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Based on the theory of systems the conceptual model of functioning of the budget Russian Federation system is offered. The budget system is considered as the big diffusion system consisting of 85 social and economic subsystems. The analysis of profitable and account parts of the consolidated budget Russian Federation is carried out. Also the conceptual model of financial and economical activity of the territorial subject of the Russian Federation is offered. Financial and economic activities of two territorial subjects of the Russian Federation are researched.

Based on the theory of systems the conceptual model of functioning of the budget Russian Federation system is offered. The budget system is considered as the big diffusion system consisting of 85 social and economic subsystems. The analysis of profitable and account parts of the consolidated budget Russian Federation is carried out. Also the conceptual model of financial and economical activity of the territorial subject of the Russian Federation is offered. Financial and economic activities of two territorial subjects of the Russian Federation are researched.

The purpose of the study is to justify the use of the invariance property of the index method to study the change in the structure of tax revenues of Russian regions in the period from 2017 to 2021. The object of the study is eighty-five regions of the Russian Federation, and the subject is their financial and economic activities. Data from Rosstat and the Russian Federation’s FTS were used for the analysis. To date, the index method is actively used in the conduct of economic analysis at the macro- and meso-levels. The novelty of the study is that only the authors of the article on the basis of indices monitor the state of activity of the regions of the country, based on their tax revenues. The quantitative analysis is implemented using the statistical processing and data visualization functions of the R programming language. The intersubjective comparison was done to identify areas that require financial and economic transformation to improve the activities of the country’s regions. The comparison is made not only for one time, but also in dynamics. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the proposed tax income effectiveness index is an invariant indicator, independent of time and changes in the amount of tax income. It follows from the stationarity of the considered feature that the index values for 2017–2021 can be combined into a single homogeneous statistical aggregate. It was concluded that the index of effectiveness could be used as a grouping feature for the classification of Federation entities. The methodology developed can allow to intensify the socio-economic growth of the regions, indicating points requiring changes. In this regard, the results of the analysis can be useful to: the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation for the development of financial and tax policy; the Ministry of Economic Development and administrations of the subjects of the Russian Federation, indicating the economic zones of regions that need to be improved; to representatives of the business community when conducting economic analysis of regions.

The main problem of breast reconstruction after a mastectomy is the complete destruction of all structural elements of the breast and the lack of integumentary tissues that do not allow carrying out one-stage breast reconstruction. To solve this problem, usually performing a two-stage reconstruction, which today is the most commonly used method of breast reconstruction. The peculiarity of this method is that after removal of the expander, during the second stage of reconstruction, some retraction of the skin and a decrease in the area of the prepared skin cover are observed. Thus, after installing a permanent implant and suturing the surgical wound, the skin sheath is tightened around the installed endoprosthesis, while the greater the retraction of the skin, the more pronounced the tension appears and, accordingly, the load on the sutured wound increases. As a result, the risks of developing diastasis of the wound edges with the exposure of the endoprosthesis increase, which leads to the need to remove the implant. Therefore, when carrying out the second stage of breast reconstruction, a very important moment of the operation is the suturing of the postoperative wound, the competent implementation of which allows the prevention of implant extrusion.

The scientific ideas and contribution of Professor A.P. Iofinov to the development of agricultural science remain relevant in our time. The paper emphasizes Professor August Pavlovich Iofinov’s pivotal role in the exploration of quality management and the modeling of technological processes for agricultural machines. The scientific concepts introduced by A.P. Iofinov continue to hold significance in contemporary times. Their development and application contribute to improving the operational capabilities of agricultural machinery and bolstering the overall efficiency of the agricultural industry. (Research purpose) The study seeks to consolidate historical and scientific materials about the activities of professor A.P. Iofinov and the creation of a scientific school under his leadership at the Department of Agricultural Machinery of the Bashkir State Agrarian University. (Materials and methods) The establishment and evolution of the scientific school are examined through the problem-chronological method. Scientific issues articulated by Professor A.P. Iofinov, are presented chronological sequence of their progression, moving from hypothesis to practical testing and eventual generalization in scientific works. (Results and discussion) The paper chronicles the founding and progression of the scientific school affiliated with the Department of Agricultural Machines at the Bashkir State Agrarian University, guided by Professor A.P. Iofinov. The established scientific school delved into significant research domains, including the statistical dynamics of agricultural machinery, quality management of agricultural machinery, modeling of technological processes, and yield forecasting. At present, these research areas are experiencing renewed development, with new tasks being formulated to align with contemporary trends and the latest achievements in science and technology. (Conclusions) Professor A.P. Iofinov’s works and his scientific school have given rise to the development of new algorithms and computer programs essential for automating the control processes of agricultural machinery and forecasting yields. Furthermore, they have played a crucial role in the creation of digital twins for agricultural machines, based on models of technological processes. This advancement significantly enhances the precision and efficiency in resource utilization, improves the quality of work, and boosts productivity in agriculture.

Efficiency of economic activity of 85 regions of the Russian Federation is analyzed in this article. The purpose of the research is assessment the interregional inequality of the Russian regions. The analysis was based on the total tax revenues collected within all the Russian regions. The research was based on methods of analysis and synthesis, analogy and generalization, comparison and comparison, induction and deduction, economic-mathematical and statistical methods of estimation of income inequality. For its implementation, coefficients and indices were used: Lorentz, Ginny, Robin Hood, Theil, Atkinson, and Herfindahl-Hirschman. Part of the analysis was performed in the analytical module of the information system “Taxes of the Russian Federation”. Based on the Russian Federation subjects’ economic activity model, it is concluded that the total tax revenues collected on regions reflect the effectiveness of its functioning. A more accurate picture is described with the quotient of the tax revenues’ division by the labor resources engaged in their creation. Based on the methods used and data provided by the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation and Rosstat, was made of the uniformity of tax revenue collection among 85 subjects of the Russian Federation in the period from 2015 to 2020, all applied coefficients and indices were calculated. Using the share of employed population and tax revenues, the Lorenz curves and size diagrams (box plot) for the ratio of these shares (r) in the period under consideration are constructed and the emissions (outlier) in the distribution of tax revenues are determined. The dynamics of tax revenues and their variation are estimated. The obtained values of inequality indicators and indices showed that the distribution of tax revenues among 85 regions of the Russian Federation is uneven. Simultaneously, this situation is evident throughout the period under review. The subjects whose tax income values can be attributed to outliers have been identified. It is concluded that the problem of uneven development of regions of the country is traced through centuries. A way out of this situation is to use differentiated financial and tax policies in relation to different regions of the country.

This article focuses on assessing the quality of information based on the Bayes network to justify the effectiveness of internet technology in providing traffic safety in rail transport, while issuing speed reduction alerts. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were completed: technological schemes of data transmission and reception systems “P”, “Sh”, “E” “L”, “D” of rail transport network enterprise were presented; a Bayes network was formed, the probabilities of events were determined; conditional probabilities of control phenomena were determined. An existing and proposed system of issuing and cancelling warnings on Uzbekistan Railways has been studied. An evaluation based on the Bayes network has been carried out to justify efficiency in terms of data quality. One plot with a train serving intermediate stations was chosen conditionally. The transmission of alerts to these trains was carried out with two different systems. Technological operations are reduced to probabilistic relations. The model identifies a control event in four for comparison. The results showed the reliability of existing monitoring system data lower than suggested. This is due to the connection of the existing transmission system with each other, which allows the OBAUT system to control that all data is simultaneously transmitted and the transmitted data is received, regardless of the previous data. In addition, the level of subjective interventions for information transmission is also significantly reduced. OBAUT capabilities are considered much more efficient in terms of data quality, reliability and timely transmission. The widespread use of Information Technology in the network helps to improve the quality of data, and the addition allows you to make quick decisions in the organization of train traffic.

Radial transport of energetic electrons is one of the key processes responsible for the variability of the outer radiation belt. This transport amounts to a violation of the drift motion. One of the mechanisms that can lead to such violation and associated radial transport is drift‐orbit bifurcation. This arises naturally from solar wind compression of the dayside magnetosphere, which results in a local maximum of the field strength at the equator and two off‐equatorial minima at the north and south segments of the field line. Azimuthally drifting, near‐equatorially mirroring electrons can be trapped, bouncing along the field line in either of those minima for a portion of their drift orbit around Earth. Trapping and the ensuing de‐trapping are associated with jumps of the second adiabatic invariant, making the third adiabatic invariant undefined and the drift orbit open. Drift‐orbit bifurcation has been previously investigated for north‐south and dawn‐dusk symmetric configurations of the magnetospheric magnetic field. Here we study the implications of an asymmetry in the drift‐orbit bifurcation due to a large IMF By ${B}_{y}$ field. Using the theory of separatrix crossings in Hamiltonian systems with a slow and a fast variable, we demonstrate that there are geometric (in phase space) jumps of adiabatic invariants due to the asymmetry of the magnetic field configuration. These jumps have magnitudes comparable to the initial invariant magnitudes and are dictated by the topology of the magnetic field. We develop a technique that allows estimation of the jumps in a given magnetic field configuration. We also assess the radial transport expected from asymmetric drift‐orbit bifurcation. We find that such transport can reach ±1 $\pm 1$RE ${\mathrm{R}}_{E}$ (Earth's radius) per drift period, depending on the magnitude of the IMF By ${B}_{y}$. Key Points: We consider asymmetric drift‐orbit bifurcation associated with IMF By≠0 ${B}_{y}\ne 0$Asymmetry due to IMF By≠0 ${B}_{y}\ne 0$ results in large (geometric) jumps of the second adiabatic invariant for electrons on bifurcated drift orbitsWe develop a technique to map geometric jumps based on magnetic field configuration, avoiding full tracing of particle guiding‐center motion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider a certain class of anisotropic second-order elliptic equations of divergent type with variable indices of nonlinearities. We examine conditions of the solvability in the whole space [R.sup.n], n > 2. We prove the existence of solutions without restrictions to the growth rate as |x| [right arrow] [infinity]. Keywords and phrases: anisotropic elliptic equation, existence, generalized solution, variable index of nonlinearity, p(x)-Laplacian . AMS Subject Classification: 35J25, 35J62, 35D30, CONTENTS 1. Introduction 48 2. Spaces with Variable Exponents 50 3. Statement of the Result 51 4. Preliminaries 53 5. Proof of the Existence Theorem 56 References 60 1. Introduction [...]

The magnetotail current sheet plays a key role in the dynamics of Earth's magnetosphere. Specifically, the formation and subsequent reconnection of thin (ion‐gyroscale) current sheets are critical components of magnetospheric substorms. However, the precise mechanisms governing the configuration and distribution of current density in these thin current sheets remain elusive. By analyzing a data set consisting of 453 thin current sheet crossings observed by the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission, we explore the statistical properties of the ion and electron pressures and current densities, Ji and Je, in the spacecraft rest frame. Using magnetotail flapping and magnetic field measurements to estimate the total current density, J0, we find that it agrees well with the sum of those from direct ion and electron measurements, Ji + Je, respectively. In 65% of thin current sheets, electrons were found to dominate the contribution to the total current density in the spacecraft frame, with a typical dawnward drift velocity of ≳100 km/s. Diamagnetic drifts of electrons and ions estimated from their respective vertical pressure profiles (along the current sheet normal) reveal that the gradient of electron pressure alone cannot fully account for the observed high values of Je/Ji. Counter‐intuitively, for most (52% of) thin current sheets the electron vertical pressure profile is wider than the ion pressure profile, again suggesting that electron diamagnetism is an insufficient contributor to the current density at such sheets. These findings suggest the presence of a significant E × B dawnward drift that the electrons can fully acquire but ions cannot, being partially unmagnetized. We compare our results with those previously reported for the near‐Earth magnetotail and discuss them in the context of magnetotail current sheet modeling. Key Points: We compare the contribution of electrons and ions to the total current density estimated from the flapping motion of the CSs at −60REIn 65% of thin current sheets, electron carriers dominate the total current at the spacecraft rest frameThe diamagnetic drift associated with the pressure gradient of electrons, alone, is insufficient to explain the observed electron currents [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the prospects of developing significant world reserves of high-viscosity oil. Its production requires specific equipment and technologies, selection of efficient equipment, as well as a special approach in its operation. At the same time it is necessary to take into account the influence of high viscosity on the main characteristics of pumps and on the operating conditions of the equipment in the well. The reasons for unstable operation of the ESP at start-up after long stops are described. The methods of recalculation of characteristics of pumps for oil production of common design are offered. Some results of researches of such pumps on viscous liquid and recommendations on calculation of a flowing part are provided. The possibilities of pumps with open impeller stages and with increased shaft speeds are determined. Additional reasons for decreasing the characteristics of the pump on the viscous fluid, results of the test of stage assembly with measurement of average circumferential components of flow rates at different viscosity of the pumped fluid are given. The possibility of using helico-axial pumps is also considered. Application of modern programs and methods of equipment selection and operation, ESP rotor speed regulation, liquid temperature regulation in tubing and automation of the whole oil production process is recommended. Possible design changes of the ESP in the process of tubing production for the purpose of increasing their efficiency in comparison with the serial pumps are specified. The article can be useful for specialists in design, selection and operation of equipment for high-viscosity oil production.

Assessing the quality of automated systems is a very difficult task. This article uses a factor graph and a message passing algorithm to evaluate the quality of the output of the automated local work management system (ALWMS). The proposed evaluation method makes it possible to take into account the impact of each element of the system on the output data.

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the quality of data based on the Bayesian network to justify the effectiveness of the Internet of Things technology in monitoring railway rolling stock. To achieve this, performed the following tasks: presented technological schemes for monitoring railway rolling stock; built Bayesian network; created probability tables; determined conditional probabilities of control events. The existing and proposed railway rolling stock monitoring systems in the Republic of Uzbekistan are investigated. To justify the effectiveness in data quality, made an evaluation based on the Bayesian network. Conditionally selected one section with a train that serves intermediate stations. Two systems monitor this train's railcars: the Automated operational transport management system (AOTMS) and the Automatic control system for rolling stock and containers (ACSRSC). Technological operations transformed into probabilistic relations. The model defines three control events for comparison. The results showed that the quality of data of the existing monitoring system is lower than that of the proposed one. It is due to the dependence on the transfer of information among themselves to the AOTMS. In the ACSRSC system, all information, regardless of previous information, will be received individually. In addition, the level of subjective interventions for the transfer of information is also significantly reduced. The capabilities of ASMSCS are significantly superior in terms of data quality. Subsequent applications of the Internet of Things technology will help improve the quality of management decision-making in the organization of train traffic.

We present a theoretical analysis of electron pitch-angle scattering by ion-acoustic electrostatic fluctuations present in the Earth's bow shock and, presumably, collisionless shocks in general. We numerically simulate electron interaction with a single wave packet to demonstrate the scattering through phase bunching and phase trapping and quantify electron pitch-angle scattering in dependence on the wave amplitude and wave normal angle to the local magnetic field. The iterative mapping technique is used to model pitch-angle scattering of electrons by a large number of wave packets, which have been reported in the Earth's bow shock. Assuming that successive electron scatterings are not correlated, we revealed that the long-term dynamics of electrons is diffusive. The diffusion coefficient depends on the ratio $\varPhi _0/W$ between the wave packet amplitude and electron energy, $D\propto (\varPhi _0/W)^{\nu }$. A quasi-linear scaling ($\nu \approx 2$) is observed for sufficiently small wave amplitudes, $\varPhi _0\lesssim 10^{-3}W$ , while the diffusion is nonlinear ($1) above this threshold. We show that pitch-angle diffusion of ${\lesssim }1$  keV electrons in the Earth's bow shock can be nonlinear. The corresponding diffusion coefficient scales with the intensity $E_{w}^{2}$ of the electrostatic fluctuations in a nonlinear fashion, $D\propto E_{w}^{\nu }$ with $\nu , while its expected values in the Earth's bow shock are $D\sim 0.1\unicode{x2013}100$ $(T_{e}/W)^{\nu -1/2}\,{\rm rad}^{2}\,{\rm s}^{-1}$. We speculate that in the Earth's quasi-perpendicular bow shock the stochastic shock drift acceleration mechanism with pitch-angle scattering provided by the electrostatic fluctuations can contribute to the acceleration of thermal electrons up to approximately 1 keV. The potential effects of a finite perpendicular coherence scale of the wave packets on the efficiency of electron scattering are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetotail current sheet's (CSs) spatial configuration and stability control the onset of magnetic reconnection ‐ the driving process for magnetospheric substorms. The near‐Earth CS has been thoroughly investigated by numerous missions, whereas the midtail CS has not been adequately explored. This is especially the case for the long‐term variation of its configuration in response to the solar wind. We present a statistical analysis of 1261 magnetotail CS crossings by the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission orbiting the moon (X ∼ −60 RE), collected during the entirety of Solar Cycle 24. We demonstrate that the magnetotail CS typically remains extremely thin, with a characteristic thickness comparable to the thermal ion gyroradius, even at large distances from Earth's dipole. We also find that a substantial fraction (∼one quarter) of the observed CSs have a partially force‐free magnetic field configuration, with a significant contribution of the magnetic field shear component to the pressure balance. Further, we quantify the impact of the changing solar wind driving conditions on the properties of the midtail around the lunar orbit. During active solar wind driving conditions, we observe an increase in the occurrence rate of thin CSs, whereas quiet solar wind driving conditions seem to favor the formation of partially force‐free CSs. Key Points: We present a statistical analysis of magnetotail current sheets (CSs) collected by the ARTEMIS mission during 11 years of observations at ∼60RE downtailWe observe a large population (∼56%) of ion‐kinetic scale CSs and a smaller population of partially force‐free CSs (∼24%)We discuss the relationship between CS properties and solar wind driving conditions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a methodology for determining quantitative indicators of the quality of documents of station commercial reporting SCR. The attributes of the document quality components are described. The relations between the documents are determined, while the direct and indirect relations for subsequent documents are revealed. To quantify the quality of the documents SCR proposed methodology consists of the following stages: determination of quality characteristics of documents SCR; determine the methods and procedures for measuring and evaluating the selected quality characteristics; quantitative assessment of quality characteristics using the proposed methods. To substantiate the adequacy of the research results based on the theory of a dynamic probabilistic loaded graph, a model of a dynamic probabilistic technological process is developed.

The hypothesis of the study consists of the detailed consideration of the process of accumulation of wagons, taking into account the arrival of individual groups of wagons, determination of options for freight trains with a fixed train schedule and substantiation of analytical dependencies that determine the cost of wagon-hours for accumulating trains and obtaining new scientific results on this basis. Their practical use will make it possible to more accurately and reasonably normalize the idle time of cars under accumulation, as well as to clarify the methodology for calculating the train formation plan. The research methodology is based on existing methods and methods of forming freight trains for a rational way of implementing the train schedule. Results of the study: the methods of standardizing the idle time of cars under accumulation were stated, the regulations of idleness of cars at the sorting yard were clarified, and options for optimizing the plan for the formation of trains were proposed.