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Purpose of the study: to analyze the treatment results of fracture dislocations of the forearm bones. Materials and research methods. In the traumatology department of the KP “Dnepropetrovsk Regional Clinical Hospital named after I.I. Mechnikov "DOR" 63 patients with fracture dislocations of the proximal forearm bones has been trested from 2016 to 2020. Taking into account the peculiarities of damage to the stability components of the elbow joint, all patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the type of damage to various anatomical stabilizers of the elbow joint: dislocation fractures of the Monteggi type, fractures of Malgene dislocation (through-olecranial fractures), “terrible triad”. Results. In the Monteggi fracture dislocation group (n = 24), excellent and good long-term functional results in 16.7% and 45.8% of patients, respectively, satisfactory - in 20.8% and unsatisfactory - in 16.7%. In the Malgeny fracture dislocation group, the majority of patients had excellent and good results - 14 (87.5%), satisfactory - in 2 (12.5%), there were no unsatisfactory results. In the group "terrible triad of the elbow joint" excellent results were obtained in 3 cases (15.8%), good - in 7 (36.8%), satisfactory - in 4 (21.1%), and unsatisfactory - in 5 (26 , 3%). Conclusions. Stable-functional osteosynthesis with the restoration of bone and soft tissue stabilizers of the elbow joint, with the possibility of active early restoration of the function of the elbow joint, help to reduce the period of disability and give positive results in 84.7% of patients.

The transient expression of the luciferase reporter gene was used to detect the tissue-specific enhancer activity of the solitary extraviral long terminal repeat (LTR) of the human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K). The LTR was previously mapped to the 19q13.2 locus. It contains a number of potential regulatory elements including TATA box, binding sites for some nuclear factors, and a polyadenylation signal. However, an analysis of the genomic sequences close to the LTR did not reveal any known genes or the expressed sequences (EST), whose functioning could be regulated by this LTR. The enhancer activity can be preserved in the solitary LTR due to its involvement in the long-range control of genome functioning or by the absence of functional disruptive mutations within the human-specific LTR, because it is of a relatively young evolutionary age.

Reporter gene analysis of HERV-K solitary long terminal repeats (LTRs) showed that they retain detectable activity in human teratocarcinoma cells, and can direct the transcription in both orientations relative to the reporter gene. Deletion analysis demonstrated the possible existence of alternative promoters within the LTR as well as a silencer-like element in the U5 region. Our results indicate also that all-trans-retinoic acid is capable of modulating expression of the reporter gene directed by a HERV-K LTR in NT2/D1 cells.

This review describes the recent progress in the construction of transgenic plants for vaccine production Transgenic plants are an attractive and cost-effective alternative to microbial systems for the production of proteins with pharmaceutical value. Advances in biotechnology are enabling plants to be exploited the expression of candidate vaccine antigens with the goal of using the edible plant organs for economical delivery of oral vaccines. It has recently been shown that genes encoding antigens of bacterial and viral pathogens can be expressed in plants in a form in which they retain native immunogenic properties. Transgenic potato tubers expressing bacterial antigens stimulated humoral and mucosal immune response; when they were provided as a food. Although the utility of «edible vaccines» to prevent disease remains to be established, the successful implementation of this strategy can be the first step on the way to modern vaccines of new generation. Огляд сучасних літературних даних про створення трансген­них рослин для виробництва вакцин. Трансгенні рослини ни є дуже привабливою та дешевою альтернативою існуючим мікро­біологічним системам виробництва білків для фармацевтики. Успіхи сучасної біотехнології відкрили можливість експерсувати у рослинах різні антигени, що використовуються для вакцинації, з метою використання їстівних частин рослий длятранспорту оральних вакцин. Було продемонстровано, що гени, котрі кодують антигени бактеріальних та вірусні – патогенів, можуть бути експресовані у рослинах із збереженням їхніх природних імунологічних властивостей. Гак, бульби трансгенної картоплі, що експресували бактеріальні антиге­ни, стимулювали гуморальну та мукозну імунні відповіді при використанні їх у їжу. Хоча використання їстівних вакцин для запобігання хвороб ще не доведене, подальшій розробок цього напряму може стати першим кроком на шляху до вакцин нової генерації Обзор современных литературных данных о создание трансгенных растений для производства вакцин. Трансгенные растения являются весьма привлекательной и дешевой альтернативой существующим микробиологическим системам произ­водства белков для фармацевтики. Успехи современной био­технологии открыли возможность экспрессировать в расте­ниях различные антигены, используемые при вакцинации, для применения съедобных частей растений при транспорте ора­льных вакцин. Было продемонстрировано, что гены, кодирую­щие антигены бактериальных и вирусных патогенов, могут быть эспрессированы в растениях с сохранением их природ­ных иммунологических свойств. Так, клубни трансгенного картофеля, экспрессировавшие бактериальные антигены, сти­мулировали гуморальный и мукозный иммунные ответы при употреблении их в пищу. Хотя использование съедобных вак­цин для предотвращения болезней еще не доказано, дальнейшее развитие этого направления может стать первым шагом на пути к созданию вакцин нового поколения.

The gene for human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) was chemically synthesized and used for expression in transgenic potato. The hEGF coding sequence was modified by PCR to introduce ATG start codon and fused either to the 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter or to the patatin class I promoter. The highest hEGF peptide content, 120 pg/mg soluble protein, was found in potato tubers when the chimeric gene was expressed under the control of patatin promoter.

The gene encoding the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) under the control of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S-promoter was constructed and expressed in transgenic potato plants. The HBsAg expression were measured by ELISA kit containing monoclonal antibodies. The amount of HBsAg in roots was found 5–10 fold higher than in leaf tissues

Chimeric genes containing the genomic fragments of hepatitis B virus (HBV) coding for middle (M) and major/small (S) surface proteins were constructed and expressed in transgenic potato plants under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed the presence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) determinants in extracts from transgenic plants carrying both constructions, the pre-S2 determinant was identified using the corresponding monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in a dot immunobinding assay. Polypeptides of the immunoaffinity-purified S and M proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Two polypeptides of the M protein, probably representing different glycosylated forms, and the multimeric forms of HBsAg were observed.

When chromosomal proteins in chromatin or in mononucleosomes were extensively cross-linked with an imido ester, the H1-containing nonameric histone complex was revealed. In this complex, histone H1 is connected with the octamer of core histones. The cross-linking of H1 of the octamer is realized preferentially through H2a and H3 histones. Some HMG (high mortality group) proteins located presumably in the linker regions of a nucleosome fiber also take part in the formation of dimers, possibly with the histones of a nucleosomal core. The results suggest mutant interactions between some linker-associated proteins and intranucleosomal histones. Experiments involving extensive cross-linking of proteins in the purified mononucleosome subfractions demonstrated differences in the organization of core histones between 'complete' nucleosomes and nucleosomes lacking H1.

Earlier work in Felsenfeld’s laboratory showed that extensive digestion of chromatin with micrococcal nuclease results in a limit digestion set of discrete double-stranded DNA fragments of sizes ranging from about 130 base pairs (bp) to 45 bp [ 11. Alternatively, mild treatment of chromatin with nucleases produces a soluble mixture of mononucleosomes and their oligomers which can be separated from each other by sucrose gradient centrifugation [2,3] or by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [4-61. However, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of DNA . protein under nondenaturing conditions has proven to be a more successful method in studying the heterogeneity of nucleosomes and their composition. We have separated 4-5 main structural types of mononucleosomes: along with core particles (MNl), mononucleosomes were identified containing an additional segment of linker DNA and either Hl histone or non-histone protein HMG 14 or 17 [6-g]. We also discovered a set of small subnucleosomal particles which contained short DNA fragments and histones or non-histone proteins [3,6,7]. Two of them (SN2 and 3) comprising short DNA fragment and HMG protein originated apparently from transcriptionally active chromatin [8]. tion of nuclei from mouse L cells have been published in [8]. The isolated nuclei were suspended in buffer A [0.04 M NaCl, 2 mM MgC12, 10 mM triethanolamine (TEA)-HCl, pH 7.61 containing 1 mM CaClz at 5 X lo8 nuclei/ml. Then micrococcal nuclease (Worthington) was added to 75 units/ml and the digestion carried out at 37’C. The reaction was terminated by chilling in ice and the first supernatant (Sl) was obtained by centrifugation at 5000 X g. The digested nuclei were washed with buffer A and lyzed by addition of 2 mM Na-EDTA (pH 7.6). The second supernatant (S2) constituted of monoand oligonucleosomes was prepared. Both the supernatants were dialyzed against 1 mM Na-EDTA (pH 7.6) and clarified by centrifugation.