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Flere modeller for prediksjon av fremtidige fordelinger av kredittspread-endringer er spesifisert og testet. Modeller bestående av prinsipalkomponenter fra risikofri rentekurve og kredittspreadkurve viser seg å være signifikant bedre enn andre testede modeller. Å legge til andre variabler i prinsipalkomponent-modellene svekker prediksjonevnen, noe som indikerer at informasjonen i kurvenes prinsipalkomponenter er tilstrekkelig for å predikere kredittspreader. Et unntak fås ved å legge til variabler knyttet til den amerikanske sentralbankens ukonvensjonelle pengepolitikk i perioden. Disse variablene bedrer prediksjonen av halene til fordelingen. Funnene i oppgaven har implikasjoner for generell modellering av kredittspreader og risikostyring i foretak, ettersom hele fordelingen av kredittspreader er hensyntatt. Videre generaliseres tidligere funn i litteraturen til å gjelde andre kvantiler i fordelingene. Numerous models for predicting the future distribution of credit spread changes are specified and tested. Parsimonious factor models consisting of principal components of the risk-free and credit spread term structure are shown to significantly outperform other models. Additional market variables weaken the prediction performance, indicating that the information contained in the credit spread term structure and the risk-free term structure to a large degree span a sufficient set of information for credit spread predictions. One exception is the introduction of variables to account for unconventional monetary policies by the Fed in the time period. These variables are found to improve predictions for tails of the distributions of credit spread changes. The findings have implications for the modelling of credit spread changes and risk management, as the whole distribution is considered. Furthermore, earlier results in the literature are generalized to other quantiles of the distributions.

Basert p ̊a Nordic Semiconductors nRF9160 SiP ble det utviklet et utlegg som er i stand til ̊a h ̊andtere GPS kommunikasjon, full duplex skykommunikasjon med nRF Cloud der posisjon og annen data overføres. Med laveste senderate kunne vi estimere en bat- terilevetid p ̊a opp til 821 dager med et 10000mAh batteri. Den tenkte anvendelsen for produktet er ̊a spore sau p ̊a beitemarkene. I denne rapporten redegjør vi for prosessen rundt produksjon av b ̊ade hardware og software, samt resultat av strømm ̊alinger som er gjennomført for ̊a finne optimale løsninger for v ̊ar anvendelse. Teoridelen tar for seg relevant GPS/LTE teori, legger fram nøkkelbegreper for tr ̊adproggramering, hvordan gjøre batterilevetidsanalyse og antennetuning. Metodedelen g ̊ar i dybden om design- filosofi og hvordan realisere GPS modul p ̊a PCB. Den forklarer hvordan software er implementert p ̊a nRF9160SiP. Resultatdelen inkuderer m ̊aleresultater av strømtrekk fra forskjellige moduser som Cellet ̊arn plassering, GNSS og egen kode. Ferdig PCB og software blir ogs ̊a presenterit som resultater. Mot slutten drøftes hardware, software og stømanalysen mot det ferdige produktet. Konklusjonen konkluderer med et ferdig produkt som er en prototype av GPS-tracker med tilsvarende fungerende kode. Based on Nordic Semiconductors nRF9160 SiP the group developet a PCB outlay with the capability of handling GPS communication, full duplex cloud comminication with nRF Cloud where postional data and other data is transfered. It was estimated that when the system was running the lowest transmission rate the battery life could sustain the system for 821 days using a 10000mAh battery. The intended use is for tracking sheep on pasture. In this report, we account for the process regarding pro- duction of both hardware and software, and resuts of current measurements done to find optimal solutions for our intention. The theory part deals with relevant GPS/LTE theory, presents key concepts for thread programming, how to do battery life analy- sis and antenna tuning. The method section goes into depth about design philosophy and how to realize GPS module on PCB. It explains how software is implemented on nRF9160SiP. The results section includes measurement results of current draws from different modes such as Cell Tower location, GNSS and own code. Finished PCBs and software are also presented as results. Towards the end, the hardware, software and noise analysis against the finished product are discussed. The conclusion concludes with a finished product that is a prototype of GPS tracker with similar working code.

It is imperative that we improve clean and renewable energy technology in the face of growing energy demand. Solar energy is potentially abundant, but we need to capture, convert and store solar energy in usable forms. Hydrogen could be ideal for energy storage, if made using sunlight energy to split water by oxidizing water to dioxygen and protons and using the released electrons to reduce protons to hydrogen in a net transfer of electrons. In Chapter 2, we explored water oxidation which is believed to be the more challenging of the two steps. We found evidence for catalyst degradation while using iridium complexes with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as a sacrificial oxidant, possibly forming iridium oxide nanoparticles. Chapter 3 describes studies of analogs of well-known ruthenium water oxidation catalysts with bipyridine ligands that were designed to be bifunctional, by adding potential pendant bases such as hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, and heterocyclic amines, and some combinations of these groups. One successful catalyst was the methoxy complex which proved to be more robust than the parent unsubstituted complex while using CAN. Extended π systems, e.g. naphthyridine were found to lead to less active catalysts; therefore, we attempted to slow degradation and increase duration of catalysis by protecting the complex with sterically hindered groups, but we suspect that ligand loss interfered. Chapter 4 focused on ligands that would support formation of binuclear complexes which could improve catalysis, taking into account one of the proposed mechanisms for water oxidation involving two metal complexes Work presented in Chapter 1 involves synthesis (by direct metalation of C-H bonds) and characterization of bis protic N-heterocylic carbene (PNHC) pincer complexes of platinum, palladium, and even nickel, in addition to their reactivity with alkynes and under basic conditions. Alkynes were converted to aldehydes as the major anti-Markovnikov addition products. The complexes were treated with different bases to form proposed trifunctional complexes containing one PNHC and one basic imidazolyl ligand. Addition of sodium alkoxide yielded dimeric species and lithium bases gave LiCl-imidazolyl adducts, which proved to be moisture sensitive but did not lose LiCl and undergo ligand exchange with substrates.

During 2021 the Swedish government released a public inquiry with the purpose of strengthening the school library, to achieve this one of the propositions was to implement the concept media and information literacy into the curriculum. Today it's stated that a school librarian shall work towards strengthening the student’s digital literacy, this is the reason why this concept is used in this thesis. The aim of this study is to gain new knowledge regarding school librarians understanding of the concept digital literacy, how they describe their prerequisites and how they legitimize their work based on their profession. The data was collected by conducting semi-structured interviews with five high school librarians. The data was then analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The theoretical framework used in this study was profession theory and new institutional theory. The outcome of the interviews showed that a high school librarian prefers the use of media and information literacy comparative to digital literacy because it describes their qualification more clearly. The conclusion reached was that the governing documents released by the state gives the high school librarian legitimacy and prerequisite in their educational work, this is the reason why interpretations of concepts become significant for their profession.

Denne oppgaven belyser gjeldende rett for skattefritak etter skatteloven § 2-32, samt hvilke effekter skatte- og avgiftslettelser har for konkurransen og fordelingsmekanismene i Norge. For Norge og dets innbyggere har dugnadsarbeid i lang tid vært en essensiell del av folkesjela, og et nødvendig verktøy for å sikre drift av en rekke lag og foreninger. Ideelle og allmennyttige organisasjoner utgjør en betydelig del av norsk økonomi, og i nyere tid har midlene delt ut fra norske stiftelser vært stadig økende. Slike organisasjoners skatteposisjon er derfor et viktig tema. For å gi nødvendig innsikt i skatteloven § 2-32 presenteres først innholdet i paragrafens første og andre ledd, før Høyesterett sine vurderinger i henholdsvis Veritas I, Veritas II og Bodø/Glimt-dommen gjennomgås. Videre benyttes innsikten fra oppgavens innledende kapitler til å utrede noen vurderingsmomenter som kan legges til grunn for å avgjøre hvorvidt et subjekt kvalifiserer for skattefritak etter skatteloven § 2-32. Et oversiktlig rammeverk, slik som fremkommer i kapittelet vurderingsmomenter, er nødvendig for å kunne besvare spørsmål om skattefritak. Dette har særlig vist seg nødvendig i kjølvannet av Bodø/Glimt-dommen som legger til grunn en liberal forståelse av begrepet «økonomisk virksomhet». Oppgavens avsluttende diskusjon tar for seg hvilken innvirkning skattefritaket etter skatteloven § 2-32 har for konkurransen og fordelingsmekanismene i Norge. Formålet med lovbestemmelsen er å stimulere til økt aktivitet i ideell- og allmennyttig sektor, uten å gi skattefrie innretninger en konkurransefordel overfor skattepliktige aktører. I tråd med at norske stiftelser, som ofte er skattefrie etter sktl. § 2.32, foretar stadig større utdelinger til allmennyttige formål er skattefritak for stiftelser viet en sentral plass i diskusjonen. Dette er en aktuell problemstilling ettersom en del stiftelser synes å kunne tilpasse sin organisasjonsstruktur og aktivitet etter nåværende skatteregler for å indirekte fremme stiftelsesoppretterens privatøkonomiske interesser. nhhmas

I Fagfornyelsen har kompetansebegrepet blitt tydeligere definert. Et av de mest uttalte formålene er at det skal være mer fokus på metode som kan brukes uavhengig av kunnskapsområde og på tvers av fag, i et forsøk på å tilpasse seg fremtidens kunnskapsbehov. En konsekvens av et metodefokus i skolefaget historie kan medføre til at konkrete historiske kunnskaper ikke får like stor plass i undervisningen. Denne avhandlingen tar for seg utformingen av Fagfornyelsen med hovedfokus på læreplanen i historiefaget ved den videregående skolen. Avhandlingen har undersøkt hvilke syn om kompetanse som kommer frem i høringsinnspillene for læreplanutkastene i historie, og hvor mye påvirkningskraft disse innspillene har hatt for utformingen av Fagfornyelsen. Det har vært to læreplanutkast før den endelige læreplanen ble utgitt, hvor alle som hadde interesse kunne gi innspill til læreplanutkastene. Jeg har valgt å fokusere på hva faghistorikerne og historiedidaktikerne har uttalt seg om vedrørende kompetanse i innspillene. Jeg har foretatt en kritisk diskursanalyse av høringsinnspillene, samtidig som jeg også har sammenlignet de tre versjonene av læreplanen – de to læreplanutkastene og den endelige læreplanen – med hverandre. Undersøkelsen av høringsinnspillene tilsier at det har vært ulike syn om kompetanse, og at de ulike aktørene – historiedidaktikerne og historikerne – har gitt innspill på både ulike og samme områder. Åpne kompetansemål, handlingsrommet til lærerne, lærebokstyrt undervisning og kronologi har vært viktige emneknagger som har preget innspillene til læreplanutkastene. I enkelte tilfeller har Utdanningsdirektoratet gjort endringer basert på tilbakemeldingen, men analysen viser at aktørene ikke har hatt en stor påvirkningskraft på læreplanen. Jeg er spent på å se hvordan de åpne kompetansemålene og det vide handlingsrommet til lærerne har fungert i praksis ved evalueringen av Fagfornyelsen.

Introduction During brain edema (BE), elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) compresses capillaries and reduces cerebral blood flow (CBF) by decreasing perfusion pressure. The reduction in CBF and th...

Two novel ruthenium complexes, [Ru(2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-diphosphonato)(pic)2] (2) (pic=4-picoline) and [Ru(6,6′-diisopropyl-2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-diphosphonato)(pic)2] (3) bearing phosphonate groups have been synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, X-ray crystallography, cyclic voltammetry, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Both complexes show catalytic water oxidation activity by electrochemistry. At pH 7, the RuII/III redox couple of 2 is observed at a lower potential than that of 3, yet significantly, 3 oxidizes water at a lower onset potential. At pH 1 however, 2 and 3 have comparable catalytic reactivity using sacrificial oxidant CeIV. We propose that water oxidation activities of 2 and 3 are influenced by overall charges. For example, in oxidizing from RuII to RuIII at pH 7, 2 acquires a −1 overall charge whereas 3 acquires a +1 charge. Charge-dictated electrostatic effects may govern binding of a water molecule to the metal site.

Bis-protic N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of platinum and palladium (4) yield dimeric structures 6 when treated with sodium tert-butoxide in CH2Cl2. The use of a more polar solvent (THF) and a strong base (LiN(iPr)2) gave the lithium chloride adducts monobasic complex 7 or analogous dibasic complex 8.

Water-oxidation catalysts (WOCs) can potentially be improved by installing pendant electron-donor groups that may also be proton donors or acceptors. We have modified one of the most well-studied WOCs with alkoxy or hydroxy substituents on the bidentate bipyridine ligand (N,N), thereby forming [(terpy)RuII(N,N)X] (X = Cl, H2O; terpy = 2,2′;6′,2"-terpyridine). A combination of NMR spectroscopy (particularly 15N chemical-shift data), UV/Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and oxygen evolution data point to interesting and beneficial effects of an oxygenated group proximal to X. A methoxy group on the 2,2′-bipyridyl (bipy) ring cis to X = Cl is shown to facilitate ionization of the chloride ligand in aqueous acetone, perhaps by acceptance of a hydrogen bond from the aquo ligand. Hydrogen-bond donation of a proximal hydroxy group to a bound aquo ligand is shown by X-ray diffraction. Distinct differences in pKa values for the 4,4′- and 6,6′-dihydroxy bipy complexes are seen. In water oxidation driven by ceric ammonium nitrate, the 6,6′-dimethoxy species is somewhat faster and longer-lived than the analogue that lacks the oxygenated groups [a turnover number (TON) of 215 instead of 138 in 10 h, and a turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.36 min–1 instead of 0.23 over the same time period]. Taken together, oxygenated groups near the WOC active site are promising electron or proton donors and/or hydrogen-bond acceptors, and are the subject of further scrutiny.

Organometallic iridium complexes have been reported as water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) in the presence of ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN). One challenge for all WOCs regardless of the metal used is stability. Here we provide evidence for extensive modification of many Ir-based WOCs even after exposure to only 5 or 15 equiv of Ce(IV) (whereas typically 100-10000 equiv are employed during WOC testing). We also show formation of Ir-rich nanoparticles (likely IrO(x)) even in the first 20 min of reaction, associated with a Ce matrix. A combination of UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction is used. Even simple IrCl(3) is an excellent catalyst. Our results point to the pitfalls of studying Ir WOCs using CAN.

Pincer protic N-heterocyclic carbene (PNHC) complexes were synthesized by direct metalation, the formation of a metal carbon bond from an unfunctionalized CH bond in a single synthetic step. Significantly, direct metalation succeeded even for a first-row metal, nickel. The chloride complexes were isolated and then converted to the acetate, triflate, or in the platinum case, a hydride analogue. Crystal structures and (1) H, (13) C, and (15) N NMR data, as well as IR spectra, document the effects of intramolecular hydrogen bonding and the planar but flexible pincer framework. Anti-Markovnikov addition of OH bonds to alkynes, including catalyzed alkyne hydration, were demonstrated on the Pt triflate analog.

A series of experiments, investigating vortex induced scour formation, show that the scour hole geometry induced by a rotating fluid flow, can be explained within the concept that the granular bed is eroded as the imposed shear stress overcomes a certain critical value inherent in the liquid/bed pair. The situation is seemingly kindred to that observed in the pseudoplastic Bingham fluids and the first experiment, investigating cylindrical scour, is conducted using a high viscous Bingham fluid with a low yield stress. Two other experiments investigating the two and three dimensional scour formation for the stationary flow regime are also conducted using a fluid and grain substrate pair. A simple model for vortex induced scour is derived for an infinitely long axisymmetric vortex with circular streamlines surrounded by a deformable boundary. The Navier–Stokes equations are solved by using a polynomial approximation of the tangential velocity. The model is then extended to two and three dimensional stationary flow situations by considering the torque balance between the fluid motion and the critical bed shear stress. The quantified results agree well with experimental results obtained in both the one dimensional Bingham fluid experiment and the two and three dimensional fluid/grain experiments.

An overview of the simplified linear interaction energy (LIE) method for calculation of ligand binding free energies is given. This method is based on force field estimations of the receptor-ligand interactions and thermal conformational sampling. A notable feature is that the binding energetics can be predicted by considering only the intermolecular interactions between the ligand and receptor. The approximations behind this approach are examined and different parametrizations of the model are discussed. In general, LIE type of methods appear particularly useful for computational drug lead optimization.

Vanes are essentially flat vertical flow guiding structures. In the beach protection application vanes are placed, inshore of the breaking zone, in the upper part of the vertical water column and with a predefined angle of attack to the design wave orthogonal. They are thus subjected to a generally inshore-directed flow, which induces a lift, and drag force on the vane. These forces, in turn, induce a flow that counteracts the wave-induced longshore current, thus decreasing the longshore current velocity, which facilitates sediment deposition. Two experiments were conducted in a small-scale wave basin with the purpose of investigating the vane function. Both experiments were conducted with a movable bed that formed a crenulate-shaped bay between two headland structures. The first experiment showed that the vanes created a salient upstream of the vanes. This result is also supported by initial prototype results. The second experiment showed that the longshore velocity was reduced upstream of the vane and that the bulk of the velocity reduction took place in the nearshore part of the breaking zone. The main flow feature is identified as a large horizontal vortex inshore of the vane.

The deacylation step of acetylcholinesterase was simulated using the empirical valence bond (EVB) method in combination with free energy perturbation calculations. Before the enzyme structure was u...

Muon spin rotation data on single-crystalline samples of the heavy rare earth metals Dy, Ho and Er have been obtained as function of temperature in both the antiferromagnetic (afm) and the ferromagnetic (fm) state. In the afm state the temperature dependence of the spontaneous muon spin precession frequency consistently exhibits Brillouin-like behavior. In the fm state we observe, in all three metals, a decrease of frequency on cooling, while one expects a nearly temperature-independent saturation (T→0) behavior. Although the origin of this feature is not clear, it definitely cannot be connected to a spin reorientation. It is suggested that spontaneous bulk magnetization caused by the strong magnetic anisotropy might be responsible. In Dy and Ho only minor irregularities are seen at TC. In contrast, Er shows a huge drop of the spontaneous frequency at the fm transition temperature, which can be directly traced to the behavior of the dipolar field component at the muon site. Saturation values for the dipolar and the contact field at the muon site for the three metals are given.

Details of recently undertaken numerical study to analyze the physics of the flow past a submerged vane is presented. The numerical model solves the fully three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations in conjunction with the standard two-equation k-t turbulence closure. The governing equations are formulated in generalized boundary-fitted coordinates to accurately resolve the bed topography and the shape of the vane. The bed roughness effects are introduced by means of a two-point wall functions approach. The predictions from the numerical model are compared against measurements from an experimental study performed in a deformable-bed straight rectangular channel. Detailed experimental measurements of all three components of velocity, both in the neighborhood as well as in the far field of the vane are compared to judge the performance of the numerical mod

In this paper the physics of the flow past a submerged vane at high angles of attack is presented. The data presented were collected during an experimental study of flow past vanes at various angles of attacks in a deformable-bed straight rectangular channel. The first few experimental runs were undertaken to establish the optimal angle of attack required to generate the strongest secondary circulation in the flow. At this optimal angle of attack, the flow features responsible for the transverse movement of bed sediment are clearly identified. The differences between the flow features observed near the vanes at both low and high angles of attack, are also outlined. These include, among others, two counterrotating vortices for vanes at high angles of attack as opposed to the widely acclaimed hypothesis of a single vortex for low angles of attack.

A new molecular dynamics program for free energy calculations in biomolecular systems is presented. It is principally designed for free energy perturbation simulations, empirical valence bond calculations, and binding affinity estimation by linear interaction energy methods. Evaluation of ligand-binding selectivity and free energy profiles for nucleophile activation in two protein tyrosine phosphatases as well as absolute binding affinity estimation for a lysine-binding protein are given as examples.

Brister har påvisats i kunskapen hos vårdpersonal om våldtagna patienters omvårdnadsbehov. Den bristande kunskapen kunde innebära att våldtagna patienter erhöll otillfredsställande omvårdnad. Den omvårdnadsteoretiska grunden var hämtad från Katie Eriksson. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva våldtagna patienters upplevelse av omhändertagandet i vården. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie som byggde på fem kvalitativa och fem kvantitativa studier samt två studier vilka var både kvalitativa och kvantitativa. Två huvudtema för omvårdnad skapades och fem undertema framkom. Resultat: Två tema framkom, positiva upplevelser av omvårdnad och negativa upplevelser av omvårdnad med respektive undertema. Resultatet visade i huvudsak att patienter upplevde tillfredställande omvårdnad men brister påträffades fortfarande. Resultatet var relevant för vårdpersonal i omvårdnadsprocessen då vårdpersonal skulle kunna möta patientgruppen i vårdkedjan. Forensisk undersökning visades vara känsloladdad för patienten i omvårdnadsprocessen och för att uppnå tillfredställande omvårdnad borde vårdpersonal besitta kunskaper om omvårdnadsbehovet vid forensisk undersökning. Slutsats: I Sverige behövs kunskap om våldtagna patienters behov av omvårdnad. Våldtagna patienter behöver erfaren och utbildad vårdpersonal för att tillfredsställande omvårdnad ska uppnås.

The Employment Protection Act (1982:80; LAS) is one of the cornerstones of the labour law that regulates the relationship between employer and employee. The central rule as stated in 4 § LAS is valid for an indefinite term. LAS is a semi-optional law in accordance with 2 § LAS which facilitates deviation from the central rule. Temporary employment is dealt with in 5 and 6 §§ LAS, regulations and collective bargaining agreements. The purpose of the legislative change on July 12007 was to simplify the use of temporary employment and to make the law more predictable and easier to interpret. The previous law was unnecessarily difficult for the employer to know when to put into practice. The government's objective was to limit employer's possibilities of keeping an employee on a temporary contract for a longer period of time. Shortening thetime that an employee can be on a temporary contract from three to two years during a five-year period with the same employer will increase the security and confidence of theemployee. Temporary employment contracts are an important way into the labour market for young people or for people with little work experience. These contracts also contribute to a more flexible and adaptable labour market even though the protection for the individual employee may be reduced. The Government's bill suggested that temporary employment contracts should be entered into by either general fixed term employment, temporary substitute employment, seasonal employment or when the employee has attained the age of 67. Fixed term employment can be entered into without the employer giving particular reasons as to why, but the employer does have to show there is a need for contract work as opposed to permanent employees. The Labour Court has defined temporary substitute work but it has not been made clear by laws or preparatory work. To employ temporary substitute workers, it is required that one of the permanent workforce is temporarily absent, or it has to be clearly stated in the employment agreement that the position is on a temporary substitute basis. It is also required that the employer state who the position is a substitute for in the permanent workforce as well as for how long the temporary position will be held. Seasonal employment can be entered into for certain periods of time/seasons if the work is dependent on the seasonal variations of the year. The aim for contracts for temporary employment for people over the age of 67 is to make it possible for older people to stay in employment after the retirement age. Through the empirical study it was expressed that the interpretation of 5 § LAS is not clearly constructed and that the practitioner must look in preliminary work and other legal practices to establish the meaning of the legislator. For this reason, 5 § LAS is unclear for the individual employer and employee. It should be discussed as to whether the law should be redrafted.

The Employment Protection Act (1982:80; LAS) is one of the cornerstones of the labour law that regulates the relationship between employer and employee. The central rule as stated in 4 § LAS is valid for an indefinite term. LAS is a semi-optional law in accordance with 2 § LAS which facilitates deviation from the central rule. Temporary employment is dealt with in 5 and 6 §§ LAS, regulations and collective bargaining agreements. The purpose of the legislative change on July 12007 was to simplify the use of temporary employment and to make the law more predictable and easier to interpret. The previous law was unnecessarily difficult for the employer to know when to put into practice. The government's objective was to limit employer's possibilities of keeping an employee on a temporary contract for a longer period of time. Shortening thetime that an employee can be on a temporary contract from three to two years during a five-year period with the same employer will increase the security and confidence of theemployee. Temporary employment contracts are an important way into the labour market for young people or for people with little work experience. These contracts also contribute to a more flexible and adaptable labour market even though the protection for the individual employee may be reduced. The Government's bill suggested that temporary employment contracts should be entered into by either general fixed term employment, temporary substitute employment, seasonal employment or when the employee has attained the age of 67. Fixed term employment can be entered into without the employer giving particular reasons as to why, but the employer does have to show there is a need for contract work as opposed to permanent employees. The Labour Court has defined temporary substitute work but it has not been made clear by laws or preparatory work. To employ temporary substitute workers, it is required that one of the permanent workforce is temporarily absent, or it has to be clearly stated in the employment agreement that the position is on a temporary substitute basis. It is also required that the employer state who the position is a substitute for in the permanent workforce as well as for how long the temporary position will be held. Seasonal employment can be entered into for certain periods of time/seasons if the work is dependent on the seasonal variations of the year. The aim for contracts for temporary employment for people over the age of 67 is to make it possible for older people to stay in employment after the retirement age. Through the empirical study it was expressed that the interpretation of 5 § LAS is not clearly constructed and that the practitioner must look in preliminary work and other legal practices to establish the meaning of the legislator. For this reason, 5 § LAS is unclear for the individual employer and employee. It should be discussed as to whether the law should be redrafted.

Förord Ett av riksdagens miljömål är Giftfri miljö, och i detta mål ingår att efterbehandla och sanera förorenade områden. Brist på kunskap om risker med förorenade områden och hur de bör hanteras har identifierats som hinder för ett effektivt saneringsarbete. Naturvårdsverket har därför initierat kunskapsprogrammet Hållbar Sanering. Föreliggande rapport redovisar projektet ”Strategi för miljöriskbedömning av förorenade sediment” som har genomförts inom Hållbar Sanering. Rapporten beskriver en generell strategi för att bedöma miljörisker från förorenade sediment. Denna strategi kan användas för olika föroreningstyper i sjöar, vattendrag och kustmiljöer. Arbetet är baserat på en omfattande litteraturgenomgång samt en norsk och ett antal svenska fallstudier. I rapporten redovisas även en övergripande beskrivning av metallers och organiska miljögifters uppträdande och spridning i sediment, exempel på riskfaktorer som är viktiga för att kunna bedöma spridning och exponering av förorenade sediment, en översiktlig genomgång av undersökningsmetoder som kan användas i en riskbedömning, samt exempel på hur den generella strategin kan tillämpas i några fiktiva men vanliga föroreningssituationer. Arbetet har utförts av konsultföretaget WSP Environmental, i samarbete med Envipro Miljöteknik. Rapporten har författats av John Sternbeck, Andrew Petsonk, Karin Aquilonius, Katarina Josefsson och Fredrick Marelius, samtliga vid WSP Environmental samt Per Björinger vid Envipro. Arbetet har följts upp av en referensgrupp bestående av Mark Elert (Kemakta Konsult AB), Carl Rolff (Länsstyrelsen i Stockholms län) och Tommy Hammar (Länsstyrelsen i Kalmar län) samt Cajsa Wahlberg (Stockholm Vatten, första delen av projektet), och Bertil Engdahl (Miljöförvaltningen i Stockholms Stad, andra delen av projektet). Kontaktperson för Hållbar Sanering har varit Ivars Neretnieks på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan i Stockholm. Naturvårdsverket har inte tagit ställning till innehållet i rapporten. Författarna svarar ensamma för innehåll, slutsatser och eventuella rekommendationer. Naturvårdsverket november 2008