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Numeracy and digital skills are among the most crucial skills that any graduate should possess before entering the workforce, regardless of their field of study. Therefore, both skills should not be treated as an "add on" skill but viewed as essential graduate attributes needing to be purposefully incorporated into the curriculum instead of mere chance. By understanding the learners' numeracy and digital skills abilities, educators can create suitable learning outcomes, activities, and assessments, enabling them to acquire the skills. The objective of this study is to create a framework for testing numeracy (NSI) and digital skills (DSI) using a cross-sectional design and quantitative methodology. The research entails generating a questionnaire, verifying it via a rigorous procedure of expert content validation, and focusing on sufficiency, clarity, coherence, and relevance. A pilot study involving 218 students from various disciplines was conducted to measure the reliability of the framework using Cronbach Alpha. Feedback from experts was then used to enhance the questionnaire, resulting in the finalisation of five components for the Digital Skills Instrument (DSI): information literacy, computer and technology literacy, digital communication and collaboration skills, digital identity and well-being, and digital ethics. Meanwhile, the five components of the Numeracy Skills Instrument (NSI) encompassed operation and calculation, graphical representation, quantitative reasoning and logical thinking, complex number (advanced concept), spatial visualisation and geometric reasoning. The results indicated a strong internal consistency across all components for both tools, with alpha values ranging from 0.847 to 0.958 for DSI and 0.916 to 0.964 for NSI. Corrected item-total correlations also depicted intercorrelation between items for both instruments. To sum up, the findings demonstrate that the DSI and NSI have high reliability and validity. Because both tools are reliable and valid for measuring digital and numeracy skills in the Malaysian context, they can be confidently used for future research.

Goal. In this work, the performance of an integrated planar inductor with a square geometric shape using different materials for the substrate: Ni-Fe, Mn-Zn and Ni-Zn have been analyzed and investigated in order to assess the impact of the substrate material on the performance of the integrated planar inductor and to determine the optimal material in the various applications of power modules in power electronics. Methods. To this end, we carried out an in-depth analysis of the geometric dimensions of the integrated planar inductor, by calculating all the geometric parameters of the proposed structure, to establish an equivalent physical model of the integrated planar inductor in order to evaluate its different electrical specifications. The numerical simulation, based on the three-dimensional mathematical model of the system using Maxwell’s equations, was realized by COMSOL Multiphysics software. Results show the importance of the substrate material for the performance of the integrated planar inductor, and specify that the use of Ni-Fe ferrite as a substrate of the integrated planar inductor gives very interesting performance compared to other materials studied. The presented results provide valuable information on the influence of substrate material on the performance of embedded integrated planar inductor and can help to design and optimize these components for use in power electronic systems. Practical value. These results are significant for a wide range of applications, where the integrated planar inductor performance and efficiency can have a significant impact on the overall performance and cost-effectiveness of the power electronic device. References 37, tables 2, figures 7.

Reduced transition probabilities have been extracted between excited, yrast states in the N=Z+2 nucleus 94Pd. The transitions of interest were observed following decays of the Iπ=14+, Ex=2129-keV isomeric state, which was populated following the projectile fragmentation of a 124Xe primary beam at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung accelerator facility as part of FAIR Phase-0. Experimental information regarding the reduced E2 transition strengths for the decays of the yrast 8+ and 6+ states was determined following isomer-delayed Eγ1−Eγ2−△T2,1 coincidence method, using the LaBr3(Ce)-based FATIMA fast-timing coincidence gamma-ray array, which allowed direct determination of lifetimes of states in 94Pd using the Generalized Centroid Difference (GCD) method. The experimental value for the half-life of the yrast 8+ state of 755(106) ps results in a reduced transition probability of B(E2:8→+6+) = 205−25+34 e2fm4, which enables a precise verification of shell-model calculations for this unique system, lying directly between the N=Z line and the N=50 neutron shell closure. The determined B(E2) value provides an insight into the purity of (g9/2)n configurations in competition with admixtures from excitations between the (lower) N=3pf and (higher) N=4gds orbitals for the first time. The results indicate weak collectivity expected for near-zero quadrupole deformation and an increasing importance of the T=0 proton-neutron interaction at N=48.

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Goal. In this work, the performance of an integrated planar inductor with a square geometric shape using different materials for the substrate: Ni-Fe, Mn-Zn and Ni-Zn have been analyzed and investigated in order to assess the impact of the substrate material on the performance of the integrated planar inductor and to determine the optimal material in the various applications of power modules in power electronics. Methods. To this end, we carried out an in-depth analysis of the geometric dimensions of the integrated planar inductor, by calculating all the geometric parameters of the proposed structure, to establish an equivalent physical model of the integrated planar inductor in order to evaluate its different electrical specifications. The numerical simulation, based on the threedimensional mathematical model of the system using Maxwell’s equations, was realized by COMSOL Multiphysics software. Results show the importance of the substrate material for the performance of the integrated planar inductor, and specify that the use of Ni-Fe ferrite as a substrate of the integrated planar inductor gives very interesting performance compared to other materials studied. The presented results provide valuable information on the influence of substrate material on the performance of embedded integrated planar inductor and can help to design and optimize these components for use in power electronic systems. Practical value. These results are significant for a wide range of applications, where the integrated planar inductor performance and efficiency can have a significant impact on the overall performance and cost-effectiveness of the power electronic device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the potential importance of black carbon (BC) for radiative forcing of the Arctic atmosphere, vertically resolved measurements of the particle light scattering coefficient (σsp) and light absorption coefficient (σap) in the springtime Arctic atmosphere are infrequent, especially measurements at latitudes at or above 80∘ N. Here, relationships among vertically distributed aerosol optical properties (σap, σsp and single scattering albedo or SSA), particle microphysics and particle chemistry are examined for a region of the Canadian archipelago between 79.9 and 83.4∘ N from near the surface to 500 hPa. Airborne data collected during April 2015 are combined with ground-based observations from the observatory at Alert, Nunavut and simulations from the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model, GEOS-Chem, coupled with the TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) model (collectively GEOS-Chem–TOMAS; Kodros et al., 2018) to further our knowledge of the effects of BC on light absorption in the Arctic troposphere. The results are constrained for σsp less than 15 Mm−1, which represent 98 % of the observed σsp, because the single scattering albedo (SSA) has a tendency to be lower at lower σsp, resulting in a larger relative contribution to Arctic warming. At 18.4 m2 g−1, the average BC mass absorption coefficient (MAC) from the combined airborne and Alert observations is substantially higher than the two averaged modelled MAC values (13.6 and 9.1 m2 g−1) for two different internal mixing assumptions, the latter of which is based on previous observations. The higher observed MAC value may be explained by an underestimation of BC, the presence of small amounts of dust and/or possible differences in BC microphysics and morphologies between the observations and model. In comparing the observations and simulations, we present σap and SSA, as measured, and σap∕2 and the corresponding SSA to encompass the lower modelled MAC that is more consistent with accepted MAC values. Median values of the measured σap, rBC and the organic component of particles all increase by a factor of 1.8±0.1, going from near-surface to 750 hPa, and values higher than the surface persist to 600 hPa. Modelled BC, organics and σap agree with the near-surface measurements but do not reproduce the higher values observed between 900 and 600 hPa. The differences between modelled and observed optical properties follow the same trend as the differences between the modelled and observed concentrations of the carbonaceous components (black and organic). Model-observation discrepancies may be mostly due to the modelled ejection of biomass burning particles only into the boundary layer at the sources. For the assumption of the observed MAC value, the SSA range between 0.88 and 0.94, which is significantly lower than other recent estimates for the Arctic, in part reflecting the constraint of σsp Mm−1. The large uncertainties in measuring optical properties and BC, and the large differences between measured and modelled values here and in the literature, argue for improved measurements of BC and light absorption by BC and more vertical profiles of aerosol chemistry, microphysics and other optical properties in the Arctic.

Particle sensing technology has shown great potential for monitoring particulate matter (PM) with very few temporal and spatial restrictions because of its low cost, compact size, and easy operation. However, the performance of low-cost sensors for PM monitoring in ambient conditions has not been thoroughly evaluated. Monitoring results by low-cost sensors are often questionable. In this study, a low-cost fine particle monitor (Plantower PMS 5003) was colocated with a reference instrument, the Synchronized Hybrid Ambient Real-time Particulate (SHARP) monitor, at the Calgary Varsity air monitoring station from December 2018 to April 2019. The study evaluated the performance of this low-cost PM sensor in ambient conditions and calibrated its readings using simple linear regression (SLR), multiple linear regression (MLR), and two more powerful machine-learning algorithms using random search techniques for the best model architectures. The two machine-learning algorithms are XGBoost and a feedforward neural network (NN). Field evaluation showed that the Pearson correlation (r) between the low-cost sensor and the SHARP instrument was 0.78. The Fligner and Killeen (F–K) test indicated a statistically significant difference between the variances of the PM2.5 values by the low-cost sensor and the SHARP instrument. Large overestimations by the low-cost sensor before calibration were observed in the field and were believed to be caused by the variation of ambient relative humidity. The root mean square error (RMSE) was 9.93 when comparing the low-cost sensor with the SHARP instrument. The calibration by the feedforward NN had the smallest RMSE of 3.91 in the test dataset compared to the calibrations by SLR (4.91), MLR (4.65), and XGBoost (4.19). After calibrations, the F–K test using the test dataset showed that the variances of the PM2.5 values by the NN, XGBoost, and the reference method were not statistically significantly different. From this study, we conclude that a feedforward NN is a promising method to address the poor performance of low-cost sensors for PM2.5 monitoring. In addition, the random search method for hyperparameters was demonstrated to be an efficient approach for selecting the best model structure.

An electrochemical chemical sensor for determination of uric acid (UA) with highly sensitive and widely working range was fabricated using zinc layered hydroxide-sodium dodecyl sulphate-propoxur (ZLH-SDS-PRO) nanocomposites modified with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Introduction of the ZLH-SDS-PRO as a conducting matrix has enhanced the conductivity of MWCNT. The ZLH-SDS-PRO/MWCNT morphology was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), meanwhile the electrochemical behaviour of UA and K3[Fe(CN)6] at ZLH-SDS-PRO/MWCNT paste electrode was studied by square wave voltammetry (SWV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), respectively. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the electrode established linear plot for UA from 7.0 µmol/L to 0.7 mmol/L (R2 = 0.9920) and the LOD was calculated to be 4.28 µmol/L (S/N = 3). The fabricated electrochemical electrode was successfully applied to urine samples and exhibit excellent stability and reproducibility, which made it worthwhile to be explored for analytical applications.

This study aims to find out the influence of self management techniques in reducing blindism behavior owned by visually impaired students in class VIII at SLB-A YKAB Surakarta. This research is a quantitative research using experimental research design with a single subject or Single Subject Research (SSR). The subjects of this study were visually impaired students of class VIII at SLB-A YKAB Surakarta. The data collection techniques that used in this study were the observation of participants and non-participants. Data analysis techniques used are visual analysis techniques in conditions and visual analysis between conditions. The results of experiments in the baseline phase were conducted as many as four sessions, obtained blindism frequency data in students as many as 20, 19, 21 and 21 times. This shows that the trend of the blindism behavior of educated participants was increased with a stability level of 100%, so that intervention was needed. The intervention phase was carried out in eight sessions and data on the frequency of blindism on students were 16, 12, 11, 11, 10, 9, 9 and 9 times. Referring to the data, it can be seen that the trend of decline and the level of stability of the data obtained was 87.5%. So that it can be concluded that self management techniques can reduce blindism behavior for visually impaired students in class VIII at SLB-A YKAB Surakarta.

Atmospheric aerosol particles that can nucleate ice are referred to as ice-nucleating particles (INPs). Recent studies have confirmed that aerosol particles emitted by the oceans can act as INPs. This very relevant information can be included in climate and weather models to predict the formation of ice in clouds, given that most of them do not consider oceans as a source of INPs. Very few studies that sample INPs have been carried out in tropical latitudes, and there is a need to evaluate their availability to understand the potential role that marine aerosol may play in the hydrological cycle of tropical regions. This study presents results from the first measurements obtained during a field campaign conducted in the tropical village of Sisal, located on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico in January–February 2017, and one of the few data sets currently available at such latitudes (i.e., 21∘ N). Aerosol particles sampled in Sisal are shown to be very efficient INPs in the immersion freezing mode, with onset freezing temperatures in some cases as high as −3 ∘C, similarly to the onset temperature from Pseudomonas syringae. The results show that the INP concentration in Sisal was higher than at other locations sampled with the same type of INP counter. Air masses arriving in Sisal after the passage of cold fronts have surprisingly higher INP concentrations than the campaign average, despite their lower total aerosol concentration. The high concentrations of INPs at warmer ice nucleation temperatures (T>-15 ∘C) and the supermicron size of the INPs suggest that biological particles may have been a significant contributor to the INP population in Sisal during this study. However, our observations also suggest that at temperatures ranging between −20 and −30 ∘C mineral dust particles are the likely source of the measured INPs.

Abstract Background Metastasis from distal solid organs to the esophagus is very rare. Renal cell cancer with esophageal metastasis is extremely rare. We present the first case report of undiagnosed renal cell cancer presenting as dysphagia. Case presentation A 56-year-old Caucasian man presented for dysphagia evaluation. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy examination revealed a 6 mm nodule located at gastroesophageal junction. Pathology and immunohistopathology were suggestive of metastatic renal cell cancer. Abdominal imaging revealed a large renal mass consistent with renal cell cancer. He underwent left nephrectomy and is clinically asymptomatic, while being monitored by Oncology and Urology. Conclusions Undiagnosed renal cell cancer metastasis presenting as dysphagia is very rare. Careful upper endoscopy examination contributed to the diagnosis of this rare entity. A multidisciplinary team approach is key for management of these clinical dilemmas.

Modelling studies suggest that the climate and the hydrological cycle are sensitive to the concentrations of ice-nucleating particles (INPs). However, the concentrations, composition, and sources of INPs in the atmosphere remain uncertain. Here, we report daily concentrations of INPs in the immersion freezing mode and tracers of mineral dust (Al, Fe, Ti, and Mn), sea spray aerosol (Na+ and Cl−), and anthropogenic aerosol (Zn, Pb, NO3-, NH4+, and non-sea-salt SO42-) at Alert, Canada, during a 3-week campaign in March 2016. In total, 16 daily measurements of INPs are reported. The average INP concentrations measured in the immersion freezing mode were 0.005±0.002, 0.020±0.004, and 0.186±0.040 L−1 at −15, −20, and −25 ∘C, respectively. These concentrations are within the range of concentrations measured previously in the Arctic at ground level or sea level. Mineral dust tracers all correlated with INPs at −25 ∘C (correlation coefficient, R, ranged from 0.70 to 0.76), suggesting that mineral dust was a major contributor to the INP population at −25 ∘C. Particle dispersion modelling suggests that the source of the mineral dust may have been long-range transport from the Gobi Desert. Sea spray tracers were anti-correlated with INPs at −25 ∘C (R=-0.56). In addition, INP concentrations at −25 ∘C divided by mass concentrations of aluminum were anti-correlated with sea spray tracers (R=-0.51 and −0.55 for Na+ and Cl−, respectively), suggesting that the components of sea spray aerosol suppressed the ice-nucleating ability of mineral dust in the immersion freezing mode. Correlations between INPs and anthropogenic aerosol tracers were not statistically significant. These results will improve our understanding of INPs in the Arctic during spring.

Motivated by the need to predict how the Arctic atmosphere will change in a warming world, this article summarizes recent advances made by the research consortium NETCARE (Network on Climate and Aerosols: Addressing Key Uncertainties in Remote Canadian Environments) that contribute to our fundamental understanding of Arctic aerosol particles as they relate to climate forcing. The overall goal of NETCARE research has been to use an interdisciplinary approach encompassing extensive field observations and a range of chemical transport, earth system, and biogeochemical models. Several major findings and advances have emerged from NETCARE since its formation in 2013. (1) Unexpectedly high summertime dimethyl sulfide (DMS) levels were identified in ocean water (up to 75 nM) and the overlying atmosphere (up to 1 ppbv) in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA). Furthermore, melt ponds, which are widely prevalent, were identified as an important DMS source (with DMS concentrations of up to 6 nM and a potential contribution to atmospheric DMS of 20 % in the study area). (2) Evidence of widespread particle nucleation and growth in the marine boundary layer was found in the CAA in the summertime, with these events observed on 41 % of days in a 2016 cruise. As well, at Alert, Nunavut, particles that are newly formed and grown under conditions of minimal anthropogenic influence during the months of July and August are estimated to contribute 20 % to 80 % of the 30–50 nm particle number density. DMS-oxidation-driven nucleation is facilitated by the presence of atmospheric ammonia arising from seabird-colony emissions, and potentially also from coastal regions, tundra, and biomass burning. Via accumulation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), a significant fraction of the new particles grow to sizes that are active in cloud droplet formation. Although the gaseous precursors to Arctic marine SOA remain poorly defined, the measured levels of common continental SOA precursors (isoprene and monoterpenes) were low, whereas elevated mixing ratios of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) were inferred to arise via processes involving the sea surface microlayer. (3) The variability in the vertical distribution of black carbon (BC) under both springtime Arctic haze and more pristine summertime aerosol conditions was observed. Measured particle size distributions and mixing states were used to constrain, for the first time, calculations of aerosol–climate interactions under Arctic conditions. Aircraft- and ground-based measurements were used to better establish the BC source regions that supply the Arctic via long-range transport mechanisms, with evidence for a dominant springtime contribution from eastern and southern Asia to the middle troposphere, and a major contribution from northern Asia to the surface. (4) Measurements of ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the Arctic indicate that a major source of these particles is mineral dust, likely derived from local sources in the summer and long-range transport in the spring. In addition, INPs are abundant in the sea surface microlayer in the Arctic, and possibly play a role in ice nucleation in the atmosphere when mineral dust concentrations are low. (5) Amongst multiple aerosol components, BC was observed to have the smallest effective deposition velocities to high Arctic snow (0.03 cm s−1).

Ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the Arctic can influence climate and precipitation in the region; yet our understanding of the concentrations and sources of INPs in this region remain uncertain. In the following, we (1) measured concentrations of INPs in the immersion mode in the Canadian Arctic marine boundary layer during summer 2014 on board the CCGS Amundsen, (2) determined ratios of surface areas of mineral dust aerosol to sea spray aerosol, and (3) investigated the source region of the INPs using particle dispersion modelling. Average concentrations of INPs at −15, −20, and −25 ∘C were 0.005, 0.044, and 0.154 L−1, respectively. These concentrations fall within the range of INP concentrations measured in other marine environments. For the samples investigated the ratio of mineral dust surface area to sea spray surface area ranged from 0.03 to 0.09. Based on these ratios and the ice active surface site densities of mineral dust and sea spray aerosol determined in previous laboratory studies, our results suggest that mineral dust is a more important contributor to the INP population than sea spray aerosol for the samples analysed. Based on particle dispersion modelling, the highest concentrations of INPs were often associated with lower-latitude source regions such as the Hudson Bay area, eastern Greenland, or north-western continental Canada. On the other hand, the lowest concentrations were often associated with regions further north of the sampling sites and over Baffin Bay. A weak correlation was observed between INP concentrations and the time the air mass spent over bare land, and a weak negative correlation was observed between INP concentrations and the time the air mass spent over ice and open water. These combined results suggest that mineral dust from local sources is an important contributor to the INP population in the Canadian Arctic marine boundary layer during summer 2014.

In this paper we propose a numerical study of the natural convective heat transfer flow in a three dimensional cylindrical and divergent annular duct. The inner cylinder subjected to a volumetric heat generation is fitted with longitudinal fins. The governing equations of mass, momentum and energy equation for both the fluid and the solid are solved by the finite volume method, using the commercially available CFD software Fluent. The effect of the inclination angle ϕ of the divergent and the fin parameters on the profiles and the contour fields of temperature and velocity as well as the average Nusselt number ratio were investigated for ϕ=0°,15°,23° and 45°and a number of fins, N=1,2,3 and 4. The Simulations were carried out in the range of Rayleigh numbers (Ra = 100 to Ra=6.3x104). The results reveal that the increasing of the inclination angle of the divergent and the number of fins enhances the heat transfer.

Despite the importance of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) for climate and precipitation, our understanding of these particles is far from complete. Here, we investigated INPs at three coastal marine sites in Canada, two at mid-latitude (Amphitrite Point and Labrador Sea) and one in the Arctic (Lancaster Sound). For Amphitrite Point, 23 sets of samples were analyzed, and for Labrador Sea and Lancaster Sound, one set of samples was analyzed for each location. At all three sites, the ice-nucleating ability on a per number basis (expressed as the fraction of aerosol particles acting as an INP) was strongly dependent on the particle size. For example, at diameters of around 0.2 µm, approximately 1 in 106 particles acted as an INP at −25 °C, while at diameters of around 8 µm, approximately 1 in 10 particles acted as an INP at −25 °C. The ice-nucleating ability on a per surface-area basis (expressed as the surface active site density, ns) was also dependent on the particle size, with larger particles being more efficient at nucleating ice. The ns values of supermicron particles at Amphitrite Point and Labrador Sea were larger than previously measured ns values of sea spray aerosols, suggesting that sea spray aerosols were not a major contributor to the supermicron INP population at these two sites. Consistent with this observation, a global model of INP concentrations under-predicted the INP concentrations when assuming only marine organics as INPs. On the other hand, assuming only K-feldspar as INPs, the same model was able to reproduce the measurements at a freezing temperature of −25 °C, but under-predicted INP concentrations at −15 °C, suggesting that the model is missing a source of INPs active at a freezing temperature of −15 °C.

Using isochronous mass spectrometry at the experimental storage ring CSRe in Lanzhou, the masses of 82Zr and 84Nb were measured for the first time with an uncertainty of ∼10 keV, and the masses of 79Y, 81Zr, and 83Nb were re-determined with a higher precision. The latter are significantly less bound than their literature values. Our new and accurate masses remove the irregularities of the mass surface in this region of the nuclear chart. Our results do not support the predicted island of pronounced low α separation energies for neutron-deficient Mo and Tc isotopes, making the formation of Zr–Nb cycle in the rp-process unlikely. The new proton separation energy of 83Nb was determined to be 490(400) keV smaller than that in the Atomic Mass Evaluation 2012. This partly removes the overproduction of the p-nucleus 84Sr relative to the neutron-deficient molybdenum isotopes in the previous νp-process simulations. Keywords: Atomic masses, Ion storage ring, Isochronous mass spectrometry, rp-Process, νp-Process

Isochronous mass spectrometry based on heavy-ion storage rings is a powerful tool for direct mass measurements of very short-lived nuclei. Owing to the nature of in-flight separation of high-energy reaction products, many ion species with different mass-to-charge ratios (m/q) can be transmitted to and stored in the ring in one shot. However, high mass resolving power can be achieved only for a limited range of ion species with velocities well matching the isochronous condition of the ring. The knowledge of velocities of each stored ions is required to overcome this restriction. For this purpose, two time-of-flight (TOF) detectors were installed 18 m apart in one straight section of the cooler-storage ring CSRe in Lanzhou. The time sequences measured by the two TOF detectors for each stored ion were used for the precision determination of its velocity. A relative precision of the velocity is achieved to the level of 10^{-5} for individual ions. The betatron oscillations of the ion motion in the ring were clearly identified in the data and were taken into account in the analysis. The presented technique can be used for measurements of machine tunes and their dependence on particle momenta.

Detailed information on the size of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) may be useful in source identification, modeling their transport in the atmosphere to improve climate predictions, and determining how effectively or ineffectively instrumentation used for quantifying INPs in the atmosphere captures the full INP population. In this study we report immersion-mode INP number concentrations as a function of size at six ground sites in North America and one in Europe using the micro-orifice uniform-deposit impactor droplet freezing technique (MOUDI-DFT), which combines particle size-segregation by inertial impaction and a microscope-based immersion freezing apparatus. The lowest INP number concentrations were observed at Arctic and alpine locations and the highest at suburban and agricultural locations, consistent with previous studies of INP concentrations in similar environments. We found that 91 ± 9, 79 ± 17, and 63 ± 21 % of INPs had an aerodynamic diameter > 1 µm at ice activation temperatures of −15, −20, and −25 °C, respectively, when averaging over all sampling locations. In addition, 62 ± 20, 55 ± 18, and 42 ± 17 % of INPs were in the coarse mode (> 2.5 µm) at ice activation temperatures of −15, −20, and −25 °C, respectively, when averaging over all sampling locations. These results are consistent with six out of the nine studies in the literature that have focused on the size distribution of INPs in the atmosphere. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that supermicron and coarse-mode aerosol particles are a significant component of the INP population in many different ground-level environments. Further size-resolved studies of INPs as a function of altitude are required since the size distribution of INPs may be different at high altitudes due to size-dependent removal processes of atmospheric particles.