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The results of studies on determination of the total chemical composition, amino acid, fatty acid composition and their balance for two prototypes of boiled-smoked sausages manufactured in accordance with the requirements of the new state standard are presented. It was found that the samples of sausages are characterized by high quality protein and its good balance in amino acid composition, which allows us to consider them as a source of complete protein. From the viewpoint of the biological value of fats, a low degree of balance is noted, expressed in the increased content of saturated fatty acids with respect to unsaturated ones. In addition, it was noted that a sample with a lower calorie content was superior in protein content and its contribution to total calorie content, protein: fat ratio in relation to optimal, in the content of individual amino acids, but inferior in overall amino acid balance.

The local electron temperature measurements with the double electric probe in the compression zone are presented. Electric probes make it possible to measure the electron temperature with a reasonably good spatial resolution. Double electric probe application for electron temperature measurements in the dense self-compressed plasma stream is discussed. We have shown experimentally that the electric probe operates in a diffusion regime.

Aim. To conduct the analysis of dynamics of the rates of mortality from the coronavirus infection and vaccination of the population from SARS-CoV-2 in Israel, Sweden, Ukraine and Japan. Materials and methods. The statistical data on SARS-CoV-2 mortality rates and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rates were studied. General theoretical, epidemiological and mathematical-statistical methods of the scientific analysis and search were used. Results. The analysis of the statistical data on mortality rates from SARS-CoV-2 and the level of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in Israel, Sweden, Ukraine and Japan was performed. The main characteristics of the dynamics of changes in these indicators in the above countries were determined. It was found that the highest mortality rates from SARS-CoV-2 were observed in Sweden, and the lowest in Japan. In turn, the most dynamic process of vaccination of the population developed in Israel. At the same time, such countries as Ukraine and Japan were characterized by the lowest vaccination coverage. Conclusions. At the moment, many countries, regardless of their level of socio-economic development, are characterized by different rates of mortality from the coronavirus infection and the consequences of its development.

The features of the modern technological process of manufacturing boiled-smoked sausages, including depending on the method of preparation of raw meat, on the type and diameter of the shell, the presence of secondary smoking, are studied. In industrial conditions, the established optimal heat treatment modes were tested according to two schemes, depending on the presence of secondary smoking. Investigations of quality and safety indicators of manufactured samples. Based on the studies, a standard technological instruction for the manufacture of cooked smoked sausages according to the state standard is being developed.

This paper reports the findings of our recent experiments on the evaluation of the external axial magnetic field effect on the discharge parameters of a magnetoplasma compressor (MPC). The discharge-voltage characteristics were obtained for varied magnitudes of an external axial magnetic field produced by a solenoid installed on the accelerating channel. Present experiments were carried out with helium (at the initial pressures of 2 and 10 Torr) and argon (at the initial pressure of 1 Torr) as working gases at different initial voltages. The external magnetic field varied up to 0.4 T. The discharge-voltage characteristics can be altered by the magnitude of the external magnetic field, as well as by the geometrical properties of an accelerating channel.

Максименко О. П., Самохвал В. М., Марченко К. К. Исследование износа карбидовольфрамових валков проволочного блока. Обработка материалов давлением. 2020. № 1 (50). C. 299-306. Целью работы является обоснование возможности применения оптического метода измерения износа валков прокатного стана и изучения особенностей износа карбидовольфрамових валков проводного блока. Для измерения износа поверхности врезов валков использовали оптический метод, согласно которому валок размещают на оптическом стенде между источником света и линзой, в соответствующем врезе валка закрепляют шаблон, зазор между этим шаблоном и изношенной поверхностью вреза валка проецируют на экран и фиксируют изображение зазора цифровой камерой. По результатам статистической обработки многократных измерений износа карбидовольфрамових валков с овальным и круглым калибрами, установлено, что оптический метод обеспечивает точность измерений на уровне ± 0,01 мм. Такой уровень точности вполне приемлемым, поэтому применение оптического метода измерения износа вполне обоснованным. По результатам анализа измерений износа комплекта валков проводного блока определены показатели интенсивности износа врезов валков, которые составляют: для овальных калибров черновых модулей 0,08–0,18 мкм / т и для передчистового модуля М9 0,08–0,1 мкм / т; для круглых калибров черновых модулей 0,02–0,15 мкм / т и для чистовых модулей М8, М10 0,03–0,08 мкм / т. Из анализа контуров износа обнаружено, что для овальных калибров в большинстве случаев наблюдается равномерное распределение износа относительно оси симметрии калибра. Для круглых калибров обнаружено смещение максимального износа от оси симметрии. С визуального анализа изношенных поверхностей врезов калибров установлено, что для твердосплавных валков проводного блока основными механизмами износа является сочетание адгезионного налипание металла, который прокатывается, и абразивному истиранию. Термические повреждения и коррозия для твердосплавных валков проявляется незначительно. Полученные данные могут быть использованы для разработки модели износа карбидовольфрамових валков и для прогнозирования их расходов.

Maksymenko O. P., Orobtsev A. Yu., Samokhval V. M., Shtoda M. M., Marchenko K. K. Methods of research and analysis of wear gauges rolls wire block // Material working by pressure. – 2019. – № 1 (48). – P. 157–162. The study of roll wear as the main working tool in rolling processes remains an urgent task, despite numerous works in this area. The use of new roll materials, providing higher wear resistance, requires additional study of the features of their wear and improvement of methods for measuring wear. In this regard, the purpose of this work is to develop a methodology for the experimental study of roll wear, using the example of a wire block. Experimental studies of the wear of the rolls of the wire block using a hour indicator and optical-light method are performed. Statistical processing of the obtained data confirmed the uniformity of the measurement results and the possibility of applying the optical-light method as more informative. This method allows you to determine the wear on the entire contour of the grooves of rolls. Studies performed during the rolling of a rod of 5.5 mm in diameter using an optical-light method made it possible to establish that the depth of wear of the rolls of the rolls is unevenly distributed and significantly depends on the nature of the change in the average pressure of the metal on the rolls. Gauge of the fourth and fifth stands, where abrasive wear prevails, are most susceptible to development. In the first two stands, osteous wear is observed. The size of the gap between the rolls also has a certain influence on the wear of the roll gauges. With an increase in this gap, the probability of stalling a roll in caliber increases, which is reflected in its development

Pinching plasma flows in an additional axial magnetic are an interesting phenomenon that has many applications in various fields of science and technology. The influence of the external axial magnetic field of 0.24 T on helium plasma flows generated by a plasma accelerator of a magnetoplasma compressor type has been studied. Measurements of the self-generated magnetic field were conducted using different magnetic probes inserted in the plasma flow outside the accelerating channel during the discharge. The data were obtained with and without an external axial magnetic field at different distances from the outlet of the accelerator, taking into account the axial symmetry of the plasma flow. Two-dimensional distributions of the electric current flowing outside the accelerating channel were plotted using the data from the magnetic probe measurements and analyzed. The external axial magnetic field leads to an increase in the magnitude of the self-generated magnetic field in plasma flows and, therefore, changes the spatial distribution of the electric current.

This article is devoted to the study of the role of the question-answer form of writing in the "Writer’s Diary" by F.M. Dostoevsky using automatic text processing programs.

The Western Donbas is a mining-manufacturing region of Ukraine with a potential for increasing coal extraction in the following years. The operation of mines is followed by intense water drainage of highly mineralized ground water which accumulates in tailing ponds, which were built in the ravines without barriers screening the water-containing rocks. The problem of rational usage and protection from contamination and exhaustion of all types of water sources available for practical usage is relevant for the studied region, and all around the world. The development of a fundamental scientific solution to this problem was started in 1986, when a constantly operating mathematical model (COMM) of the changes in hydrogeological conditions of the Western Donbas was developed. The authors were the Pavlohrad Geological-Survey Expedition (PGSE), the Dnipropetrovsk Affiliate of the Institute of Mineral Resources (DAIMR) and the Department of Geology and Hydrogeology of O. Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University. It is a regional, multi-functional, constantly improved hydrogeological project limited in space but without a time limit. The COMM of the Western Donbas, along with the most obvious advantages, has one disadvantage. In spite of its small scale (1:100000) , it provides only a general characteristic of technogenic changes in the ground water regime of the territory and cannot constitute a single scientific basis for developing nature-protection hydrogeologic measures. Therefore,it has been supplemented with mathematical models of the territories adjacent to the local objects of technogenic impact on the ground water. This includes tailing ponds, tailing dams, mining dumps and mine drainage. The first three types of technogenic objects have already been sufficiently studied and described in scientific publications (Eugrashkina , 2011 ; Eugrashkina , 2012; Eugrashkina , 2013; Eugrashkina, 2013). This paper focuses on the mathematical models, changes in hydrogeological conditions under the impact of the fourth factor mine drainage. The first three factors contaminate ground water, the fourth causes decreases in the operational reserves as a result of flow of the fresh water from the upper horizons to the productive dried-out layer.

Прогноз уровенного режима подземных вод – важная и обязательная составляющая комплекса полевых, лабораторных и научных исследований для обоснования оптимальных природоохранных мероприятий гидрогеологической направленности. Классический гидрогеологический прогноз включает решение всех видов фильтрационных задач в соответствии с их классификацией: прямые, инверсные, обратные, индуктивные и обобщенные. Вначале решаются обратная и инверсная задачи. Их результат – обоснование расчетной схемы, определение граничных условий и фильтрационных параметров. На втором этапе рассматриваются варианты индуктивных задач для выбора уравнений, описывающих исследуемые процессы, и соответствующих им аналитических и численных решений, наиболее достоверных в исследуемых условиях. Адекватность выбранного решения реальным условиям подтверждается результатами эпигнозного расчёта путем сопоставления его с режимными наблюдениями. На основе выполнения всех названных действий обоснованно доказано, что для прогноза уровенного режима оползнеопасных территорий, примыкающих к балкам, оптимальными в методическом и научном аспектах признаны две схемы – предельного или максимального подъёма и полуплоскость в полуограниченном пласте. Здесь рассматриваются участки, схематизированные по первой схеме. Исследования завершаются решением прямой задачи – определения величины подъема уровня с учетом испарения с их поверхности. Рассмотрены также аварийные ситуации с образованием и растеканием техногенных бугров.

The definition of infiltration nutrition is an important and compulsory component of the complex prognostic hydrogeological task.Adequacy of mathematical models of changes in hydrogeological conditions of technogenically disturbed territories depends on a number of factors.Namely, from the accuracy of the quantitative evaluation in time and space of all the regimen-forming factors also from infiltration nutrition. This quantity in the Poisson-type and more complex filter equations is present as a free constant term and is interpreted as a boundary condition of the second kind over the groundwater level. In accordance with known classifications, its definition refers to the scientific category "inverse problems". Practical experience of the leading hydrogeologists of Ukraine shows that the most effective methods of its determination, in which the initial data are multi-year observations in time and space. The article reviews the existing methods with author's examples of their application with a minimum of initial information under simple hydrogeological conditions, to relatively complex ones, taking into account the filtration anisotropy. Developments are proposed with the solution of nonlinear equations with a minimal sufficient amount of initial information. The continuation of these studies will be the solution of the direct hydro-geological problem "Prognosis of the level regime" with an orientation toward landslide areas of the city of Dnipro. In all types of calculations, the regime observations made by KP "Yuzhukrgeologia" and outlined in the background report documents, as well as the hydrogeological parameters determined by the results of pumping out, were used as the initial data. The structure of the work is consistent in style from simple to complex. As a result of the conducted researches, it is recommended to build a new regime observational network. The observational network will include five wells. Three wells will be located along the current line, and three - across the groundwater flow. Such a network will make it possible to study in greater detail the change in the groundwater table and obtain the most reliable data. All the methods considered are applicable for determiningthe magnitude of infiltration feeding in the study area according to the data of regime observations. After carrying out the research, it can be concluded that the methods described are suitable for solving the stated problems without limitations in the regime observations. The methods presented are in good agreement with each other. This is a confirmation of high reliability. Infiltration nutrition in different years has positive and negative values. In the multi-year section, the value in the sum is positive. This ensures a very slow rise in the water table.

The spectroscopic technique used to measure the parameters of the plasma jets generated in the plasma focus discharge and those of the plasma of the immobile gas through which these jets propagate is described. The time evolution of the intensities and shapes of spectral lines in experiments carried out with helium at the PF-3 facility was studied by means of electron-optical streak cameras. The plasma electron temperature, T ≈ 4–5 eV, was determined from the intensity ratio of two spectral lines, one of which (λ1 = 5876 A) belongs to neutral helium, while the other (λ2 = 4686 A), to hydrogen-like helium ions. The plasma density at different time instants was determined from the Stark broadening of these lines in the electric fields of different nature. The plasma density is found to vary from 4 × 1014 to 2 × 1017 cm−3.

The method of minimizing of working organs specific action on soil structure was proposed. Its advantages are visibility, possibility to include practically all constructive parameters of tillage tools into optimization model, direct target function control.

The features of plasma energy transfer to material surfaces during plasma–surface interactions (PSIs) in the presence of a strong magnetic field are investigated within the recently developed quasi-stationary plasma accelerator, QSPA-M. This novel PSI test-bed facility can reproduce edge localized mode (ELM) impacts, both in terms of heat load and particle flux to the surface, and provide plasma transportation in an external magnetic field, which mimics the divertor conditions. Investigations of energy transfer to the material surface have been performed for varied plasma heat load and external magnetic field values. Calorimetry, optical emission spectroscopy and high-speed imaging were applied for PSI characterization. For perpendicular plasma incidence, it has been shown that the transient plasma layer is formed in front of the surface by the stopped head of the plasma stream even for rather small plasma heat loads, which do not result in surface melting. The plasma density in this near-surface layer is much higher than in the impacting stream. It leads to the arisen screening effect for energy transfer to the surface. For B = 0, the thickness of the screening layer is less than 3 cm, but it increases to 15 cm when B = 0.8 T. The shielding effect due to the formation of a dense plasma layer in front of the exposed surface should be favorable for material performance, being important for decreasing the overall erosion of plasma-facing components during a large number of repetitive ELMs.

Results from experimental studies of extreme UV (EUV) radiation from the compression zone of a magnetoplasma compressor (MPC) operating with xenon are presented. Two MPC operating modes that differ in the method of xenon injection into the discharge were studied. It is shown that EUV radiation in the wavelength range of 5–80 nm is emitted from the compression zone. In the MPC operating mode with local xenon injection directly into the compression zone surrounded by helium plasma, the radiation power reaches it peak value of 16–18 kW in the wavelength range of 12.2–15.8 nm.

Results from experimental studies of a compact magnetoplasma compressor designed for operation with heavy gases are presented. The integral characteristics of the discharge and the energy contents and other parameters of the generated xenon plasma streams are determined.

The paper presents experimental investigations of plasma-surface interaction and materials behavior under plasma loads relevant to type I ITER ELMs. The experiments were performed with quasi-statio...

The paper reports on space- and time-resolved spectroscopic measurements performed during the interaction of an intense laser pulse (0.7 J, 2 ns) with a tungsten target, which was located inside a vacuum chamber. The optical spectra were recorded with a Mechelle®900 optical spectrometer and a CCD camera coupled with a computer equipped with the GRAMS32-v.6.0 software. Spectral lines emitted by excited tungsten atoms and single-charged tungsten ions were identified and analyzed. Using a two-step procedure for fitting the line profile, it was possible to estimate parameters of a tungsten plasma plume formed in the front of the investigated target. The appearance of the tungsten ions was also confirmed by measurements performed with an electrostatic ion-energy analyzer.

The paper presents results of recent experiments, as performed with the PF-1000 and PF-6 Plasma-Focus facilities, which were aimed at investigation of the correlation between processes of the irradiation of different materials of fusion devices and results of this irradiation. Among the irradiated samples there were pure tungsten, tantalum, copper, aluminum, and alloys, based on these metals, various steels, carbon and carbon-based materials, which are designed for plasma facing components or constructional parts of future thermonuclear reactors of the inertial- and magnetic-confinement types. The corpuscular radiation consisted of high-energy (E D>100 keV) deuterium ion beams and fast (v str ≥ 107 cm/s) deuterium-plasma streams. They were investigated by a number of methods with spatial and temporal resolution. Particular attention was paid to the verification of diagnostic techniques, which might be used for time- and space-resolved studies of the interaction process. Correlation of these data with information obtained from subsequent analytical investigation of some of the irradiated specimens, as performed by means of a number of methods typical for material sciences, gives possibility to deduce physical mechanisms of the deuterium implantation and radiation damage of the investigated materials in dependence on the conditions of their irradiation.

Discharge characteristics and parameters of plasma streams generated by magnetoplasma compressor (MPC) of compact geometry with conical-shaped electrodes and pulsed gas supply are studied for different operation regimes. The current — voltage characteristics of the discharge and dependencies of plasma stream velocity on discharge current are analyzed. It is shown that Ud(Id) ∼ aIdb, where b depends on mass flow rate of working gas and time delay between start of gas supply and discharge switching on. Optimal operation regimes are characterized by b ∼ 3. The high-speed imaging the plasma discharge and compression dynamics is carried out in frame-by-frame regime with different absorption optical filters. Spectroscopy measurements of plasma density and electron temperature in compression region of MPC have been performed on the base of Stark broadening of spectral lines and intensities ratio in visible wave-range. Efficiency of MPC operation with nitrogen and xenon gases and influence of the kind of working gas on parameters of compression region are analyzed.

The paper reports spectroscopic studies of high-current PF-type discharges. Experiments within the large PF-1000 facility (operated at IPPLM in Warsaw) were aimed on temporal and spatial measurements of the plasma electron density by spectroscopic methods. To study visible-radiation (VR) emission characteristics of various PF-discharges a MECHELLE®900-type spectrometer was used. Measurements were performed at different distances from the electrode outlet. The linear Stark-broadening of deuterium Balmer lines, and particularly that of the Dβ (486 nm) line, was used to estimate the electron-concentration during and after the PF-pinch phase. Particular attention was paid to a dense-pinch portion at a distance of 8 cm from the electrode ends. The formation of this dense plasma region was also confirmed by images taken with fast X-ray-and VR-cameras.

The paper presents results of experimental research on the interaction of intense laser-beam (0.7 J, 2 ns) with a tungsten target placed inside an experimental chamber under high-vacuum conditions. Particular attention was paid to the identification of spectral lines belonging to WI and WII species in an observed spectrum. The most important parameters of a tungsten plasma plume were estimated using the fitting procedure, as follows: electron temperature values were estimated to obtain a good agreement for the recorded intensities of WI and WII spectral lines separately, and after that the electron density was determined in order to achieve the good agreement between the whole WI and WII spectra recorded in the experiments described. Based on these estimations the evaluations of a mass ablated have been performed. The appearance of the tungsten ions was also confirmed by a series of corpuscular measurements performed means of an electrostatic ion-energy analyzer coupled with the main experimental chamber.

The behavior of pure sintered tungsten under repetitive plasma heat loads of ∼1 MJ/m2 (which is relevant to ITER ELMs) and 25 MJ/m2 (ITER disruptions) is studied with the quasi-steady-state plasma accelerator QSPA Kh-50. The ELM relevant heat loads have resulted in formation of two kinds of crack networks, with typical sizes of 10–20 μm and ∼1 mm, at the surface. Tungsten preheating to 600 °C indicates that fine intergranular cracks are probably caused by thermal stresses during fast resolidification of the melt, whereas large cracks are the result of ductile-to-brittle transition. For several hundreds of ELM-like exposures, causing surface melting, the melt motion does not dominate the profile of the melt spot. The disruption relevant experiments demonstrated that melt motion became the main factor of tungsten damage.

The paper presents experimental investigation of energy characteristics of the plasma streams generated with quasi—steady—state plasma accelerator QSPA Kh-50 and adjustment of plasma paramenters from the point of view its applicability for simulation of transient plasma heat loads expected for ITER disruptions and type I ELMs. Possibility of generation of high-power magnetized plasma streams with ion impact energy up to 0.6 keV, pulse length 0.25 ms and heat loads varied in wide range from 0.5 to 30 MJ/m2 has been demonstrated and some features of plasma interaction with tungsten targets in dependence on plasma heat loads are discussed.

In the reported studies the attention was focused on an analysis of optical spectra of the visible radiation emitted from stainless steel (SS) samples exposed to intense pulses from a ND:YAG laser or pulsed plasma streams produced by a Rod Plasma Injector (RPI) IBIS. Operational regimes of the RPI IBIS facility, which can generate intense deuterium-plasma streams, were studied and corresponding energy fluxes were determined. Optical emission spectra from the laser- or plasma-irradiated SS samples were recorded at different energies supplied. It was proved that intensities of the emitted spectral lines of Fe I and Cr I species depend strongly on deuterium-plasma energy deposited upon the irradiated target.

The results of experimental investigations on self-compressed plasma streams and compression zone formation are presented for varied mass flow rate and initial concentrations of particles of working gas that depend on initial pressure. Experiments were carried out in the Magnetoplasma Compressor (MPC) facility. Space?time distributions of the electric current and electron density in the plasma stream compression region were measured under different experimental conditions. High-speed images of plasma stream dynamics in the MPC accelerating channel with a high temporal resolution were also obtained for different initial pressures. The experimental results show a strong dependence of plasma stream parameters and compression zone location on the initial gas concentration. The maximum electron density is obtained in the range of Ne = (1 ? 5) × 1018 cm?3. Plasma streams have a good radial symmetry under all experimental conditions. The distributions of plasma parameters along the plasma stream flows are discussed.

The paper presents the investigations of parameters of xenon plasma streams generated by magnetoplasma compressor (MPC) of compact geometry with conical-shaped electrodes and pulsed gas supply. Discharge characteristics and dynamics of the plasma streams, generated by MPC in different operation modes are analyzed. First results of Xe plasma radiation measurements in EUV wave range, obtained with AXUV diodes are presented.

The article discusses 15-year experience in the treatment of 280 patients with various forms of rectovaginal fistulas. The choice of the operative method was differentiated on basis of complex appraisal of the etiology of the disease, pronouncement of the cicatricial and inflammatory changes, the level of the communication, relation of the fistula to the sphincter ani, and the functional condition of the rectal obturator apparatus. Most of the patients were subjected to combined interventions--excision of the fistula and local myoplasty (62%). Pyoinflammatory phenomena were the most frequent complications (17.2%) in the immediate postoperative period. The late-term results were studied in 249 patients, recurrent fistulas were found in 10.4% of cases, postoperative sphincter ani incompetence which called for plastic operations was discovered in 2.4% of patients. A differentiated choice of the method of surgical intervention made it possible to reduce in the recent years the frequency of recurrent fistulas from 15.2 to 6.4%, and the postoperative incompetence of the sphincter ani from 4.4 to 2.2%.

The efficiency of electroslag remelting (ESR) and the quality of the remelted steel depend to a large extent on the methods used to obtain the consumable electrodes [1–3]. The MRA has constructed a semicontinuous casting machine to produce consumable electrodes that are either circular in cross section, with a diameter of up to 1 m; square, with dimensions of up to 800 mm a side; or rectangular, with a maximum weight of 45 tons, and a final product yield as high as 96% (Fig. 25.1).

Blood redistribution in blood circulatory beds (the uterus, external genitalia and vagina) and as a whole have been established in exposure to interference currents. Ka index of rheoencephalography may be used as an additional objective criterion of individual sufficiency of physiotherapeutic exposure.

The optimal value of the conversion coefficient for which the error in measuring a parameter will be minimal can be determined for each specific kind of input signal in application to a given parameter to be measured for an input physical quantity (here and henceforth, the optimal value of the conversion coefficient is understood to be the value found from the condition of the minimum of a certain functional).