Search

Anti-predator behaviours in response to predator cues can be innate, or they can be learned through prior experience and remembered over time. The duration and strength of continued anti-predator behaviour after predator cues are no longer present, and the potential for an enhanced response when re-exposed to predator cues later is less known but could account for the observed variation in anti-predator responses. We measured the carryover effects of past predation exposure and the potential for anti-predator learning and memory in the marine snail Nucella canaliculata from six populations distributed over 1000 km of coastline. We exposed lab-reared snails to cues associated with a common crab predator or seawater control in two serial experiments separated by over seven months. Responses were population- and sex-dependent, with some populations retaining anti-predator behaviours while others showed a capacity for learning and memory. Male snails showed a strong carryover of risk aversion, while females were able to return to normal feeding rates and grow more quickly. These behavioural differences culminated in strong impacts on feeding and growth rates, demonstrating that this variation has implications for the strength of trait-mediated indirect interactions, which can impact entire ecosystems.

The Hawai'i Climate Data Portal (HCDP) is designed to facilitate streamlined access to a wide variety of climate data and information for the State of Hawai'i. Prior to the development of the HCDP, gridded climate products and point datasets were fragmented, outdated, not easily accessible, and not available in near-real time. To address these limitations, HCDP researchers developed the cyberinfrastructure necessary to 1) operationalize data acquisition and product production in a near-real-time environment and 2) make data and products easily accessible to a wide range of users. The HCDP hosts several high-resolution (250 m) gridded products including monthly rainfall and daily temperature (maximum, minimum, and mean), station data, and gridded future projections of rainfall and temperature. HCDP users can visualize both gridded and point data, create and download custom maps, and query station and gridded data for export with relative ease. The 'virtual station' feature allows users to create a climate time series at any grid point. The primary objective of the HCDP is to promote sharing and access to data and information to streamline research activities, improve awareness, and promote the development of tools and resources that can help to build adaptive capacities. The HCDP products have the potential to serve a wide range of users including researchers, resource managers, city planners, engineers, teachers, students, civil society organizations, and the broader community. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The Hawai'i Climate Data Portal (HCDP) is an open-source data platform designed to provide easy access to climate data and information for the State of Hawai'i. The HCDP contains both station data and historical and future maps of rainfall and temperature. These high-resolution (250 m) maps are updated in near-real time and available for streamlined visualization and download. The HCDP fills a critical need for a centralized clearinghouse of climate data in the State of Hawai'i. HCDP data can be used to make resource management decisions and to raise awareness of observed and projected changes to the climate system. Many ongoing projects are leveraging HCDP data to develop models and decision support tools to improve adaptive capacities across the state. KEYWORDS: Rainfall; Climate; Temperature; Downscaling; Climate services, 1. Data portal purpose and design The effects of climate change, including higher temperatures (McKenzie et al. 2019), increased drought magnitude and duration (Frazier et al. 2022), decreases in rainfall [...]

Abstract Background Within England, children and young people entering police custody are referred to Liaison and Diversion (L&D) teams. These teams liaise with healthcare and other support services aiming to divert children and young people away from the criminal justice system. Although targeted psychological interventions are not typically offered to children and young people by L&D teams, evidence suggests that Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) leads to a reduction in internalising and externalising behaviour problems. Methods A two-arm individually randomised controlled trial (RCT) with internal pilot and process evaluation will be conducted with approximately 448 children and young people aged 10–17 years presenting at police custody suites who are referred to the L&D team or recruited via online routes if they have previously presented at any police custody suite in England. The primary outcome is the Self-Report Delinquency Measure (SRDM) at 6 months post-randomisation. Analyses will be performed using intention-to-treat. Results The statistical analysis plan (SAP) for the trial is described. The plan details of analyses to be undertaken which will be reported in the primary and any secondary publications. The plan was developed and published prior to locking our database and unblinding to treatment allocation. Discussion This RCT will evaluate the effectiveness of SFBT in reducing offending behaviours in CYP presenting at police custody suites including testing of moderating factors and sensitivity of the primary analyses. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov ISRCTN14195235. Registered on June 16, 2023.

Over the past five decades, a gender stereotype known as "Queen Bee Syndrome" has persisted, portraying some women who have risen to leadership roles in male-normed organizations as being self-preservationist and individualistic, even to the extent of intentionally undermining the professional advancement of other women. Use of this term can be traced to the competitive dynamics among female bees in a colony, with only one emerging and dominating as the "queen." Yet the researchers who coined this concept in the 1970s later expressed concern that their findings had been misunderstood; Queen Bee behaviors on the part of top-level women are an anomaly rather than the norm. In fact, women's working relationships with women have received only limited research attention, with the literature reflecting a spectrum of perceptions and experiences. This study examined the reported prevalence of both Queen Bee behaviors "and" supportive, generative relationships that enhance the prospects for women's career advancement. Whereas previous studies focused primarily on the corporate context, this study focused on the context of Christian higher education. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used to examine the relational experiences and expectations between and among 24 women participants (12 cabinet-level and 12 emerging leaders), drawing on data from two rounds of interviews. Overall, this study found patterns of strong and beneficial professional relationships among women, including support for one another's leadership aspirations and career advancement. Key findings are summarized in three major themes regarding the experiences and expectations of women within each group and in relation to the other: (a) the centrality of women's relationships with women; (b) women's relational experiences versus expectations; and (c) divergent understandings of the Queen Bee Syndrome. Recommendations for relevant programming and policies that can support the advancement of women at all organizational levels, along with suggestions for future related research, are provided.

The winter and summer monsoons in Southeast Asia are important but highly variable sources of rainfall. Current understanding of the winter monsoon is limited by conflicting proxy observations, resulting from the decoupling of regional atmospheric circulation patterns and local rainfall dynamics. These signals are difficult to decipher in paleoclimate reconstructions. Here, we present a winter monsoon speleothem record from Southeast Asia covering the Holocene and find that winter and summer rainfall changed synchronously, forced by changes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. In contrast, regional atmospheric circulation shows an inverse relation between winter and summer controlled by seasonal insolation over the Northern Hemisphere. We show that disentangling the local and regional signal in paleoclimate reconstructions is crucial in understanding and projecting winter and summer monsoon variability in Southeast Asia.

Abstract A causal mechanism for the Volgian Isotopic Carbon Excursion (VOICE) remains enigmatic. Elemental geochemical profiles of the Deer Bay Formation, Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Canada that record the VOICE and contemporaneous strata are herein examined to provide insight into depositional environments during Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous time. Silver (Ag) and Cadmium (Cd) are enriched across the VOICE at localities on Axel Heiberg Island, and in Tithonian (∼Volgian) strata of Ellef Ringnes Island. Other redox‐sensitive trace elements do not exhibit spatially or temporally consistent patterns and indicate oxic conditions. A lack of relationship across the VOICE between Ag and the quality, quantity, and isotopic composition of organic matter suggests that the negative isotope excursion and interval of Ag enrichment are not merely functions of changes in organic matter source or amount, while a lack of spatially consistent change in geochemical indices of weathering similarly excludes climate change and/or sediment provenance as a driver. Therefore, in a ventilated setting and without marked changes in organic matter content, Ag enrichment may be due to hydrothermal activity. Contemporaneous Ag enrichment in strata from Svalbard suggests that a source of hot fluid sufficient to produce Ag‐rich seawater may have been related to rifting in the adjacent proto‐Amerasia Basin. Hydrothermal activity may also have been a widespread source of isotopically depleted carbon. This work develops new geochemical fingerprints that may be used to trace the spatial extent of hydrothermal events that do not leave an extinction pattern but may nonetheless have a far‐reaching influence on biogeochemical systems.

Collisionless shock acceleration of protons and C^{6+} ions has been achieved by the interaction of a 10^{20} W/cm^{2}, 1 μm laser with a near-critical density plasma. Ablation of the initially solid density target by a secondary laser allows for systematic control of the plasma profile. This enables the production of beams with peaked spectra with energies of 10–18 MeV/amu and energy spreads of 10%–20% with up to 3×10^{9} particles within these narrow spectral features. The narrow energy spread and similar velocity of ion species with different charge-to-mass ratios are consistent with acceleration by the moving potential of a shock wave. Particle-in-cell simulations show shock accelerated beams of protons and C^{6+} ions with energy distributions consistent with the experiments. Simulations further indicate the plasma profile determines the trade-off between the beam charge and energy and that with additional target optimization narrow energy spread beams exceeding 100 MeV/amu can be produced using the same laser conditions.

Abstract Background Within England, children and young people (CYP) who come into police custody are referred to Liaison and Diversion (L&D) teams. L&D teams have responsibility for liaising with healthcare and other support services while working to divert CYP away from the criminal justice system but have traditionally not provided targeted psychological interventions to CYP. Considering evidence that Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) leads to a reduction in internalising and externalising behaviour problems in CYP, the aim of this randomised controlled trial (RCT) was to determine whether there is a difference between services as usual (SAU) plus SFBT offered by trained therapists working within a L&D team, and SAU alone, in reducing offending behaviours in 10–17-year-olds presenting at police custody. Methods Design: two-arm individually RCT with internal pilot and process evaluation. Participants: N = approximately 448 CYP aged 10–17 years presenting at one of three police custody suites in the area served by Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation Trust (LSCFT) who are referred to the L&D team. Participants will be recruited and allocated to intervention:control on a 1:1 basis. Interviews will be performed with 30–40 CYP in the intervention arm, 15 CYP in the control arm, up to 20 parents/guardians across both arms, up to 15 practitioners, and up to 10 site staff responsible for screening CYP for the trial. Intervention and control: Those allocated to the intervention will be offered SAU plus SFBT, and control participants will receive SAU only. Primary outcome: CYP frequency of offending behaviours assessed through the Self-Report Delinquency Measure (SRDM) at 12 months post-randomisation. Secondary outcomes: criminal offence data (national police database); emotional and behavioural difficulties (self-report and parent/guardian reported); gang affiliation (self-report). Process evaluation: evaluation of acceptability and experiences of the CYP, parents/guardians, site staff and practitioners; fidelity of SFBT delivery. Discussion This two-arm individually RCT will evaluate the effectiveness of SFBT in reducing offending behaviours in CYP presenting at police custody suites within the area served by LSCFT. Our process evaluation will assess the fidelity of delivery of SFBT, the factors affecting implementation, the acceptability of SFBT in CYP aged 10–17 years and recruitment and reach. We will also examine systems and structures for future delivery, therefore assessing overall scalability. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov ISRCTN14195235 . Registered on June 16, 2023.

Abstract While basaltic volcanism is dominant during rifting and continental breakup, felsic magmatism may be a significant component of some rift margins. During International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 396 on the continental margin of Norway, a graphite‐garnet‐cordierite bearing dacitic unit (the Mimir dacite) was recovered in two holes within early Eocene sediments on Mimir High (Site U1570), a marginal high on the Vøring Transform Margin. Here, we present a comprehensive textural, petrological, and geochemical study of the Mimir dacite in order to assess its origin and discuss the geodynamic implications. The major mineral phases (garnet, cordierite, quartz, plagioclase, alkali feldspar) are hosted in a fresh rhyolitic, vesicular, glassy matrix that is locally mingled with sediments. The major element chemistry of garnet and cordierite, the presence of zircon inclusions with inherited cores, and thermobarometric calculations all support an upper crustal metapelitic origin. While most magma‐rich margin models favor crustal anatexis in the lower crust, thermobarometric calculations performed here show that the Mimir dacite was produced at upper‐crustal depths (

Summary: The lymphatic fluid is the conduit by which part of the tissue “omics” is transported to the draining lymph node for immunosurveillance. Following cannulation of the pre-nodal cervical and mesenteric afferent lymphatics, herein we investigate the lymph proteomic composition, uncovering that its composition varies according to the tissue of origin. Tissue specificity is also reflected in the dendritic cell-major histocompatibility complex class II-eluted immunopeptidome harvested from the cervical and mesenteric nodes. Following inflammatory disruption of the gut barrier, the lymph antigenic and inflammatory loads are analyzed in both mice and subjects with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastrointestinal tissue damage reflects the lymph inflammatory and damage-associated molecular pattern signatures, microbiome-derived by-products, and immunomodulatory molecules, including metabolites of the gut-brain axis, mapped in the afferent mesenteric lymph. Our data point to the relevance of the lymphatic fluid to probe the tissue-specific antigenic and inflammatory load transported to the draining lymph node for immunosurveillance.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by germline variants in the diacylglycerol (DAG)/Ca2+-regulated protein kinase Cγ (PKCγ), leading to Purkinje cell degeneration and progressive cerebellar dysfunction. Most of the identified mutations cluster in the DAG-sensing C1 domains. Here, we found with a FRET-based activity reporter that SCA14-associated PKCγ mutations, including a previously undescribed variant, D115Y, enhanced the basal activity of the kinase by compromising its autoinhibition. Unlike other mutations in PKC that impair its autoinhibition but lead to its degradation, the C1 domain mutations protected PKCγ from such down-regulation. This enhanced basal signaling rewired the brain phosphoproteome, as revealed by phosphoproteomic analysis of cerebella from mice expressing a human SCA14-associated H101Y mutant PKCγ transgene. Mutations that induced a high basal activity in vitro were associated with earlier average age of onset in patients. Furthermore, the extent of disrupted autoinhibition, but not agonist-stimulated activity, correlated with disease severity. Molecular modeling indicated that almost all SCA14 variants not within the C1 domain were located at interfaces with the C1B domain, suggesting that mutations in and proximal to the C1B domain are a susceptibility for SCA14 because they uniquely enhance PKCγ basal activity while protecting the enzyme from down-regulation. These results provide insight into how PKCγ activation is modulated and how deregulation of the cerebellar phosphoproteome by SCA14-associated mutations affects disease progression.