

Apple-tree proliferation is a plant disease caused by phytoplasma Candidatus Phytoplasma mali which belongs to the Аpple proliferation (AP) group, subgroup 16SrX-A. The damage of plants by phytoplasm leads to changes in the nature of branching of shoots, crushing of fruits and often to the death of plants, causing damage to agricultural production. In order to assess the frequency occurrence of phytoplasm in apple-tree plantations in Belarus, a survey was carried out of the examination of orchards of Minsk, Brest, Gomel and Mogilev regions. There were selected (from symptomatic or damaged trees) and tested 453 samples (60 genotypes). Based on the results of examination and testing by real-time PCR with Phyto-F/Phyto-R primers and Phyto-P probe, the presence of phytoplasm in apple-tree plantations in Gomel (61 infected samples out of 177 tested), Minsk (18 out of 112) and Mogilev regions was revealed (48 out of 67) and the absence of a pathogen in the plantations of the Brest region.

The article aims to determine the role and place of monetary policy in the economic development of the country. When conducting a chronological analysis, attention is focused on the periods of sharp devaluation of the national currency. A dynamic assessment of changes in the exchange rate against the us dollar was made. The policy of the National Bank in the context of the crisis is consistently analyzed and evaluated. An econometric assessment of the investment function is made to justify the monetary policy instruments used. The model is based on quarterly statistics for the last ten years in Kazakhstan. The authors revealed the necessary conditions for the occurrence of speculative attacks on the currency market. Based on these patterns, three options for the Central Bank’s actions to prevent speculative attacks are proposed. The resulting investment model of Kazakhstan allows concluding that the inflation targeting policy cannot ensure sustainable economic growth. The authors concluded that monetary policy plays an important role in macroeconomic regulation. At the same time, the raw material orientation of the economy imposes restrictions on the use of classical monetary policy instruments.Keywords: economic growth, monetary policy, inflation targeting, investments, speculative attacks, exchangerate.

Introduction. In late 2019 - early 2020, an outbreak of infection caused by a novel strain of beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was reported. The World Health Organization defined the disease as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In the Tyumen Region, the first case of COVID-19 was diagnosed on 31/1/2020. The source of infection was a female student who came from Jinan, Shandong province (China). The number and rate of cases were steadily increasing from the 16th week through 28th week in 2020. The highest rate was 36.87 cases per 100 thousand people. Afterwards, the cumulative incidence kept increasing gradually, but not as quickly. The purpose of the seroepidemiological study was to measure the level and to identify the structure of herd immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 virus among the population of the Tyumen Region during the rapid spread of the COVID-19 outbreak. Materials and methods . Volunteers for participation in the study were selected through questionnaire surveys and random sampling. The exclusion criterion was an active COVID-19 infection at the time of the survey. A total of 2,758 individuals were tested for SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies. The age of the surveyed volunteers ranged from 1 year to 70 years and older. Results of the study . During the active phase of the COVID-19 incidence, the population of the Tyumen Region showed moderate (24.5%) seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2. At the same time, the tests revealed a high (97.8%) rate of asymptomatic infection cases in seropositive individuals who had never been diagnosed with COVID-19 and did not have history of positive PCR test results or acute respiratory infection symptoms on the day of testing. The maximum level of herd immunity was identified in children aged 1-6 years (34.7%), which was significantly higher compared to the average level of seroprevalence in the entire cohort. In recovered COVID-19 patients, antibodies were detected in 68.2%. In individuals with positive PCR test results, antibodies were detected in 64%. Conclusion. The results of the assessment of the level of herd immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 virus are crucial for prediction of the development trend of the epidemic and for planning specific and non-specific COVID-19 prevention measures.

The provision of recreation to the working population was one of the main tasks that the government of the USSR had to solve already during the first years of the Soviet regime. In this regard, they prescribed a line of improvement concerning the state of health resort areas of the country. Large-scale realization of new holiday homes, health resorts and medical complexes had started in the areas, which were located along the Black Sea coast, and in the towns of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. Design in resort areas was complicated by the presence of mountainous terrain and the special structure of historical buildings. A successful example of a medical facility in a resort city is the building of the “Udarnik” sanatorium, which was designed by Fomin I. A. and Roslavlev M. I. in Zheleznovodsk. The article is devoted to this building. The paper provides an analysis of the formation of the urban-planning situation that determined the location and shape of the design area. The initial and implemented schemes of planning organization of the health resort’s territory are analyzed. The influence of the historical context of the area on the volumetric solution of the structure is revealed. The relationship between the health resort and other significant objects of Zheleznovodsk is established. In the urban-planning decisions of «Udarnik», the authors managed to take into account the surrounding low-rise buildings and the significant height difference of the landscape.

The authors of this article reveal the main risks and dangers of a consumer society that has turned reason into a utilitarian means of violence against nature, which can be overcome on the way to the new Enlightenment based on the implementation of the strategy of sufficient development and the formation of a noospheric worldview. Substantiates the idea that to overcome the ecological difficulties in the relationship between man and nature purely technical means is just one of the necessary conditions for achieving a sustainable future the essence of the new Enlightenment as a prerequisite for the harmonization of relations between society and nature through the implementation of adequate strategy of development and implementation of an optimal environmental policy in overcoming the crisis and combining actions for progressive development and security into a single system.

The article reflects customs procedures and the importance of their choice for participants in foreign economic activity. The authors noted the impact of state regulation on international trade and foreign economic activity, on replenishment of budget revenues and replenishment of the domestic market with a variety of goods, machinery, equipment and vehicles. The choice of the customs procedure and its documentation have a significant impact on the real economic benefits of the participants in the customs operation.

Aim.To study the morphological changes in the tooth pulp of experimental animals when modelling acute partial pulpitis using calcium silicate modified with light-cured resin and calcium hydroxide.Materials and methods.An experimental model of acute partial pulpitis was applied including the formation of a cavity on the lingual surface of the tooth, which corresponded to advanced caries in terms of depth, followed by a slight perforation up to the tooth pulp with a sharp probe. This model of acute partial pulpitis was reproduced for 32 teeth in four sexually mature rams. The teeth were extracted together with the surrounding sockets 15, 30 and 90 days after the modelling of pulpitis, followed by their fi xation in 10% solution of neutral formalin. Decalcification was performed in 25% solution of Trilon B. The material was poured into celloidin; histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to Masson’s trichrome procedure.Results.The histological examination of pulp from the main group (calcium silicate modified with light-cured resin) revealed the formation of a biological barrier from secondary dentin in the area of the cavity and perforation up to the pulp chamber on the 90th day after the experiment started. The tooth pulp revealed no signs of an inflammatory process. On the 90th day after the experiment started, no pronounced morphological changes in the main substance and dentinal tubules in the area of the cavity walls were noted in the coronal pulp of experimental animals from the comparison group (calcium hydroxide). A focal chronic inflammatory process was noted in the tooth pulp.Conclusion.It was established that the use of calcium silicate modified with light-cured resin in the experimentally created model of acute partial pulpitis was accompanied by the formation of a biological barrier and a well-developed zone of reparative dentin in the area of the cavity and perforation up to the pulp chamber, as compared to the group where calcium hydroxide was used. Thus, the study results confirmed the efficay of using calcium silicate modified with light-cured resin within the biological method for treating acute partial pulpitis, which shortens the functional recovery of tooth pulp.

The architecture of Soviet modernism occupies an important place in the history of world architecture. Due to the relatively recent recognition of Soviet modernism as a separate architectural trend, in most regions of our country (including the South of Russia), the objects, which were implemented in the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1980s, have not been studied. This can lead to irreparable loss of structures with compositional and artistic value. The building of the former Museum of International Friendship, located in the park named after Pleven in Rostov-on-Don, is one of such objects. The building is designed using the basic planning, artistic and urban planning techniques of Soviet modernism. The article discusses the features of the Museum from different points of view. The retrospective analysis of transformations of the town-planning situation, which has influenced formation of the volume and compositional decision of the building, is carried out. The architectural and artistic features of the Museum are determined on the basis of field research and the study of preserved historical graphic materials. The article reveals the value of the object as a structure reflecting the main trends of Soviet architecture of the 1960s-1980s. The modern state of the building of the former Museum is investigated, the lost features of architectural and town-planning decisions are fixed. The necessity of restoration and preservation of its original appearance is confirmed

It has been established that indicators of the intensity of chemiluminescence in the native and muscle cellized tissues of rat muscular organs, as well as in their decellularized matrices, can serve as one of the express criteria that allows, along with ultrastructural analysis, to quantify the viability of cell structures in biological samples of the diaphragm.

The aggregate stability of silver nanoparticles (Ag – NPs) in a gel composition is estimated. It is established that during long-term storage (for 3 years), a decrease in the number of nanoparticles with sizes of 1–5 and 5–10 nm and a significant increase in the number of nanoparticles with sizes of 10–15 nm are observed. At the same time, the fraction of silver nanoparticles with sizes greater than 30 nm is less than 5%.

This article contains the econometric analysis of usability of the general macroeconomic balance based on the IS-LM model in open economy. The authors also examine the correspondence of the model conclusions concerning macroeconomic policy in the export oriented countries (Russia and Kazakhstan). The quarterly date over the twenty years for Russia and ten years for Kazakhstan are used for this survey.The research is based on the estimations of the behavioral equations such as consumption, investment, net export, monetary demand and balance payment line.The authors identify the peculiarities of interconnection between crucial macroeconomic variables: household expenditures and net disposable income, gross accumulation and interest rate, net export and real exchange rate, money demand and interest rate and income.Primary goods of high export share restricts on the application of the classical monetary tools. Therefore, the influence on consumer and investment behavior via interest rate is poorly performing due to underdevelopment of credit channel of monetary policy transmission.Econometric calculations prove the low capital mobility in Russia and Kazakhstan. The connection between net financial account and interest rate changes is not detected. As a result of the analysis, it is identified that the direct and portfolio investments dynamics is determined by the leading industries’ profitability and exchange rates.These identified features of interconnection impose significant (almost overwhelming) restrictions on applying the IS-LM model in open economy to implement the macroeconomic regulation and forecasting in export oriented countries.

In this work the composites with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) matrices containing ferromagnetic inclusions La0.7Sr0.3MnO3(LSMO) were synthesized. At room temperature, for composites with different concentrations of the ferromagnetic LSMO, absorption spectra of electromagnetic energy L (f) of various levels were obtained in the frequency range 3.2-11.5 GHz. Composites with concentrations of 10 and 15% manganite had the maximum energy absorption, reaching 15-20 dB in the high frequency range. The influence of a constant magnetic field (H≈300 kOe) on the amount of energy absorption L by composite materials is revealed. Temperature measurements in the region of the ferromagnet-paramagnetic phase transition zone 360 K revealed a maximum energy absorption reaching a level of 40 dB for a composite of 0.85LSMO / 0.15CMC composition.

Three-dimensional integration technologies allow combining components and substrates for various purposes, made of different materials, within a single heterogeneous assembly. This approach allows electronic designers to reduce the weight and dimensions of products, while maintaining the functional parameters. However, the combination of different materials in one package leads to the appearance of thermo-mechanical stresses, which not only during operation, but also during the manufacture of the device. This article shows that it is possible to reduce the effect of thermo-mechanical stresses on a product by increasing the plasticity of the sealed compound, as well as by uniformly distributing stresses over the volume of the assembly. The latter option can be implemented using layers of the amount of composite material, in which the filler is in the range from 50% to 80% when the CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion) changes from 35 to 7.5 ppm per Celsius degree.

Organic coatings (films), modified with nonorganic anions, are widespread as means of protection of active metals from corrosion in the aggressive industrial environments. It has been established that these films demonstrate high through electrical conductivity and negative electrical capacitance at frequencies of the audio range. The frequency dependence of film samples with negative capacity seems unique. At the decrease of the frequency of the measuring electric field, the capacity module sharply increases and then, after reaching the value of a few tens or even hundreds of microfarads, remains unchanged within a certain low-frequency range. Such a frequency dependence of the capacity confirms that the negative capacity of the films occurs due to the development of relaxation polarization at the inverse intensity of the electric field. For this research on the negative capacity samples with the developed processes of relaxation polarization and the polarization of ionic shift, we have proposed a microscopic model of the development of relaxation polarization and also the impedance description of their electric properties. The tangent of the dielectric loss angle of these films has also a negative value. At the same time, the tangent modulus is defined as the sum of the contribution of the relaxation polarization mechanism itself (due to the absence of a maximum in the frequency dependence of the tangent) and the contribution of the through-conduction mechanism (due to the presence of the frequency maximum of electrical conductivity). The minimum is observed in the frequency dependence of the imaginary part of the complex electrical conductivity (it is negative in the area of frequency dispersion) . The comparison of the electrical parameters of the films, calculated within the framework of the model described here, and those, obtained experimentally, showed their good conformity. Thus the negativity of electric capacity of organic anticorrosive films is actually caused by a mechanism of relaxation nature.

Continuing education for the development of employee professionalism contributes to the improvement of corporate culture and personal competencies. The modern use of competencies in the work of staff allows us to apply critical theoretical provisions of the staff policy. The main goal of this paper is to draw the attention of the heads of organizations to the need to use a competency-based approach in working with staff. The paper describes the methods of forming professional competencies during the mentoring mechanism, the structure and content of job descriptions, subjects, and objects of control in the HR management system. The use of competencies in HR management will improve the professionalism and individuality of staff.

The prevailing modern system of cooperation took a long time to form. And it is predetermined by the historical perspective of the development of the state system and the legislative field, economic potential, social security and social infrastructure. This was reflected in the types and types of cooperation in the countries of the world. The article discusses the role of the cooperation system in the development of the global economy in general and consumer cooperation in Russia in particular. The paper presents the main problems of the Russian system of consumer cooperation. According to the authors, these problems can be eliminated by developing a common strategy for economic growth in order to meet consumer needs, including the social component. The article proposes a system of cooperation of consumer cooperation with society and the state in procurement, production and marketing activities. Subsequently, this determines their competitiveness and will improve the management efficiency of the organization of the cooperative sector. The authors note that these areas involve training the population in hard-to-reach settlements and areas of financial literacy, based on the volunteer movement of practical and educational workers. The proposed activities may contribute to the growth of knowledge in the field of research on social and economic problems of consumer cooperation.

The purpose of this work is based on the need to study the protection of the rights of members of housing construction cooperatives against criminal attacks and their assessment in Russian criminal law. The research methods are dialectics, comparative research, system analysis. The main result of the work was the proposals for evaluating the actions of people on the board of the housing cooperative or acting as chairperson of the board of the housing cooperative, as a fraud. The proposals for some adjustment of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are made. This work is the first study on the assessment of criminal behavior in the framework of violation of property rights in the implementation of the activities of the housing cooperative.

The numerical simulation of biocomposites consisting of zirconia-based ceramics and cortical bone was performed with the use of a multilevel approach. The mechanical properties of the ceramic biocomposite were determined. The evolution of mesoscopic stress distributions in the biocomposite components during the process of its deformation was investigated, taking into account damage accumulation up to the fulfillment of the macro strength criterion. It is shown that damage accumulation has an impact on the stress distribution laws at the mesoscopic level, which is manifested through the appearance of a threshold for the stress distribution, as well as through a significant decrease in the distribution amplitude.

It was found that the chemiluminescence intensity in native and recellularized tissues of rat muscular organs as well as in their decellularized scaffolds can serve as an express criterion that, along with ultrastructural analysis, makes it possible to perform quantitative assessment of the viability of cellular structures in biological samples of the diaphragm.

Intermetallic compounds formation is well-known problem for gold wire to aluminum pads bonds. The causes are in high fragility and low conductivity of some Au-Al system intermetallic phases. However, gold wire bonds to aluminum bond pads continue to be activity used. The reliability of these bonds depends on many factors. Introduction of other materials in Au-Al system, mounting process parameters, type of mounting tool and structure of the formed bonds are some of these factors. This article considers effects of aluminum pads structure on gold wire bonding reliability. Two types of pads were studied in this paper. It is pad with 1,5-2,5 um aluminum thick and pad with 5-10 um aluminum thick. As shown the results pads with 5-10 um thick allow to achieve greater reliability compared to pads with 1,5-2,5 um thick. As a result, it was found that under equal conditions the bonds on pads with greater thickness show acceptable mechanical strength (9.5 centinewton in pull test), while the bonds with thinner pads are destroyed.

In the frequency range 3.2-12 GHz the absorption of microwave energy was measured by new composite materials, which are xLSMO/yGeO2/(1-x-y)NaF (LiF) glass ceramics, where x, y are the mass fractions of the composite components, x =0.7-0.95 , y=0.05-0.20. Conductivity measurements were performed, structural and microstructural features of materials were studied. It has been found that concentrations of germanium oxide and fluorides significantly affect the degree of absorption of microwave energy by samples. Absorption spectra close to linear ones at levels from 0-3 dB to 12-14 dB were obtained in the whole investigated frequency range for various materials. Some increase in the absorption (5-10%) of energy by these composite materials under the influence of a weak (H≈300 kOe) constant magnetic field was revealed. The spectra of the integral radiation of the electric field were measured with the composites with the lowest conductivity. Prospective areas of work have been outlined for obtaining broadband radio-absorbing composite materials.

In this work, a unique thermoelectric solid-state multi-stage cooler for operating temperatures up to ~140 K was developed. The extrusion technology was applied to fabricate thermoelectric legs with sufficient mechanical properties for the device construction. A cooling prototype was designed and fabricated using a four-stage commercial module and a two-stage ultra-low temperature module. The ultra-low temperature module, operating in the temperature range of 180–140 K, was fabricated using Bi0·91Sb0.09 alloys as an n-type leg and an optimized composition of Bi1·6Sb0·4Te3 as a p-type leg. The four-stage commercial thermoelectric module based on n- and p-type Bi2Te3 based alloys was utilized for operation in the temperature range of 180–300 K. The solid-state cooler was tested at a hot temperature Th = 300 K in a vacuum. At the cold temperature of the fourth stage 180 K, the maximum temperature difference of the ultra-low temperature module achieves high values of maximum temperature difference ΔT = 45 K and maximum cooling capacity Qc = 85 mW. Furthermore, we demonstrated the applicability of the ultra-low cooler for refrigeration up to 150 K for a mid-infrared sensor based on a PbTe photodiode with a cut-off wavelength λc ≈ 4.2 μm and a detectivity D ≈ 1010 cm Hz1/2/W revealing the potential of the developed device for practical applications.

Single crystals of n-Bi-Sb solid solutions with Sb content of 7–15 at.% are the most efficient thermoelectric (TE) materials over the temperature range of T ≤ 200 K. However, the use of these materials for construction of real thermoelectric devices are limited due to low mechanical strength. In this paper, for strengthening Bi-Sb single crystals, the method of the extrusion in a liquid medium under high hydrostatic pressure has been developed. The thermoelectric properties of Bi0.91Sb0.09 extruded crystals and single crystals were studied over the entire temperature range of 77–200 K. The high dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit ~0.95 was obtained for the Bi0.91Sb0.09 single crystal measured in the transverse magnetic field. Unique thermoelectric coolers for operating temperatures below 100 K based on the n-type Bi0.91Sb0.09 leg and a passive leg based on a high-temperature YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor (HTSC) films have been constructed. The achieved maximum value of temperature difference ΔT = 14 K and the maximum cooling capacity Qc = 0.4 W (the temperature of the hot side of cryogenic module Th = 80 K, an electric current I = 6.4 A and a voltage V = 0.10 V) makes evident that using of the Bi-Sb extruded crystals in place of single crystals for the cryogenic coolers is more reasonable due to much better mechanical properties and similar values of cooling capacity.

—A numerical study of mechanical properties of zirconium ceramic–cortical bone tissue biocomposite has been fulfilled using a multiple-scale approach. Evolution of mesoscopic stress distribution in the components of biocomposite during its deformation has been studied with the assumption of damage accumulation until the macrostrength criterion is fulfilled. It has been shown that the parameters of the laws of distribution change with damage accumulation.