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Archaeologists have been using luminescence to date pottery in South America since the late 1970s, inspired by early success in northern Chile. However, luminescence dates have not been rigorously compared to independent dating methods, which this paper’s goal. First, we present a compilation of 94 paired14C and luminescence dates from the southern Andes, which reveals discrepancies across a range of contexts and ages. Second, we compare two Bayesian models of sets of14C and thermoluminescence (TL) dates from three ceramic styles in the Azapa Valley, Chile, and the Inca occupation of Mendoza, Argentina. We find that only the14C models produce results that agree with expectations based on independent data. Third, we present results from a pilot study in Mendoza that dated 6 sherds with 3 luminescence methods each and closely associated14C dates. The reasons for disagreement between methods remain unclear, but Andean sediments with low and unstable luminescence sensitivity seem to be an important factor. Even though some luminescence ages are accurate, the clear trend of inconsistent results leads us to recommend that archaeologists use14C rather than luminescence dates to build cultural chronologies.

The chemical and mineralogical characterization of seven ceramic fragments produced within Tiwanaku state (c.500-1000 ce) is reported. The instrumental techniques used included X-ray elemental and mineralogical chemical analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning and light microscopy. The results indicate there are several clay types, although they show similarities, such as the use of a plant-based temper. The red colour of the decoration is hematite, and manganese oxides such as jacobsite are present in the black. The white colour is a mixture of gypsum and clay, and the orange is a mixture of hematite and clay. The use of colours, the quality of the clays and the temperatures reached during pottery firing point to expertise in ceramic production and to complex decision-making processes. The multi-elemental archaeometric approach documented here could become an important tool to shed a light on ancient ceramic technology and the internal variance of Tiwanaku pottery.

While social media services offer a useful platform for obtaining information as well as presenting and commenting on opinions, people can still be silenced by fear of hate speech and insults on the Internet. As a result, the expanded freedom of expression can also reduce the range of opinions and information. This article identifies and analyses the conditions under which online communication platform administrators can be held liable for user-generated content. The focus is on the criteria laid down by the ECtHR in recent cases. The outcome is that liability is exceptional, arising mainly in cases of inciting hatred and violence. Although the Digital Services Act, with its notice-and-action mechanism, offers a cheaper, faster, and often more effective way of reducing insulting and defamatory speech than court proceedings, the impact of the mechanism on freedom of expression and freedom to conduct business must be considered.

Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press for the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona. Archaeologists have been using luminescence to date pottery in South America since the late 1970s, inspired by early success in northern Chile. However, luminescence dates have not been rigorously compared to independent dating methods, which this paper's goal. First, we present a compilation of 94 paired 14C and luminescence dates from the southern Andes, which reveals discrepancies across a range of contexts and ages. Second, we compare two Bayesian models of sets of 14C and thermoluminescence (TL) dates from three ceramic styles in the Azapa Valley, Chile, and the Inca occupation of Mendoza, Argentina. We find that only the 14C models produce results that agree with expectations based on independent data. Third, we present results from a pilot study in Mendoza that dated 6 sherds with 3 luminescence methods each and closely associated 14C dates. The reasons for disagreement between methods remain unclear, but Andean sediments with low and unstable luminescence sensitivity seem to be an important factor. Even though some luminescence ages are accurate, the clear trend of inconsistent results leads us to recommend that archaeologists use 14C rather than luminescence dates to build cultural chronologies.

On screen, James Bond has repeatedly travelled to Latin America. The cinematic landscapes of Latin America portrayed in the film series often appear as visual spectacles, exotic locations of adventure and enticement. However, these cinematic representations also carry metaphorical dimensions, whereby Latin American topographies take on various political, cultural, and social meanings. In this article, we focus on representational politics and the ways in which the Bond franchise has presented continental Latin America in three films: Moonraker (1979), Licence to Kill (1989), and Quantum of Solace (2008); we argue that these films, in particular, utilise and reference a capitalist-colonial heritage which “others” Central and South America in the popular imagination. In Moonraker, Brazil provides a visually spectacular background for undesirable Westerners, with little to no agency afforded to Latin American spaces and peoples; Licence to Kill presents a sordid image of Central America which emphasises the threat of drug trafficking to both Latin America and the West at large; and Quantum of Solace highlights the illicit exploits of global capitalism and the self-interested politics of Western governments, taking a refreshingly critical stance towards the many ways in which the West has traditionally used Latin America as its own back yard.

Online social media platforms set the agenda and structure for public and private communication in our age. Their influence and power is beyond any traditional media empire. Their legal regulation is a pressing challenge, but currently, they are mainly governed by economic pressures. There are now diverse legislative attempts to regulate platforms in various parts of the world. The European Union and most of its Member States have historically relied on soft law, but are now looking to introduce regulation. Leading researchers of the field analyse the hard questions and the responses given by various states. The book offers legislative solutions from various parts of the world, compares regulatory concepts and assesses the use of algorithms.