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Adequate potassium (K) fertilization is essential for agricultural production in soils of the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado biome) due to the high demand by crops (especially cotton), likelihood of leaching losses, and the dependence on fertilizer importations. Therefore, sustainability requires improvements in the soil efficiency management. This study evaluated the influence of soil management and crop succession or rotation combinations with cotton on K dynamics and exchangeable reserves in the soil profile, and the partial balance of K after nine years of cultivation in a clayey Oxisol in the Cerrado. The soil was sampled in layers up to 100 cm depth in four cotton production systems treatments: 1) conventional soil tillage (CST) with cotton monoculture; 2) CST with annual cotton-soybean-cotton succession; 3) CST with cotton/soybean/maize rotation; and 4) no-tillage system (NTS) with cotton/soybean/maize rotation and Urochloa ruziziensis (ruzigrass) as a cover crop in the off-season after grain crops. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design with four replications. CST with cotton monoculture favored the leaching of K surplus from fertilization. Crop rotation including ruzigrass in the NTS allowed better control of K dynamics, ensuring its circulation in the soil-plant compartments and reducing leaching. The increased organic matter (OM) in this system enlarges the storage capacity of K in the topsoil. The adoption of no-tillage crop systems integrating ruzigrass is viable to improve the efficiency of K fertilizers in cotton cultivation in highly weathered tropical soils. Made available in DSpace on 2021-08-26T02:06:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Exchangeable-potassium-reserve.pdf: 945319 bytes, checksum: 12bd4d45abb01fd87ac85affcd27d3b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

The objective of this work was to evaluate the dry matter yield of cover crops and their suppressive effects on weeds. The experiment was carried out during three years in a cerrado area of the state of Goiás, Brazil, and consisted of 16 treatments with fallow and cover crops cultivated in single cropping and intercropping. Fallow allowed high weed infestation. Cover crops affected the composition of weeds, which showed greater diversity in fallow, followed by the Pennisetum glaucum 'BRS 1501' and Cajanus cajan crops. In the average of the three experimental years, the highest dry matter yield was observed for the treatments Panicum maximum (10,857 kg ha-1), Urochloa brizantha 'Piatã' (11,437 kg ha-1), U. ruziziensis (9,463 kg ha-1), and U. ruziziensis intercropped with Crotalaria spectabilis (9,167 kg ha-1), which prevented weed infestation. Pennisetum glaucum 'BRS 1501' had a low dry matter yield (

No-tillage cotton systems require soil coverage with cover crop residue for a longer time due to the late cycle of cotton. However, decomposition rates may vary between cover crops, and the adjustment of models to describe it is critical to no-tillage cotton management. Two non-linear regression models, exponential (EM) and Michaelis-Menten (MM), were adjusted to dry matter decomposition of cover crops in a cotton no-tillage system, in Brazil. Three field trials were performed in 2012 for the cover crops Urochloa ruziziensis (brachiaria), Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet), and Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea). Samples of cover crop were collected at 20, 50, 70, 110, 140, and 170 days after sowing upland cotton to measure dry matter decomposition. MM showed better adjustment than EM for all cover crops. The estimations of half-life parameters were different between the cover crops, suggesting that each cover crop has its own rate of decomposition. For pearl millet, brachiaria, and pigeon pea, the half-life estimation by exponential model was over the MM in 9, 12, and 12 days. Para a semeadura direta é preciso adequada quantidade de palha sobre o solo, e devido ao longo ciclo do algodoeiro, sua persistência deve ser alta. Entretanto, como a decomposição dos resíduos vegetais ao longo do tempo pode variar entre as plantas de cobertura, o ajuste de modelos que melhor a descreva é essencial. Dois modelos de regressão não-linear, exponencial (ME) e Michaelis-Menten (MM), foram ajustados à decomposição de matéria seca de plantas de cobertura no sistema de semeadura direta do algodoeiro, em condições do Cerrado goiano. Três experimentos foram instalados no ano de 2012, cada um consistido de uma espécie de planta de cobertura, sendo Urochloa ruziziensis (braquiária ruziziensis), Pennisetum glaucum (milheto) e Cajanus cajan (guandu). Em cada ensaio, procedeu-se a amostragem da palha da planta de cobertura aos 20, 50, 70, 110, 140 e 170 dias após a semeadura do algodoeiro, para determinação da matéria seca remanescente. Para as três plantas de cobertura o modelo MM apresentou melhor ajuste que o ME. As estimativas dos tempos de meia-vida das palhadas via MM diferiram entre as plantas de cobertura, indicando que cada uma possui velocidade de decomposição específica. Para o milheto, o guandu e a braquiária, as estimativas de tempo de meia-vida pelo ME foram superiores às do MM em 9, 12 e 12 dias, respectivamente.

Sustainable production systems, such as the no-tillage system (NTS), have a tendency to increase organic carbon in the soil. However, in Brazilian cotton production, the conventional tillage system (CTS) is predominant, and long-term studies on cotton crop under the NTS are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of soil management and crop rotation systems on the cotton fiber yield as well as on the carbon and nitrogen accumulation in the soil. This study was conducted in the Brazilian savanna over 9 years and consisted of the following four treatments with different soil management systems: the NTS and CTS with the succession or rotation of crops (cotton, soybean, maize, and Urochloa ruziziensis). The NTS increased the carbon content by 55% in the top 5 cm after 9 years and increased the carbon stock by approximately 20% at a depth of up to 40 cm. Crop rotation with soybean, maize, and cotton was insufficient to increase the carbon stock in the soil under the CTS. In addition to increasing the fiber yield, the cotton crop in a NTS rotated with soybean + U. ruziziensis and with maize + U. ruziziensis increases the carbon stock and nitrogen content in soil. Made available in DSpace on 2019-11-19T18:10:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SoilCarbonAccumulationCottonAlexandreFerreira.pdf: 414561 bytes, checksum: 719a903aa62a8bf7d31ce99abc59a72e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

RESUMO O nitrogênio e o potássio são os nutrientes mais requeridos pelo algodoeiro. O algodão, cultivado em segunda safra, após a colheita da soja, tem sido uma opção dentro dos sistemas de produção do cerrado brasileiro. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito das adubações nitrogenada e potássica sobre o estado nutricional, os componentes de produção e a produtividade do algodoeiro, cultivado em sistema adensado, semeado em segunda safra. O experimento foi conduzido após a colheita da soja e em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial 4x4, com quatro repetições. O fator A foram quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 50, 100 e 200 kg ha-1) e o fator B foram quatro doses de K2O (0, 40, 80 e 160 kg ha-1), aplicadas em cobertura. Os teores foliares de nitrogênio e de magnésio aumentaram linearmente com as doses de N, enquanto os teores de enxofre e ferro diminuíram (efeito quadrático). As doses de K2O resultaram em efeitos positivo e negativo sobre os teores de K e de Mg, respectivamente. A adubação nitrogenada promove resposta em produtividade de fibra maior do que a adubação potássica, sendo que a taxa de incremento de produtividade de fibra por quilo de nitrogênio foi o dobro da taxa de incremento por quilo de K2O. As maiores produtividades de fibra foram alcançadas com 148 kg ha-1 e 107 kg ha-1 de N e K2O, respectivamente. ABSTRACT Nitrogen and potassium are the most required nutrients for cotton crop. Cotton grown as a second crop, after soybean harvesting, has been an option for crop system in the Brazilian savanna. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of N and K fertilization on the nutritional status and the yield components of cotton grown as a second crop, after soybean, and in a narrow planting system. The experiment was carried out adopting a completely randomized block experimental design. The treatments were set up in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement with four replications. Factor A was the four N doses (0, 50, 100, and 200 kg ha-1) and factor B was four K2O doses (0, 40, 80, and 160 kg ha-1), applied as side-dressing. The N and Mg concentration levels in the leaf increased linearly with the N doses, while the concentration levels of S and Fe decreased (quadratic effect). The K2O doses resulted in positive and negative effects on K and Mg, respectively, in the leaf. The N fertilization promoted higher lint yield response when compared with K fertilization, as lint yield rate per kg of N was twice the yield rate per kg of K2O. The highest lint yields were reached with 148 kg ha-1 and 107 kg ha-1 of N and K2O, respectively.

Mepiquat chloride (MC) is widely used for controlling cotton plant growth. Shoot growth modifications may affect root growth and, consequently, interfere with the cotton sensitivity to water deficit. This study aimed at evaluating the water deficit effects, in initial phenological stages of cotton plants from seeds treated with MC doses, on shoot and root growth. Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, in Santa Helena de Goiás, Goiás State, Brazil, in a randomized blocks design, in a 4x4 factorial scheme: four growth regulator doses (0 g, 2 g, 4 g and 8 g of active ingredient of MC per kg of seed) and four water stress conditions (without water deficit and initial water deficit in three vegetative growth stages: V1, V3 and V5), with four replications. Shoot and root dry matter, as well as cotton plant height, decreased with the increase of MC doses. The water deficit between V1 and V5 reduced shoot and root dry matter. The water deficit also increased the inhibitory effect of MC applied via seeds on cotton plants shoot and root dry matter. O cloreto de mepiquat (CM) é usado para controlar o crescimento do algodoeiro. Alterações no crescimento da parte aérea podem influenciar no desenvolvimento das raízes e, por consequência, interferir na sensibilidade do algodoeiro ao déficit hídrico. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do déficit hídrico, em estádios fenológicos iniciais de algodoeiro originado de sementes tratadas com doses de CM, sobre o crescimento de raízes e parte aérea. Dois experimentos foram realizados em casa-de-vegetação, em Santa Helena de Goiás (GO), sendo conduzidos em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4x4: quatro doses de regulador de crescimento (0 g, 2 g, 4 g e 8 g do ingrediente ativo de CM por kg de semente) e quatro situações de déficit hídrico (sem déficit hídrico e déficit hídrico inicial em três fases vegetativas: V1, V3 e V5), com quatro repetições. A matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes e a altura dos algodoeiros foram reduzidas com o aumento nas doses de CM. O déficit hídrico entre V1 e V5 reduziu a massa de matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes. O déficit hídrico também aumentou o efeito inibidor do CM aplicado via semente sobre a produção de matéria seca de raízes e da parte aérea do algodoeiro.

RESUMO O cultivo de algodoeiro adensado em segunda safra, em ambiente não irrigado, após soja ou feijão, tem aumentado no Cerrado do Centro-Oeste brasileiro. Com essa mudança de época de semeadura, as plantas de algodão estão mais expostas a condições climáticas adversas. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de cultivares, densidades de plantas e épocas de semeadura sobre a produção de algodão. Os experimentos foram realizados em três anos consecutivos. Em cada ano, os tratamentos foram constituídos por duas épocas de semeadura (segunda quinzena de janeiro e primeira quinzena de fevereiro), cultivares (ciclo precoce e médio) e densidades de plantas (8,9-33,3 plantas m-2). O algodão foi semeado em segunda safra, após a colheita de soja precoce. Em cada época de semeadura, os experimentos foram instalados no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com o fator cultivar disposto na parcela e a densidade na subparcela. A produtividade do algodoeiro em segunda safra foi pouco influenciada pelas densidades de plantas e cultivares. A semeadura tardia do algodoeiro reduziu a altura de plantas, número de capulhos por área e produtividade de fibra. Com o atraso na data de semeadura, a produtividade de fibra diminuiu aproximadamente 25 %, 17 % e 41 %, respectivamente em 2009, 2010 e 2011. O fator mais determinante para o cultivo do algodoeiro em segunda safra é a época de semeadura. ABSTRACT The second crop narrow row cotton under rainfed conditions, after soybean or common bean harvest, has increased in the Midwest Brazilian Savannah. This change in sowing date exposes cotton plants to adverse environmental conditions. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of cotton cultivars, plant densities and sowing dates on cotton yield. The experiments were conducted over three consecutive years. In each year, the treatments were two sowing dates (second half of January and first half of February), cultivars (early and mid-cycle) and plant densities (8.9-33.3 plants m-2). Cotton was sowed in the second crop, after the early soybean harvest. In each sowing date, experiments were conducted in a split-plot randomized blocks design, with cultivars arranged in plots and densities in subplots. Cotton yield in the second crop growth season was little affected by plant densities and cultivars. Late sowing reduced plant height, number of bolls per unit area and cotton lint yield. In the second sowing date, lint yield decreased nearly 25 %, 17 % and 41 %, respectively in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Sowing date is the most important factor for cotton production in a second crop.

Although the ethylene inhibitors role on reduction rate of boll abscission in cotton plants submitted to drought is being recently reported, its effects on photosynthesis performance and on cotton boll dry matter across the sympodial branch is scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the cotton photosynthesis and its boll dry matter performance across the reproductive branches via positional mapping in plants sprayed with ethylene inhibitors and submitted to water deficit. 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an inhibitor of ethylene action and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), an inhibitor of its synthesis, were sprayed on cotton plants alone and in association. Treatments were composed by (T1) control, where deionized water was sprayed; (T2) sprayed with AVG at 0.15 g a.i. L-1; (T3) 1-MCP at 0.076 g a.i. L-1; (T4) AVG at 0.15 g a.i. L-1 plus 1-MCP at 0.076 g a.i. L-1; (T5) AVG at 0.15 g a.i. L-1 twice at each seven days; (T6) 1-MCP sprayed at 0.076 g a.i. L-1 twice using the same interval and (T7) AVG at 0.15 g a.i. L-1 plus 1-MCP at 0.076 g a.i. L-1 twice at each seven days. The ethylene inhibitors sustained higher photosynthesis performance and higher boll dry mass across reproductive branches independent of compound, its combination or entries number. Highlight that a AVG (T2) or its 1-MCP association in two entries (T7) showed the best performance for dry matter accumulation, especially in the two first reproductive branches, while they maintained the highest photosynthesis rates at the end of stress period.

Biotic and abiotic stresses can alter the hormone balance and trigger the activation of pathways involved in the cotton stress responses, resulting in the abscission of squares, flowers and young bolls and consequent reductions in the seed cotton yield and fiber yield. As part of the mechanism that primarily regulates the protective response of plants against stresses, ethylene is considered a key hormone involved in this response, and increased ethylene synthesis has been observed when plants are subjected to stress. Thus, the development of strategies aimed to mitigate their negative effects can reduce the shed rate of reproductive structures and positively impact cotton productivity. For this purpose, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), a compound that inhibits the action of ethylene, and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), an ethylene synthesis inhibitor, were sprayed on cotton plants to investigate their effects on the seed cotton yield (SCY), fiber yield (FY), fiber percentage (% Fiber) and final stand of plants (STAND) during two cotton growth seasons (2010 and 2011). To this end, experiments were performed in a randomized complete block design with five replicates. Our results demonstrate that the inhibitors of ethylene synthesis and action increased the seed cotton and fiber yield during both growing seasons. The results obtained after AVG spraying in the initial reproductive phase (first square emission) presented the highest values for the cotton yield components and are the first record of the success of this method in Brazil. A ocorrência de estresses bióticos e abióticos pode alterar o balanço hormonal e desencadear a ativação de vias envolvidas nas respostas do algodoeiro a estresses, resultando na abscisão de botões, flores e maçãs em desenvolvimento e em menor rendimento de algodão em caroço e de fibras. Como parte desses mecanismos que primariamente regulam as respostas protetivas da planta contra estresses, o etileno é considerado um hormônio chave, envolvido nessas respostas e aumentos em seu nível de síntese têm sido verificados em plantas submetidas a quaisquer tipos de estresse. Assim, o desenvolvimento de estratégias objetivando mitigar os seus efeitos negativos poderia reduzir a taxa de queda de estruturas reprodutivas e impactar positivamente na produtividade de fibras. Com esse propósito, 1-methylcyclopropeno (1-MCP), um composto inibidor da ação do etileno e aminoethoxyvinylglycina (AVG), um inibidor da sua síntese foram aplicados sobre o algodoeiro para investigar seus efeitos sobre o rendimento de algodão em caroço, de fibras, a percentagem de fibras e o stand final de plantas durante duas estações de crescimento (2010 e 2011). Assim, experimentos a campo em delineamento blocos casualizados completo com cinco repetições foram conduzidos. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que os inibidores da síntese e da ação de etileno aumentaram o rendimento de algodão em caroço e de fibras em ambas as estações de crescimento. Os resultados obtidos pelo uso do AVG aplicado na fase reprodutiva inicial (primeiro botão floral) evidenciaram os maiores valores para os componentes de rendimento analisados, sendo os primeiros resultados obtidos no Brasil com tal propósito.

No-tillage cotton production system, using association of leguminous and grasses plants as cover crop, has benefits such as soil protection and increased nitrogen fertilization by biological nitrogen fixation. The present study aimed at evaluating if straw formed by seed proportion of Crotalaria spectabilis and Urochloa ruziziensis increases the total nitrogen contend in mulching and minimize nitrogen fertilization on cotton. The experiments followed a randomized block in split-plot design. In plots Urochloa ruziziensis associated with proportions of Crotalaria spectabilis seeds (0:8, 8:8, 12:8, 16:8 and 20:8 kg ha -1 of seeds) were sown, and in subplots were used four doses of nitrogen (0, 40, 70, and 110 kg ha -1 of N, source urea) applied as side dressing. The straw of different quantities of Crotalaria spectabilis associated with Urochloa ruziziensis do not interfere with phytomass yield and N contend. The nitrogen rates do not impact leaf nitrogen, number of bolls per plant and seed cotton and fiber yield.