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This memorandum provides information pertinent to the participation and performance of Advanced Placement (AP) and International Baccalaureate (IB) examinations for 2023 graduates in Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS). In 2023, 59.3% of MCPS graduates took one or more AP exams; 17.3 percentage points more than graduates in Maryland and 24.6 percentage points more than graduates in the nation. Additionally, 46.1 % of the 2023 MCPS graduates earned a score of 3 or higher on at least one AP exam, while 27.4% of graduates in the State of Maryland and 21.7% of graduates in the nation earned an AP score of 3 or higher.

In 1975, Erd\H{o}s and Sauer asked to estimate, for any constant $r$, the maximum number of edges an $n$-vertex graph can have without containing an $r$-regular subgraph. In a recent breakthrough, Janzer and Sudakov proved that any $n$-vertex graph with no $r$-regular subgraph has at most $C_r n \log \log n$ edges, matching an earlier lower bound by Pyber, R\"odl and Szemer\'edi and thereby resolving the Erd\H{o}s-Sauer problem up to a constant depending on $r$. We prove that every $n$-vertex graph without an $r$-regular subgraph has at most $Cr^2 n \log \log n$ edges. This bound is tight up to the value of $C$ for $n\geq n_0(r)$ and hence resolves the Erd\H{o}s-Sauer problem up to an absolute constant. Moreover, we obtain similarly tight results for the whole range of possible values of $r$ (i.e., not just when $r$ is a constant), apart from a small error term at a transition point near $r\approx \log n$, where, perhaps surprisingly, the answer changes. More specifically, we show that every $n$-vertex graph with average degree at least $\min(Cr\log(n/r),Cr^2 \log\log n)$ contains an $r$-regular subgraph. The bound $Cr\log(n/r)$ is tight for $r\geq \log n$, while the bound $Cr^2 \log \log n$ is tight for $r<(\log n)^{1-\Omega(1)}$. These results resolve a problem of R\"odl and Wysocka from 1997 for almost all values of $r$. Among other tools, we develop a novel random process that efficiently finds a very nearly regular subgraph in any almost-regular graph. A key step in our proof uses this novel random process to show that every $K$-almost-regular graph with average degree $d$ contains an $r$-regular subgraph for some $r=\Omega_K(d)$, which is of independent interest., Comment: 16 pages

From CMB polarization data alone we reconstruct the CMB lensing power spectrum, comparable in overall constraining power to previous temperature-based reconstructions, and an unlensed E-mode power spectrum. The observations, taken in 2019 and 2020 with the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and the SPT-3G camera, cover 1500 deg$^2$ at 95, 150, and 220 GHz with arcminute resolution and roughly 4.9$\mu$K-arcmin coadded noise in polarization. The power spectrum estimates, together with systematic parameter estimates and a joint covariance matrix, follow from a Bayesian analysis using the Marginal Unbiased Score Expansion (MUSE) method. The E-mode spectrum at $\ell>2000$ and lensing spectrum at $L>350$ are the most precise to date. Assuming the $\Lambda$CDM model, and using only these SPT data and priors on $\tau$ and absolute calibration from Planck, we find $H_0=66.81\pm0.81$ km/s/Mpc, comparable in precision to the Planck determination and in 5.4$\sigma$ tension with the most precise $H_0$ inference derived via the distance ladder. We also find $S_8=0.850\pm0.017$, providing further independent evidence of a slight tension with low-redshift structure probes. The $\Lambda$CDM model provides a good simultaneous fit to the combined Planck, ACT, and SPT data, and thus passes a powerful test. Combining these CMB datasets with BAO observations, we find that the effective number of neutrino species, spatial curvature, and primordial helium fraction are consistent with standard model values, and that the 95% confidence upper limit on the neutrino mass sum is 0.075 eV. The SPT data are consistent with the somewhat weak preference for excess lensing power seen in Planck and ACT data relative to predictions of the $\Lambda$CDM model. We also detect at greater than 3$\sigma$ the influence of non-linear evolution in the CMB lensing power spectrum and discuss it in the context of the $S_8$ tension.(abridged), Comment: 28 pages, 21 figures + appendices

Recent advancements in equivariant deep models have shown promise in accurately predicting atomic potentials and force fields in molecular dynamics simulations. Using spherical harmonics (SH) and tensor products (TP), these equivariant networks gain enhanced physical understanding, like symmetries and many-body interactions. Beyond encoding physical insights, SH and TP are also crucial to represent equivariant polynomial functions. In this work, we analyze the equivariant polynomial functions for the equivariant architecture, and introduce a novel equivariant network, named PACE. The proposed PACE utilizes edge booster and the Atomic Cluster Expansion (ACE) technique to approximate a greater number of $SE(3) \times S_n$ equivariant polynomial functions with enhanced degrees. As experimented in commonly used benchmarks, PACE demonstrates state-of-the-art performance in predicting atomic energy and force fields, with robust generalization capability across various geometric distributions under molecular dynamics (MD) across different temperature conditions. Our code is publicly available as part of the AIRS library https://github.com/divelab/AIRS/.

The detection of satellite thermal emission at millimeter wavelengths is presented using data from the 3rd-Generation receiver on the South Pole Telescope (SPT-3G). This represents the first reported detection of thermal emission from artificial satellites at millimeter wavelengths. Satellite thermal emission is shown to be detectable at high signal-to-noise on timescales as short as a few tens of milliseconds. An algorithm for downloading orbital information and tracking known satellites given observer constraints and time-ordered observatory pointing is described. Consequences for cosmological surveys and short-duration transient searches are discussed, revealing that the integrated thermal emission from all large satellites does not contribute significantly to the SPT-3G survey intensity map. Measured satellite positions are found to be discrepant from their two-line element (TLE) derived ephemerides up to several arcminutes which may present a difficulty in cross-checking or masking satellites from short-duration transient searches.

Individual quarks and gluons at small-$x$ inside an unpolarized hadron can be regarded as Bell states in which qubits in the spin and orbital angular momentum spaces are maximally entangled. Using the machinery of quantum information science, we generalize this observation to all values $0

LLM-based judges have emerged as a scalable alternative to human evaluation and are increasingly used to assess, compare, and improve models. However, the reliability of LLM-based judges themselves is rarely scrutinized. As LLMs become more advanced, their responses grow more sophisticated, requiring stronger judges to evaluate them. Existing benchmarks primarily focus on a judge's alignment with human preferences, but often fail to account for more challenging tasks where crowdsourced human preference is a poor indicator of factual and logical correctness. To address this, we propose a novel evaluation framework to objectively evaluate LLM-based judges. Based on this framework, we propose JudgeBench, a benchmark for evaluating LLM-based judges on challenging response pairs spanning knowledge, reasoning, math, and coding. JudgeBench leverages a novel pipeline for converting existing difficult datasets into challenging response pairs with preference labels reflecting objective correctness. Our comprehensive evaluation on a collection of prompted judges, fine-tuned judges, multi-agent judges, and reward models shows that JudgeBench poses a significantly greater challenge than previous benchmarks, with many strong models (e.g., GPT-4o) performing just slightly better than random guessing. Overall, JudgeBench offers a reliable platform for assessing increasingly advanced LLM-based judges. Data and code are available at https://github.com/ScalerLab/JudgeBench ., Comment: preprint

The first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) detections at 870$\mu$m wavelength (345$\,$GHz frequency) are reported, achieving the highest diffraction-limited angular resolution yet obtained from the surface of the Earth, and the highest-frequency example of the VLBI technique to date. These include strong detections for multiple sources observed on inter-continental baselines between telescopes in Chile, Hawaii, and Spain, obtained during observations in October 2018. The longest-baseline detections approach 11$\,$G$\lambda$ corresponding to an angular resolution, or fringe spacing, of 19$\mu$as. The Allan deviation of the visibility phase at 870$\mu$m is comparable to that at 1.3$\,$mm on the relevant integration time scales between 2 and 100$\,$s. The detections confirm that the sensitivity and signal chain stability of stations in the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) array are suitable for VLBI observations at 870$\mu$m. Operation at this short wavelength, combined with anticipated enhancements of the EHT, will lead to a unique high angular resolution instrument for black hole studies, capable of resolving the event horizons of supermassive black holes in both space and time., Comment: Corresponding author: S. Doeleman

We explore the feasibility of hybrid quantum computing using both discrete (qubit) and continuous (qumode) variables on trapped-ion platforms. Trapped-ion systems have demonstrated record one- and two-qubit gate fidelities and long qubit coherence times while qumodes, which can be represented by the collective vibrational modes of the ion chain, have remained relatively unexplored for their use in computing. Using numerical simulations, we show that high-fidelity hybrid gates and measurement operations can be achieved for existing trapped-ion quantum platforms. As an exemplary application, we consider quantum simulations of the Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard model, which is given by a one-dimensional chain of interacting spin and boson degrees of freedom. Using classical simulations, we study its real-time evolution and we develop a suitable variational quantum algorithm for the ground state preparation. Our results motivate further studies of hybrid quantum computing in this context, which may lead to direct applications in condensed matter and fundamental particle and nuclear physics., Comment: 22 pages, 12 figures

This memorandum provides information on Advanced Placement (AP) and International Baccalaureate (IB) course enrollment, exam participation, and exam performance during the 2022--2023 school year. During the 2022--2023 school year, 129 AP or IB courses were offered across high schools. Among the 25 comprehensive high schools, all offered AP courses, while 8 provided IB programs. Notably, 13 of the 25 high schools offered 30 or more AP/IB courses. The schools with the highest number of AP/IB course offerings included Bethesda-Chevy Chase (65 courses), Albert Einstein (55 courses), John F. Kennedy (55 courses), and Richard Montgomery (71 courses) high schools. Districtwide, in 2023, 48.4% of high school students enrolled in at least one AP or IB course, a slight increase from 47.6% in 2022. In 2023, Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS) high school students took 35,526 AP exams, an increase of 3,776 from 2021 and 2,235 from 2022. The percentage of AP exams taken by students achieving a score of 3 or higher was 73.5% in 2023, a 5.0 percentage-point increase from 2021 and a 1.0 percentage-point increase from 2022. In 2023, the 20 AP exams most frequently taken by students included: U.S. Government and Politics, English Language and Composition, World History, Psychology, U.S. History, Computer Science Principles, English Literature and Composition, Calculus AB, Statistics, Calculus BC, Biology, Spanish Language and Culture, Physics 1, Environmental Science, Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, Computer Science A, Chemistry, Human Geography, and Physics C: Mechanics. Over the last three years, IB participation has shown some fluctuations, starting at 3,084 in 2021, dipping to 2,992 in 2022, and rebounding to 3,027 in 2023. In 2023, the percentage of IB exams with a score of 4 or higher was 68.8%, marking a notable decline from 87.0% in 2021 and a decrease from 82.5% in 2022. In 2023, the 10 IB exams most frequently taken by students included: English A: Language and Literature, history, Spanish B, mathematics: Analysis and Approaches, mathematics: Application and Interpretation, biology, English A: Literature, Environmental Systems and Societies, Physics, and Psychology.

Modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems are powered by foundation models. This paper presents a new set of foundation models, called Llama 3. It is a herd of language models that natively support multilinguality, coding, reasoning, and tool usage. Our largest model is a dense Transformer with 405B parameters and a context window of up to 128K tokens. This paper presents an extensive empirical evaluation of Llama 3. We find that Llama 3 delivers comparable quality to leading language models such as GPT-4 on a plethora of tasks. We publicly release Llama 3, including pre-trained and post-trained versions of the 405B parameter language model and our Llama Guard 3 model for input and output safety. The paper also presents the results of experiments in which we integrate image, video, and speech capabilities into Llama 3 via a compositional approach. We observe this approach performs competitively with the state-of-the-art on image, video, and speech recognition tasks. The resulting models are not yet being broadly released as they are still under development.

We present the detection and characterization of fluctuations in linearly polarized emission from the atmosphere above the South Pole. These measurements make use of Austral winter survey data from the SPT-3G receiver on the South Pole Telescope in three frequency bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz. We use the cross-correlation between detectors to produce an unbiased estimate of the power in Stokes I, Q, and U parameters on large angular scales. Our results are consistent with the polarized signal being produced by the combination of Rayleigh scattering of thermal radiation from the ground and thermal emission from a population of horizontally aligned ice crystals with an anisotropic distribution described by Kolmogorov turbulence. The signal is most significant at large angular scales, high observing frequency, and low elevation angle. Polarized atmospheric emission has the potential to significantly impact observations on the large angular scales being targeted by searches for inflationary B-mode CMB polarization. We present the distribution of measured angular power spectrum amplitudes in Stokes Q and I for 4 years of winter observations, which can be used to simulate the impact of atmospheric polarization and intensity fluctuations at the South Pole on a specified experiment and observation strategy. For the SPT-3G data, downweighting the small fraction of significantly contaminated observations is an effective mitigation strategy. In addition, we present a strategy for further improving sensitivity on large angular scales where maps made in the 220 GHz band are used to measure and subtract the polarized atmosphere signal from the 150 GHz band maps. In observations with the SPT-3G instrument at the South Pole, the polarized atmospheric signal is a well-understood and sub-dominant contribution to the measured noise after implementing the mitigation strategies described here., Comment: 32 pages, 28 figures

This letter illustrates the opinion of the molecular dynamics (MD) community on the need to adopt a new FAIR paradigm for the use of molecular simulations. It highlights the necessity of a collaborative effort to create, establish, and sustain a database that allows findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability of molecular dynamics simulation data. Such a development would democratize the field and significantly improve the impact of MD simulations on life science research. This will transform our working paradigm, pushing the field to a new frontier. We invite you to support our initiative at the MDDB community (https://mddbr.eu/community/)

The first generation of ELT instruments includes an optical-infrared high-resolution spectrograph, indicated as ELT-HIRES and recently christened ANDES (ArmazoNes high Dispersion Echelle Spectrograph). ANDES consists of three fibre-fed spectrographs ([U]BV, RIZ, YJH) providing a spectral resolution of $\sim$100,000 with a minimum simultaneous wavelength coverage of 0.4-1.8 $\mu$m with the goal of extending it to 0.35-2.4 $\mu$m with the addition of a U arm to the BV spectrograph and a separate K band spectrograph. It operates both in seeing- and diffraction-limited conditions and the fibre feeding allows several, interchangeable observing modes including a single conjugated adaptive optics module and a small diffraction-limited integral field unit in the NIR. Modularity and fibre-feeding allow ANDES to be placed partly on the ELT Nasmyth platform and partly in the Coud\'e room. ANDES has a wide range of groundbreaking science cases spanning nearly all areas of research in astrophysics and even fundamental physics. Among the top science cases, there are the detection of biosignatures from exoplanet atmospheres, finding the fingerprints of the first generation of stars, tests on the stability of Nature's fundamental couplings, and the direct detection of the cosmic acceleration. The ANDES project is carried forward by a large international consortium, composed of 35 Institutes from 13 countries, forming a team of almost 300 scientists and engineers which include the majority of the scientific and technical expertise in the field that can be found in ESO member states., Comment: SPIE astronomical telescope and instrumentation 2024, in press

The use of flexures to achieve fibre positioner motion is being actively investigated by several institutes, for example at the UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UKATC) and Leibniz-Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam. One challenge when designing with flexures is the large number of degrees of freedom available which makes it difficult or impossible to optimise their motion by hand. In this paper we demonstrate two approaches for optimising flexure geometry to follow arbitrary focal surface curvature and to orient the optical fibre with arbitrary tilt. These approaches are: analytical using MATLAB models and FEA based using Ansys. The approaches are complementary allowing the designer to efficiently explore the parameter space and then do precise optimisation of the flexure geometry. We demonstrate the applicability both to the UKATCs preferred design for WST, and to flexure-based fibre positioner designs generally. We also present a sensitivity analysis relating small changes in design parameters to changes in fibre tip motion. Finally we briefly present the UKATCs preferred geometry for the WST fibre positioner., Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, submitted to SPIE Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation VI, Tokyo, 16-21/06/2024

We propose a tensor network framework for approximating the evolution of observables of measure-preserving ergodic systems. Our approach is based on a spectrally-convergent approximation of the skew-adjoint Koopman generator by a diagonalizable, skew-adjoint operator $W_\tau$ that acts on a reproducing kernel Hilbert space $\mathcal H_\tau$ with coalgebra structure and Banach algebra structure under the pointwise product of functions. Leveraging this structure, we lift the unitary evolution operators $e^{t W_\tau}$ (which can be thought of as regularized Koopman operators) to a unitary evolution group on the Fock space $F(\mathcal H_\tau)$ generated by $\mathcal H_\tau$ that acts multiplicatively with respect to the tensor product. Our scheme also employs a representation of classical observables ($L^\infty$ functions of the state) by quantum observables (self-adjoint operators) acting on the Fock space, and a representation of probability densities in $L^1$ by quantum states. Combining these constructions leads to an approximation of the Koopman evolution of observables that is representable as evaluation of a tree tensor network built on a tensor product subspace $\mathcal H_\tau^{\otimes n} \subset F(\mathcal H_\tau)$ of arbitrarily high grading $n \in \mathbb N$. A key feature of this quantum-inspired approximation is that it captures information from a tensor product space of dimension $(2d+1)^n$, generated from a collection of $2d + 1$ eigenfunctions of $W_\tau$. Furthermore, the approximation is positivity preserving. The paper contains a theoretical convergence analysis of the method and numerical applications to two dynamical systems on the 2-torus: an ergodic torus rotation as an example with pure point Koopman spectrum and a Stepanoff flow as an example with topological weak mixing., Comment: 52 pages, 10 figures

We develop a novel measurement framework based on a Gaussian process coregionalization model to address a long-lasting debate in psychometrics: whether psychological features like personality share a common structure across the population, vary uniquely for individuals, or some combination. We propose the idiographic personality Gaussian process (IPGP) framework, an intermediate model that accommodates both shared trait structure across a population and "idiographic" deviations for individuals. IPGP leverages the Gaussian process coregionalization model to handle the grouped nature of battery responses, but adjusted to non-Gaussian ordinal data. We further exploit stochastic variational inference for efficient latent factor estimation required for idiographic modeling at scale. Using synthetic and real data, we show that IPGP improves both prediction of actual responses and estimation of individualized factor structures relative to existing benchmarks. In a third study, we show that IPGP also identifies unique clusters of personality taxonomies in real-world data, displaying great potential in advancing individualized approaches to psychological diagnosis and treatment., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures

We present a new method for large language models to solve compositional tasks. Although they have shown strong performance on traditional language understanding tasks, large language models struggle to solve compositional tasks, where the solution depends on solving smaller instances of the same problem. We propose a natural approach to solve compositional tasks recursively. Our method, Re-Tuning, tunes models to break down a problem into subproblems, solve those subproblems, and combine the results. We show that our method significantly improves model performance on three representative compositional tasks: integer addition, dynamic programming, and parity. Compared to state-of-the-art methods that keep intermediate steps towards solving the problems, Re-Tuning achieves significantly higher accuracy and is more GPU memory efficient., Comment: Accepted to ACL 2024

A Latin square is an $n$ by $n$ grid filled with $n$ symbols so that each symbol appears exactly once in each row and each column. A transversal in a Latin square is a collection of cells which do not share any row, column, or symbol. This survey will focus on results from the last decade which have continued the long history of the study of transversals in Latin squares., Comment: 26 pages, 8 pages. Survey written to accompany a talk at the 30th British Combinatorial Conference

We study the Patient Assignment Scheduling (PAS) problem in a random environment that arises in the management of patient flow in the hospital systems, due to the stochastic nature of the arrivals as well as the Length of Stay distribution. We develop a Markov Decision Process (MDP) which aims to assign the newly arrived patients in an optimal way so as to minimise the total expected long-run cost per unit time over an infinite horizon. We assume Poisson arrival rates that depend on patient types, and Length of Stay distributions that depend on whether patients stay in their primary wards or not. Since the instances of realistic size of this problem are not easy to solve, we develop numerical methods based on Approximate Dynamic Programming. We illustrate the theory with numerical examples with parameters obtained by fitting to data from a tertiary referral hospital in Australia, and demonstrate the application potential of our methodology under practical considerations., Comment: Submitted to Annals of Operations Research

RF-ICE is a signal processing platform for the readout of large arrays of superconducting resonators. Designed for flexibility, the system's low digital latency and ability to independently and dynamically set the frequency and amplitude of probe tones in real time has enabled previously-inaccessible views of resonator behaviour, and opened the door to novel resonator control schemes. We introduce a multi-frequency imaging technique, developed with RF-ICE, which allows simultaneous observation of the entire resonance bandwidth. We demonstrate the use of this technique in the examination of the response of superconducting resonators to variations in applied readout current and thermal loading. We observe that, used in conjunction with a conventional frequency sweep at sufficiently large amplitude to induce resonance bifurcation, the multi-frequency imaging technique reveals a resonator response which is not captured by the frequency sweep measurement alone. We demonstrate that equivalent resonant frequency shifts can be achieved using either thermal, optical, or readout loading, and use this equivalence to counteract a change in thermal loading by digitally modulating the readout current through a resonator. We develop and implement a proof-of-concept closed-loop negative electro-quasiparticle feedback algorithm which first sets and then maintains the resonant frequency of a lumped element kinetic inductance detector while the loading on it is varied. Although this simple implementation is not yet suitable to deploy at scale, it demonstrates the utility of this feedback technique to improve linearity while addressing amplifier distortion, resonator response non-uniformity, and crosstalk. It can be applied to kinetic inductors in non-bolometric operation, and sets the stage for future developments., Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, appearing in the proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024

The t0.technology Control and Readout System (CRS) is a modular microwave control and readout system for mm-wave and radio astronomy, THz imaging, noise radar, and superconducting qubit control. The configuration discussed in this work implements firmware for readout of microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector (KID) arrays. The CRS can operate 4,096 KIDs over 2.5 GHz of complex bandwidth between 0-10 GHz, typically allocated across four independent RF chains at 1,024x multiplexing and 625 MHz of complex bandwidth each. Every CRS can operate as a standalone unit or collectively within one or more backplane-enabled subracks that distribute power, clocking, and synchronization, scaling to an arbitrary number of channels. Each fully populated subrack supports arrays of more than 65,000 KIDs. The signal processing and control software supports recent innovations in multi-probe measurements and dynamic feedback modes, which are described in (Rouble et al. 2024). The CRS has recently been selected as the new baseline readout system for the proposed South Pole Telescope instrument, SPT-3G+. We present the hardware design, firmware capabilities, open-source control and data acquisition software, and the first laboratory characterization measurements., Comment: 18 pages, 9 figures, submitted as a conference proceeding to SPIE Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy XII

The Jacobi-Maupertuis metric provides a reformulation of the classical N-body problem as a geodesic flow on an energy-dependent metric space denoted $M_E$ where $E$ is the energy of the problem. We show that $M_E$ has finite diameter for $E < 0$. Consequently $M_E$ has no metric rays. Motivation comes from work of Burgos- Maderna and Polimeni-Terracini for the case $E \ge 0$ and from a need to correct an error made in a previous ``proof''. We show that $M_E$ has finite diameter for $E < 0$ by showing that there is a constant $D$ such that all points of the Hill region lie a distance $D$ from the Hill boundary. (When $E \ge 0$ the Hill boundary is empty.) The proof relies on a game of escape which allows us to quantify the escape rate from a closed subset of configuration space, and the reduction of this game to one of escaping the boundary of a polyhedral convex cone into its interior., Comment: 13 pages, 2 figures

We show that the edges of any $d$-regular graph can be almost decomposed into paths of length roughly $d$, giving an approximate solution to a problem of Kotzig from 1957. Along the way, we show that almost all of the vertices of a $d$-regular graph can be partitioned into $n/(d+1)$ paths, asymptotically confirming a conjecture of Magnant and Martin from 2009., Comment: 34 pages, 1 figure

Requirements quality research, which is dedicated to assessing and improving the quality of requirements specifications, is dependent on research artifacts like data sets (containing information about quality defects) and implementations (automatically detecting and removing these defects). However, recent research exposed that the majority of these research artifacts have become unavailable or have never been disclosed, which inhibits progress in the research domain. In this work, we aim to improve the availability of research artifacts in requirements quality research. To this end, we (1) extend an artifact recovery initiative, (2) empirically evaluate the reasons for artifact unavailability using Bayesian data analysis, and (3) compile a concise guideline for open science artifact disclosure. Our results include 10 recovered data sets and 7 recovered implementations, empirical support for artifact availability improving over time and the positive effect of public hosting services, and a pragmatic artifact management guideline open for community comments. With this work, we hope to encourage and support adherence to open science principles and improve the availability of research artifacts for the requirements research quality community.

White dwarfs (WDs) polluted by exoplanetary material provide the unprecedented opportunity to directly observe the interiors of exoplanets. However, spectroscopic surveys are often limited by brightness constraints, and WDs tend to be very faint, making detections of large populations of polluted WDs difficult. In this paper, we aim to increase considerably the number of WDs with multiple metals in their atmospheres. Using 96,134 WDs with Gaia DR3 BP/RP (XP) spectra, we constructed a 2D map using an unsupervised machine learning technique called Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) to organize the WDs into identifiable spectral regions. The polluted WDs are among the distinct spectral groups identified in our map. We have shown that this selection method could potentially increase the number of known WDs with 5 or more metal species in their atmospheres by an order of magnitude. Such systems are essential for characterizing exoplanet diversity and geology., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, accepted to ApJ on June 13, 2024

The University of Michigan Robotics program focuses on the study of embodied intelligence that must sense, reason, act, and work with people to improve quality of life and productivity equitably across society. ROB 204, part of the core curriculum towards the undergraduate degree in Robotics, introduces students to topics that enable conceptually designing a robotic system to address users' needs from a sociotechnical context. Students are introduced to human-robot interaction (HRI) concepts and the process for socially-engaged design with a Learn-Reinforce-Integrate approach. In this paper, we discuss the course topics and our teaching methodology, and provide recommendations for delivering this material. Overall, students leave the course with a new understanding and appreciation for how human capabilities can inform requirements for a robotics system, how humans can interact with a robot, and how to assess the usability of robotic systems., Comment: Presented at the Designing an Intro to HRI Course Workshop at HRI 2024 (arXiv:2403.05588)

Vision Language Models (VLMs), exemplified by GPT-4V, adeptly integrate text and vision modalities. This integration enhances Large Language Models' ability to mimic human perception, allowing them to process image inputs. Despite VLMs' advanced capabilities, however, there is a concern that VLMs inherit biases of both modalities in ways that make biases more pervasive and difficult to mitigate. Our study explores how VLMs perpetuate homogeneity bias and trait associations with regards to race and gender. When prompted to write stories based on images of human faces, GPT-4V describes subordinate racial and gender groups with greater homogeneity than dominant groups and relies on distinct, yet generally positive, stereotypes. Importantly, VLM stereotyping is driven by visual cues rather than group membership alone such that faces that are rated as more prototypically Black and feminine are subject to greater stereotyping. These findings suggest that VLMs may associate subtle visual cues related to racial and gender groups with stereotypes in ways that could be challenging to mitigate. We explore the underlying reasons behind this behavior and discuss its implications and emphasize the importance of addressing these biases as VLMs come to mirror human perception., Comment: This submission is being withdrawn to address concerns related to the terms of use of a database utilized in the research. We aim to ensure full compliance with all data usage agreements before proceeding with publication

Despite the longstanding adage "an image is worth a thousand words," generating accurate hyper-detailed image descriptions remains unsolved. Trained on short web-scraped image text, vision-language models often generate incomplete descriptions with visual inconsistencies. We address this via a novel data-centric approach with ImageInWords (IIW), a carefully designed human-in-the-loop framework for curating hyper-detailed image descriptions. Human evaluations on IIW data show major gains compared to recent datasets (+66%) and GPT4V (+48%) across comprehensiveness, specificity, hallucinations, and more. We also show that fine-tuning with IIW data improves these metrics by +31% against models trained with prior work, even with only 9k samples. Lastly, we evaluate IIW models with text-to-image generation and vision-language reasoning tasks. Our generated descriptions result in the highest fidelity images, and boost compositional reasoning by up to 6% on ARO, SVO-Probes, and Winoground datasets. We release the IIW Eval benchmark with human judgement labels, object and image-level annotations from our framework, and existing image caption datasets enriched via IIW-model., Comment: Webpage (https://google.github.io/imageinwords), GitHub (https://github.com/google/imageinwords), HuggingFace (https://huggingface.co/datasets/google/imageinwords)

Generative AI, such as OpenAI's GPT-4V large-language model, has rapidly entered mainstream discourse. Novel capabilities in image processing and natural-language communication may augment existing forecasting methods. Large language models further display potential to better communicate weather hazards in a style honed for diverse communities and different languages. This study evaluates GPT-4V's ability to interpret meteorological charts and communicate weather hazards appropriately to the user, despite challenges of hallucinations, where generative AI delivers coherent, confident, but incorrect responses. We assess GPT-4V's competence via its web interface ChatGPT in two tasks: (1) generating a severe-weather outlook from weather-chart analysis and conducting self-evaluation, revealing an outlook that corresponds well with a Storm Prediction Center human-issued forecast; and (2) producing hazard summaries in Spanish and English from weather charts. Responses in Spanish, however, resemble direct (not idiomatic) translations from English to Spanish, yielding poorly translated summaries that lose critical idiomatic precision required for optimal communication. Our findings advocate for cautious integration of tools like GPT-4V in meteorology, underscoring the necessity of human oversight and development of trustworthy, explainable AI., Comment: Supplementary material PDF attached. Submitted to Artificial Intelligence for the Earth Systems (American Meteorological Society) on 18 April 2024

In 1975, Erd\H{o}s asked for the maximum number of edges that an $n$-vertex graph can have if it does not contain two edge-disjoint cycles on the same vertex set. It is known that Tur\'an-type results can be used to prove an upper bound of $n^{3/2+o(1)}$. However, this approach cannot give an upper bound better than $\Omega(n^{3/2})$. We show that, for any $k\geq 2$, every $n$-vertex graph with at least $n \cdot \mathrm{polylog}(n)$ edges contains $k$ pairwise edge-disjoint cycles with the same vertex set, resolving this old problem in a strong form up to a polylogarithmic factor. The well-known construction of Pyber, R\"odl and Szemer\'edi of graphs without $4$-regular subgraphs shows that there are $n$-vertex graphs with $\Omega(n\log \log n)$ edges which do not contain two cycles with the same vertex set, so the polylogarithmic term in our result cannot be completely removed. Our proof combines a variety of techniques including sublinear expanders, absorption and a novel tool for regularisation, which is of independent interest. Among other applications, this tool can be used to regularise an expander while still preserving certain key expansion properties., Comment: 34 pages, 2 figures

We measure the stacked lensing signal in the direction of galaxy clusters in the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 (DES Y3) redMaPPer sample, using cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature data from SPT-3G, the third-generation CMB camera on the South Pole Telescope (SPT). We estimate the lensing signal using temperature maps constructed from the initial 2 years of data from the SPT-3G 'Main' survey, covering 1500 deg$^2$ of the Southern sky. We then use this signal as a proxy for the mean cluster mass of the DES sample. In this work, we employ three versions of the redMaPPer catalogue: a Flux-Limited sample containing 8865 clusters, a Volume-Limited sample with 5391 clusters, and a Volume&Redshift-Limited sample with 4450 clusters. For the three samples, we find the mean cluster masses to be ${M}_{200{\rm{m}}}=1.66\pm0.13$ [stat.]$\pm0.03$ [sys.], $1.97\pm0.18$ [stat.]$\pm0.05$ [sys.], and $2.11\pm0.20$ [stat.]$\pm0.05$ [sys.]$\times{10}^{14}\ {\rm{M}}_{\odot }$, respectively. This is a factor of $\sim2$ improvement relative to the precision of measurements with previous generations of SPT surveys and the most constraining cluster mass measurements using CMB cluster lensing to date. Overall, we find no significant tensions between our results and masses given by redMaPPer mass-richness scaling relations of previous works, which were calibrated using CMB cluster lensing, optical weak lensing, and velocity dispersion measurements from various combinations of DES, SDSS and Planck data. We then divide our sample into 3 redshift and 3 richness bins, finding no significant tensions with optical weak-lensing calibrated masses in these bins. We forecast a $5.7\%$ constraint on the mean cluster mass of the DES Y3 sample with the complete SPT-3G surveys when using both temperature and polarization data and including an additional $\sim1400$ deg$^2$ of observations from the 'Extended' SPT-3G survey., Comment: 23 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in JCAP. Minor changes and corrections have been made relative to v1