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Aim. To compare the dynamics of the clinical course of chronic adenoiditis in children and evaluate changes in the levels of products of oxidative modification of proteins in pharyngeal tonsil tissues under the influence of physical methods. Materials and methods. The study involved 84 patients with a clinical picture of chronic inflammation of the brain and hypertrophy of the adenoid vegetations of the 3rd degree, who were referred for surgical treatment as planned. All patients belonged to the age group from 3 to 15 years. The envelope method was used, patients were randomized into 3 groups. Group 1 (n=32) included children who did not receive exposure to physical methods in the preoperative period; Participants in the 2nd group (n=27) received low-frequency ultrasonic (LFU) therapy in combination with red spectrum photochromotherapy (FCT) in the preoperative period, and participants in the 3rd group (n=25) received NUS cavitation monotherapy before surgery. Statistical data were obtained using the SPSS Statistics 19.0 software package. The nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test was used to identify differences between independent groups; for pairwise comparison of groups, the Mann–Whitney test was used. Results. Analysis of the results showed that the severity of the studied signs in the study groups was comparable to each other on the 1st day, i.e. before starting treatment. The results of endoscopic examination are graded from 0 to 3 points. the severity of nasal obstruction and difficulty nasal breathing in group 1 (control) on day 1 was 7.7 points, in group 2 – 7.4 points, in group 3 – 7.5 points. Patients underwent anterior and posterior rhinoscopy. The best result was obtained in the group using LFU cavitation in combination with FCT. There was a significant decrease in the size of the pharyngeal tonsil and the absence of discharge on the surface of the adenoid vegetations, which reflects the high clinical effectiveness of this method of treatment. Conclusion. The use of LFU cavitation in combination with FCT in the treatment of chronic adenoiditis in children leads to improved nasal breathing and a decrease in the amount of discharge in the nasal cavity.

This article examines the relationship of self-esteem with perseverance, optimism, activity and responsibility. The authors analyzed the scientific literature in order to further explore self-esteem for its improvement. The relevance of this study is determined by the fact that self-esteem forms an idea of oneself, is an important regulator of behavior and affects all spheres of personal life. It determines the quality of life, efficiency and self-realization of the individual. The purpose of this study is to examine the features of self-esteem, the relationship with persistence and determine its socio-psychological factors. The study involved 200 students aged 18 to 23 years from six universities in Kazakhstan. Five diagnostic techniques were used: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; Optimism and Activity Scale, AOS; Carver-White questionnaire, BIS/BAS; Locus of Control Survey (Rotter); Hexaco PI-R60 questionnaire. The results of the conducted research showed the relationship of self-esteem with such indicators as optimism and activity, sociability and responsibility. The influence on self-esteem of factors such as sports, self-belief, parental support, satisfaction with appearance and studies, academic performance, suicidal thoughts and loneliness. According to the empirical analysis, the tendency of respondents to overestimate their self-esteem was found. The paper discussed the characteristics of students their values and other indicators. The study showed that 23.5% of students feel lonely, almost the same number of students think about suicide. Thus, this study provides new knowledge about self-esteem and its relationship with other psychological factors. It contributed to the understanding of the role of self-esteem in the formation of self-image and personality behavior, and is also of practical value for the development of psychological programs and techniques for working with students' self-esteem. Key words: self-esteem, self-confidence, optimism, activity, persistence.

Three-nucleon systems are essential for the investigation of many-body forces in nuclear physics. Well-grounded parametrization of their vertex functions with further application for the calculation of cross-sections in nonlocal QED approach provides the ground for investigation of the variety of multi-particle systems. In present paper we describe the process of parametrization of two-particle photo-breakup amplitudes of three-nucleon systems (3H, 3He). We provide the general description of the wave function construction for three-nucleon systems as well as the parametrization of their vertex functions accounting two- and three-nucleon interactions based on meson exchange current formalism. In our calculations we account first and second order one-pion exchange terms and the term related to the exchange of ω and ρ mesons. The three-nucleon interaction potential is given as a sum of attraction (two-pion exchange) term and appropriate repulsive part. Based on the variational ”Urbana + Model VII” amplitudes we provide the results for energy dependence of differential cross-section of 3He(γ, p)d reaction at proton angle θ = 90◦ from the threshold up to Eγ = 40 MeV and compare theoretical predictions with the available experimental data. The investigation is also provided for angular cross-section distributions at high photon energies (Eγ = 305 ± 5 MeV; 365 ± 5 MeV; 450 ± 10 MeV and 675 ± 50 MeV). Correct description of 3H, 3He photo-disintegration processes in a unified approach based on the gauge nature of the electromagnetic field implies application of this model for other multi-particle systems.

Using the evolutionary approach recently developed by us, the shapes of odd s-d-shell 27Al, 31P and 35Cl nuc­lei in the ground and single-particle excited states have been extracted from the experimental data on the energies, spins, and parities of these states, as well as the measured probabilities of electromagnetic transitions between them. The key ingredient of our procedure is the evolutionary algorithm that evolves the population of the bad-quality data-fitting nuclear shapes to the high-quality data-fitting nuclear shapes. We have found that the studied nuclei in the ground states are abnormally weakly deformed, which is not expected for the nuclei in the shell middle. Even in their low-laying single-particle excited states, the nuclei 27Al and 31P are found to be weakly deformed, too. With the increase of the single-particle excitation energy, the change of the state of the only one nucleon – the valence proton the spin and parity of which determine the spin and parity of the 35Cl nucleus – causes the shape phase transition from the high-symmetry phase – spherical ground state – to the low-symmetry phase – deformed excited states. The angular part of the 27Al and 31P nuclei shape is de­scribed by two harmonics – quadrupole and hexadecapole. The angular part of the 35Cl nucleus shape is de­scribed by three harmonics – quadrupole, hexadecapole, and hexacontatetrapole, but the contribution of hexadecapole deformation is not independent. At present, there are no fundamental nuclear models that account for or predict the dominant hexacontatetrapole deformation, especially for light and medium nuclei. We have found that the spin and parity of the 27Al, 31P and 35Cl nuc­lei are determined by the spin and parity of the last odd (valence) proton. At the same time, some of the nucleons of the nucleus core change their characteristics, too. Thus, the electromagnetic transitions between the single-particle states of the 27Al, 31P and 35Cl nuc­lei are the multi-particle processes.

The regions of activity of energy companies are also the traditional areas of residence of the Indigenous peoples of the North (IPN). Commercial activities in these territories violate the environment and adversely impact the lives of the IPN. This study seeks to fill a gap regarding the position the IPN take while communicating with energy companies and the representative image the energy companies hold of the IPN. We consider the complex process of communication between oil companies and the IPN; the role assigned to the IPN in this process; the strategies adopted to preserve the IPN and why these strategies are prioritized; and the implications of the concept of “traditional life” of the IPN for each of the participants in the communication process. We analyzed the period 2010–2020 as it reflects the current situation.We applied the hermeneutic method by comparing data from the reports of Gazprom, Lukoil, and Rosneft; analyzed documents related to the socio-economic development of the respective Russian regions; and used information from the official websites of organizations representing the interests of the IPN.In the complex system of interaction between energy companies and the IPN, the latter, on the one hand, acts as a homogeneous unity, as differentiation between groups of people is rarely carried out. On the other hand, the interpretation of the identity of the IPN occurs through “traditional culture,” which is gradually equated to something that is worthy of a place in a museum. This trend is a matter of concern, as real socio-economic challenges run the risk of being overlooked in the process of musealization of Indigenous peoples. Rosneft, Gazprom and Lukoil communicate with IPN as with an ethnic unit, which considered to be preserved as an ethnic-cultural unit.

Large volumes of oil in the energy complex of Russia are annually delivered by pipeline and rail transport to refinery warehouses and stored there until they are processed. Each element of the oil supply chain generates significant amounts of fugitive emissions. The quantitative determination of these emissions is a gap in the research on the energy complex. The paper developed a method for estimating the volume of fugitive emissions in oil supply chains at refineries in the energy complex. The study period under consideration is 2009–2021.The study showed that in the oil supply chain, the largest emissions are produced when oil is stored in refinery tank farms. The amount of these emissions is an order of magnitude greater than the amount of emissions from oil transportation. When transporting oil to refineries of the energy complex, pipeline transport has the greatest environmental advantage. It is several times inferior to railway transport in terms of the fugitive emissions produced.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the problem of the partial robbery of the high-status Middle Sarmatians burials analyzed in the Esaulovsky Aksai River floodplain. The analysis of the burial complexes near the village named Kovalevka revealed an interesting feature. There was partial destruction of the buried Sarmatians bones, but, at the same time, the parts of the bones and accompanying burial equipment remained undisturbed. Typically, these burials had some status artifacts like bronze cast and forged cauldrons, weapons and horse harness items, and ceramics from the Central Caucasus, Kuban, and Lower Don Valley. Methods and materials. The objects of research were not only burials from Kovalevka but also synchronic burial complexes from Zhutovo, Aksai, Peregruznoe, and Oktyabrsky. The research involves using both traditional general scientific methods, including chronological and spatial analysis, and special archaeological research methods, including formal typological, cartographic, and analogy methods, which describe the scientific facts and reconstruct ethnocultural processes. Analysis. These burials are characterized not only by dead-drops under an individual mound but also by a special inventory, where, except for the swords and arrows, there were also spearheads, two-part bits with rodshaped psalms, and horse bones. At the same time, the synchronic Early Sarmatian complexes found in the burial mounds were left intact. Such partial robbery of the high-status Middle Sarmatians burials is also fixed when expanding the area of the neighboring burial grounds of the Esaulovsky Aksai River basin. This observation suggests that a group of well-armed nomads with slightly different traditions characteristic of the Middle Sarmatian culture appeared on the studied territory occupied by the Early Sarmatian population at the turn of the era. Migrants who founded their cemeteries in the floodplain of the Esaulovsky Aksai River aroused the anger of the local Sarmatian groups, which led to the burials desecration of the aliens. Results. We can assume that at the end of the 1st century BC and the beginning of the 1st century AD, in the Don-Volga interfluve, there was a struggle for control over an important transit zone, as indirectly evidenced by a significant number of prestigious imported items discovered in the burials of the investigated territory. Key words: Early Sarmatians, Middle Sarmatians, burial, robbery of burials, Don-Volga interfluve.

Inflammatory diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses provoked by fungal contamination have been on the rise over the past decades. The cause of infection, according to the literature, is more often accidental ingestion of filling material, fragments of teeth and small parts of the implant into the sinuses, followed by fungal contamination. Diagnosis of fungal sinusitis, as a rule, is not difficult, but if the use of modern technological capabilities of research and differential analysis is refused or ignored, the verification of the diagnosis may be erroneous and the routing of the patient will not be determined correctly. In the context of early diagnosis and timely treatment of inflammatory diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses, of course, a brief historical overview reflecting the importance of the existing problem will be useful for doctors, and the given clinical example will largely help to avoid mistakes.

A new era in the treatment of acute pneumonia (AP) began with the introduction of antibiotics into medical practice. The first successes of the use of new drugs were accompanied by a gradual simplification of views on the nature of AP with an emphasis on the characteristics of the pathogen and its suppression. A huge layer of scientific materials that allow us to understand the features of the development and course of inflammatory processes in the lungs, remained unclaimed. The focus on the etiology of the disease has led to a distorted view of its mechanisms and an exaggerated diagnosis of septic complications that do not have a reasoned confirmation. The current pandemic with a large number of COVID-19 pneumonias has radically changed the etiology of AP and deprived practical medicine of conventional treatment regimens. The unpreparedness of modern medicine for such a challenge and the preservation of the previous ideology of the disease are the reason for a radical revision of the AP doctrine.

The oil refining industry has an important position in the Russian economy. However, most of the country’s oil refineries have outdated production capacities of tank farms for storing oil, and the issue of emissions from Russian refineries is a research gap in this area. The aim of this study was to identify the dynamics of changes in the amounts of emissions from tank farms for oil storage in Russian refineries. A study period from 2008 to 2018 was considered. The contributions of this study include the development of methods for estimating emissions for the regions. In this study, an approach was developed that, based on the existing expressions of the unified methodology, allows us to estimate the emissions of tank farms at a regional scale.The results showed that the greatest emissions occurred in the Volga Federal District. The volume of emissions from that region exceeded the total emissions of the next three districts: the Central, Siberian, and Northwestern Federal Districts of Russia. The largest growth rate of emissions was demonstrated by the refineries of the Southern Federal District, exceeding those of the Central, Siberian, and Northwestern Federal Districts during the study period. In the Far Eastern and Ural federal districts of the country, annual emissions were much lower. During the study period, the total accumulated emissions exceeded 2.5 million tons; therefore, the country needs to carry out work to modernize the tank farms of oil refineries in accordance with the proposed direction.

Oil is an important product in the world energy sector, while its refinement has a significant impact on the development of the world economy. Europe’s is among the leading oil refinement sectors worldwide. Therefore, developing European refineries’ capacity is an important political and economic objective. The purpose of this study is to identify trends in refining capacities in European regions. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to develop a methodology to assess oil refinement capacities, study their dynamics in European regions, determine the of European states’ contributions to the capacities, identify trends in the concentration of states’ capacities, assess the impact of COVID-19, and forecast the development of the capacities based on the trends. The period for the study is 2005–2020.The results show that during the period, Germany, Italy, France, and Spain led all European countries in refining capacity. The Gini and Herfindahl–Hirschman indices show a decreasing concentration trend and a more even distribution of capacity across Europe. During the period, the shares of the total European refining capacity were approximately 50%, 30%, and 20% for the North, South, and West regions, respectively. The impact of COVID-19 on the European oil refining capacity in terms of volume was assessed by comparing the total capacities in 2019 and 2020. If the rate of change in refining capacity remains at the level highlighted in the period, a 20% decrease (relative to the 2005 capacity volumes) may occur in the West and South regions by 2027, while the same 20% decrease may occur in the North region by approximately 2043.

The article takes into account the technological structure according to the structure of the formation of composite coating layers on the substrate surface, consisting of an adhesive layer, which is a CuMnCo solder, and an essentially functional layer based on alloys with thermoelastic alloys of TiNiZr compounds, using high-speed flame spraying technologies. Warehousing by processing the substrate with a composite coating with high-frequency currents (HFC), thin heating of the coating and the surface of parts to the melting temperature of the CuMnCo adhesive layer (T = 1030˚C). results of studying the structure and results of elemental analysis of a substrate with a layered composite coating in three zones: substrate; adhesive layer; functional layer after HFC processing. The structure of the interface between the layers and the adhesion line of the coating/substrate, as well as the line of destruction as a result of a combination of their residual traces after HFC treatment. Purpose is to justify the use of a high-temperature solder composition for adhesion between the substrate and the dense coating thickness. Methodology of the work contains according to the technology of soldering ceramic plates on the body of the cutter, there was a cosmetic solder composition as an adhesive layer on the experimental sample, after some thin sample was treated with HFC. Results. Recommendations on the selection of the composition of the solder and the technology of application and processing of HFC for the adhesive layer for various materials of the substrate and the functional layer and coating were present. Practical implications. Technology is an increased adhesive strength of surfaces with parts, which in turn expands the scope of the thermal spraying technology and can be applied to its type.

Introduction. The article presents the results of the study of two burials of the 4th century BC with snakes from the Lyatoshinka burial ground in the Volgograd Transvolga region. Methods and materials. In the process of investigation, an interdisciplinary approach was used with the inclusion of a typological method, the method of analogies and cross-dating, methods of craniological research (craniometry and cranioscopy), as well as methods for analyzing skulls pathological states. Ethnographic data were used to draw conclusions about semantics. The sources of the study are the paired burials 8 and 10 of kurgan 5 of the Lyatoshinka burial ground and three female skulls. Analysis. As a result of studying the funeral rite and elements of material culture, both burials were linked to the 4th century BC. The analysis of the anthropological material makes it possible to attribute the craniological type of women to the type of ancient Eastern Caucasoids, which is widely represented in the synchronous materials of the Southern Urals and the Lower Volga region. The morphological feature of this skull group is the presence of traces of deliberate fronto-occipital cranial deformation. The pathological state study of the skulls revealed that all the three women had chronic periodontal disease and severe tooth wear. Results and their discussion. The comprehensive analysis of the features of the funeral rite and grave goods, as well as the presence of traces of artificial cranial deformation, which at that time is very rare, suggests the lifetime function of these three women as female clergy.

Introduction. The paper presents results of the funeral rite and material culture study of the Sauromat time Tau cemetery located on the territory of Western Kazakhstan, and also provides anthropological analysis of the skull discovered there. Methods and materials. An interdisciplinary approach was applied in the course of the study with inclusion of typological, analog and cross-dating methods regarding the funeral rite and material culture examination, methods for studying craniometrical and cranioscopic signs, as well as methods of skull pathology evaluation. The source of the study material as well as the male skull discovery site is burial 1 of kurgan 1 of Tau cemetery. Discussion and results. The funeral rite and clothing inventory data confirms that the burial belongs to Sauromat archaeological culture and, within the chronological framework, could be dated back late 6th – early 5th centuries BC. Furthermore, the funeral rite and weaponry features, including a quiver set with a short sword, attribute this burial to this epoch. Historical and archaeological source analysis suggests that there must have been a cult of the Hand in the Sauromat-Sarmatian society; consequently, the separate interment of the right hand in the examined burial reveals its military trophy origin. The male skull possesses Caucasian features with a weakened horizontal facial profile. The morphological features of the skull from the Tau cemetery have analogies in the synchronous population of Western Kazakhstan, Southern Urals and Lower Volga regions. The skull pathology analysis showed the presence of periodontitis, intravital trauma to the frontal bone, as well as some acute sinusitis signs.

This paper analyses the impact of the armed conflict in Ukraine on the development of the agricultural sector and changes in average prices of agricultural products, and also identifies a possible relationship between changes in prices for agricultural products and financial expenditures for defence needs. The paper also investigates the possible relationship between changes in military spending, gross harvest of cereals and legumes, harvested and threshed area, their yield levels. The study considers how the presence and duration of armed conflict in the country affects: macroeconomic indicators, intensity of hostilities and their localisation in areas of economic activity, gross domestic product (GDP), government expenditures, export-import indicators; household expenditures and domestic investment, consumer and household expenditures. All this, indirectly, has an impact on fluctuations in average prices of products of different sectors of agriculture sold by enterprises. The study takes into account the importance of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, which is a significant part of the country GDP. The dependence of military spending on the size of GDP is the reason for analysing the relationship between the impact of the existing armed conflict on changes in the state of agriculture in Ukraine. One of the results of such actions was also the spending of more money on the purchase of agricultural products to support the defence needs of the state, etc. Therefore, to understand the magnitude of the impact of gross harvest factors, crop yields, and agricultural land volumes on the pricing of agricultural output using the method of statistical equation dependencies, the findings of the relevant analysis can be used as a basis for developing approaches, methods, and techniques to improve crop yields, or – initiate economic development of the country by increasing agricultural crop yields

Introduction. The problem of selecting monuments of the 3rd century BC in the Early Sarmatian culture came into sight during the process of discussing the reasons for the fall of Scythia, when it became clear that the Early Sarmatian funerary monuments in the Northern Black Sea steppes are recorded starting from the 2nd century BC, a hundred years after the alleged destruction. Methods and materials. During the research process the scientists came to the conclusion that there are no imports of the 3rd century BC in the burials of the Lower Volga region and the Southern Urals. Some researchers stated the absence of monuments of this time in the indicated territories, while others continued to search for new approaches. As a result, they proposed the the method of “clamped” dating, which allows us to distinguish a stratum between well-dated complexes of the 4th and 2nd – 1st centuries BC. Analysis. In the course of clarifying the situation in the original Sarmatian territories, some researchers have decided to devide the reference early Sarmatian burial ground Prokhorovka into two groups, not only chronologically, but also culturally. The 3rd century BC became a time separating these groups, elusive according to these authors, not only in the Northern Black Sea region, but also in the Volga-Ural steppes. Opposing this point of view, supporters of the culture of continuous development in the 4th – 1st centuries BC pay attention to the unity of the funeral rite throughout the entire period, and the lack of well-dated imports is explained by crisis phenomena and migration processes, when old contacts with civilizations are crashing and new ones have not yet been established. The discussion that unfolded in the 90s of the 20th century with the accumulation of new materials and clarification of old dates periodically revived, updated with new participants, but the position of opponents has not really changed. The proposed article is devoted to evaluating the arguments of both sides. Results. The method of “clamped” dating is not the most universal, considering the constantly growing database of sources and its corrections. But this method works and many scientists continue to rely on it. A simple statement of the impossibility of identifying monuments of the 3rd century BC, when the existence of the monuments of this time is asserted, seems even more surprising than the assertion of the “hiatus” of the 3rd century BC, in the Volga-Ural steppes region.

The oil production and refining processes are directly dependent on historical and political processes. The world wars of the 20th century were catalysts for the transformation of oil as the main energy resource. The capacity of enterprises in the oil refining industry is important for the development of politics and economies of states because oil products are one of the most sought after goods. Addressing the problem of capacity development for oil resource processing at Russian refineries is a relevant topic to build an effective policy for the distribution of global oil resources. The purpose of this paper is to identify the distribution trends in oil resource refining capacities in Russia. The developed method allows us to determine the dynamics of refining capacities in all regions of the country, establish the contributions of refinery groups to regional and countrywide capacities, and identify trends in the capacity concentrations of refineries and regions. The timeline that was used for the research period is 2009–2019. The results of the study showed increases in processing capacity in all federal districts. By 2019, the Volga Federal District provided the largest annual contribution to the countrywide capacity. The Southern Federal District moved up from the fourth to second position. It was followed by the Siberian, Central, Northwestern, Far Eastern, and Ural Federal Districts. The trends in the distribution capacities across the country indicate the prospect for building additional refineries in the Asian part of Russia. Rosneft was the leader, while Gazprom retained the second position. Independent refiners took the third position in terms of total refinery capacity, with Lukoil in the fourth position. Furthermore, Surgut-NG, Tatneft, Mini refineries, and NOVATEK followed the top four positions. The changes in concentration ratios indicated the increased monopolization of the refinery market. A decisive contribution to this process was due to by Rosneft’s takeover of TNK-BP and Bashneft’s capacities. The changes in regional concentrations were influenced by the changes in processing capacities of the Volga Federal District.

In the modern realities of the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the current issue is the search for ways to create new aerial and ground integrated reconnaissance-strike complexes that are capable of quick reconnaissance and attack of an enemy. However, a reasonable choice of such a system should not create an excessive burden for the state economy in terms of its development, maintenance, and application, and must also have the prospect of timely bringing it to combat readiness. Therefore, this study considers a methodology for substantiating the choice of an optimal option of the reconnaissance-strike complex or system for its use in operations when developing programmes and development plans of the AF of Ukraine. The proposed methodology has an integral criterion for choosing a rational option of a reconnaissance-strike complex, which combines indicators for assessing the efficiency of the combat use of these systems under various conditions, the sufficiency of the state economic capabilities for its creation, maintenance, and use, and assessing the timeliness of its creation and bringing it to combat readiness. The method is based on a mathematical model of game theory. The decision to choose a particular option of the reconnaissance-strike complex occurs in conditions of uncertainty of the combat situation and the volume of tasks that would rely on these systems when performing combat tasks.