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The role of the classroom assistant (CA) is considered pivotal in inclusive provision for pupils with additional needs. CAs' support of pupils who have a visual impairment (VI) is greatly underreported in the literature. Scaffolding theory was applied to investigate the role of CAs in supporting pupils who have a VI in mainstream schools in Northern Ireland, UK. Focus groups were conducted with 18 CAs who were embarking on an accredited VI-focused professional development programme. Findings revealed the majority of assistants had received no formal training to work with these pupils although they provided support in a wide range of ways to ensure their educational, social and physical inclusion in school. Although positive aspects of their contribution were described in inclusive terms, challenges were identified that mainly impacted on the participatory options of pupils with VI. Most prominently, minimal access to professional development engendered uncertainty that pupils were being appropriately and effectively supported. Viewed through the lens of scaffolding theory, CAs occupy a predominantly supporting role, with paucity in upskilling opportunities and hierarchical structures limiting further professional progression. More strategic consideration of the CA role could contribute to greater equity of access to education for children with VI.

Abstract Multibeam imaging SONARs have been used for a range of measurement applications, such as measurements of fish lengths. This study aimed to quantify the accuracy of imaging SONAR systems, that varied in frequency and beam geometry, to measure the length of synthetic targets positioned perpendicularly. Blueprint Oculus imaging SONAR systems, with four different (centre) frequencies (750 kHz, 1.2 MHz, 2.1 MHz and 3 MHz), were used to measure the length of three targets of nominal lengths: 10 cm, 20 cm and at ranges between 1 and 15.5 m. The effect of beam geometry on measurement error was then examined using regression analysis. This study found that there was an overestimation of the actual length of the target for all measurements that was inversely proportional to the horizontal beamwidth. The measurement error can be reduced by normalising for beamwidth. However, the variation of measurements (i.e. the precision) was found to also increase with range, which was attributed to the increasing beam separation. It is important that the effect of beamwidth on the accuracy of target length measurements, by imaging SONARs is acknowledged in future studies. One approach to mitigating this problem, is to limit the range at which length measurements are made to a beamwidth that produces an estimated level of error that is acceptable for that study.

Abstract The Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2022 that compared videolaryngoscopy (VL) with direct laryngoscopy (DL) for facilitating tracheal intubation in adults found that all three types of VL device (Macintosh-style, hyper-angulated and channeled) reduced the risk of failed intubation and increased the likelihood of first-pass success. We report the findings of a subgroup re-analysis of the 2022 Cochrane meta-analysis data focusing on the Macintosh-style VL group. This was undertaken to establish whether sufficient evidence exists to guide airway managers in making purchasing decisions for their local institutions based upon individual device-specific performance. This re-analysis confirmed the superiority of Macintosh-style VL over Macintosh DL in elective surgical patients, with similar efficacy demonstrated between the Macintosh-style VL devices examined. Thus, when selecting which VL device(s) to purchase for their hospital, airway managers decisions are likely to remain focused upon issues such as financial costs, portability, cleaning schedules and previous device experience.

Abstract The focus of dark matter searches to date has been on Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) in the GeV/ $$c^2$$ c 2 -TeV/ $$c^2$$ c 2 mass range. The direct, indirect and collider searches in this mass range have been extensive but ultimately unsuccessful, providing a strong motivation for widening the search outside this range. Here we describe a new concept for a dark matter experiment, employing superfluid $$^3$$ 3 He as a detector for dark matter that is close to the mass of the proton, of order 1 GeV/ $$c^2$$ c 2 . The QUEST-DMC detector concept is based on quasiparticle detection in a bolometer cell by a nanomechanical resonator. In this paper we develop the energy measurement methodology and detector response model, simulate candidate dark matter signals and expected background interactions, and calculate the sensitivity of such a detector. We project that such a detector can reach sub-eV nuclear recoil energy threshold, opening up new windows on the parameter space of both spin-dependent and spin-independent interactions of light dark matter candidates.

Invertebrate-derived DNA (iDNA) metabarcoding from carrion flies is a powerful, non-invasive tool that has value for assessing vertebrate diversity. However, unknowns exist around the factors that influence vertebrate detections, such as spatial limits to iDNA signals or if detections are influenced by taxonomic class or estimated biomass of the vertebrates of interest. Using a bulk-collection method, we captured flies from within a zoo and along transects extending 4 km away from this location. From 920 flies, we detected 28 vertebrate species. Of the 28 detected species, we identified 9 species kept at the zoo, 8 mammals and 1 bird, but no reptiles. iDNA detections were highly geographically localized, and only a few zoo animals were detected outside the zoo setting. However, due to the low number of detections in our dataset, we found no influence of the taxonomic group or the estimated biomass of animals on their detectability. Our data suggest that iDNA detections from bulk-collected carrion flies, at least in urban settings in Australia, are predominantly determined by geographic proximity to the sampling location. This study presents an important step in understanding how iDNA techniques can be used in biodiversity monitoring.

Abstract Quantum circuits interact with the environment via several temperature-dependent degrees of freedom. Multiple experiments to-date have shown that most properties of superconducting devices appear to plateau out at T ≈ 50 mK – far above the refrigerator base temperature. This is for example reflected in the thermal state population of qubits, in excess numbers of quasiparticles, and polarisation of surface spins – factors contributing to reduced coherence. We demonstrate how to remove this thermal constraint by operating a circuit immersed in liquid 3He. This allows to efficiently cool the decohering environment of a superconducting resonator, and we see a continuous change in measured physical quantities down to previously unexplored sub-mK temperatures. The 3He acts as a heat sink which increases the energy relaxation rate of the quantum bath coupled to the circuit a thousand times, yet the suppressed bath does not introduce additional circuit losses or noise. Such quantum bath suppression can reduce decoherence in quantum circuits and opens a route for both thermal and coherence management in quantum processors.

Abstract Background There are a variety of costs associated with publication of scientific findings. The purpose of this work was to estimate the cost of peer review in scientific publishing per reviewer, per year and for the entire scientific community. Methods Internet-based self-report, cross-sectional survey, live between June 28, 2021 and August 2, 2021 was used. Participants were recruited via snowball sampling. No restrictions were placed on geographic location or field of study. Respondents who were asked to act as a peer-reviewer for at least one manuscript submitted to a scientific journal in 2020 were eligible. The primary outcome measure was the cost of peer review per person, per year (calculated as wage-cost x number of initial reviews and number of re-reviews per year). The secondary outcome was the cost of peer review globally (calculated as the number of peer-reviewed papers in Scopus x median wage-cost of initial review and re-review). Results A total of 354 participants completed at least one question of the survey, and information necessary to calculate the cost of peer-review was available for 308 participants from 33 countries (44% from Canada). The cost of peer review was estimated at $US1,272 per person, per year ($US1,015 for initial review and $US256 for re-review), or US$1.1–1.7 billion for the scientific community per year. The global cost of peer-review was estimated at US$6 billion in 2020 when relying on the Dimensions database and taking into account reviewed-but-rejected manuscripts. Conclusions Peer review represents an important financial piece of scientific publishing. Our results may not represent all countries or fields of study, but are consistent with previous estimates and provide additional context from peer reviewers themselves. Researchers and scientists have long provided peer review as a contribution to the scientific community. Recognizing the importance of peer-review, institutions should acknowledge these costs in job descriptions, performance measurement, promotion packages, and funding applications. Journals should develop methods to compensate reviewers for their time and improve transparency while maintaining the integrity of the peer-review process.

Abstract The majority of mammalian proteins are glycosylated, with the glycans serving to modulate a wide range of biological activities. Variations in protein glycosylation can have dramatic effects on protein stability, immunogenicity, antibody effector function, pharmacological safety and potency, as well as serum half-life. The glycosylation of therapeutic biologicals is a critical quality attribute (CQA) that must be carefully monitored to ensure batch-to-batch consistency. Notably, many factors can affect the composition of the glycans during glycoprotein production, and variations in glycosylation are among the leading causes of pharmaceutical batch rejection. Currently, the characterization of protein glycosylation relies heavily on methods that employ chromatography and/or mass spectrometry, which require a high level of expertise, are time-consuming and costly and, because they are challenging to implement during in-process biologics production or during in vitro glycan modification, are generally performed only post-production. Here we report a simplified approach to assist in monitoring glycosylation features during glycoprotein engineering, that employs flow cytometry using fluorescent microspheres chemically coupled to high-specificity glycan binding reagents. In our GlycoSense method, a range of carbohydrate-sensing microspheres with distinct optical properties may be combined into a multiplex suspension array capable of detecting multiple orthogonal glycosylation features simultaneously, using commonplace instrumentation, without the need for glycan release. The GlycoSense method is not intended to replace more detailed post-production glycan profiling, but instead, to complement them by potentially providing a cost-effective, rapid, yet robust method for use at-line as a process analytic technology (PAT) in a biopharmaceutical workflow or at the research bench. The growing interest in using in vitro glycoengineering to generate glycoproteins with well-defined glycosylation, provides motivation to demonstrate the capabilities of the GlycoSense method, which we apply here to monitor changes in the protein glycosylation pattern (GlycoPrint) during the in vitro enzymatic modification of the glycans in model glycoproteins.

The A–B transition in superfluid 3He is a pure experimental model system to study first-order phase transitions in the early Universe. Tian et al. observe the path dependence of the supercooling of the A phase in a wide parameter range and provide explanations for the heterogeneous nucleation of the B phase.

Introduction: The safety and effectiveness of prehospital clinical c-spine clearance or spinal motion restriction (SMR) decision support tools are unclear. The present study aimed to examine the available literature on clinical cervical spine clearance and selective SMR decision support tools to identify possible barriers to implementation, safety, and effectiveness when used by emergency medical service (EMS) practitioners. Method: We performed a focused scoping review of published literature on the prehospital use of clinical c-spine clearance and SMR decision tools in adult blunt trauma patients. The Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Turning Research into Practice and EBSCOhost online databases were searched (February 2021). The type of decision support tool and facilitators and barriers to its use were extracted from each included publication in accordance with a modified descriptive-analytical framework. Extracted data were subjected to thematic analysis. Results: Following screening, forty-two articles were included in this scoping review. No studies conducted specifically in low resource settings were found. The majority of articles (57%) evaluated the use of specific SMR decision support tools, such as the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) and the Canadian C-spine Rule (CCR). Potential facilitators of safe and effective use were identified in 60%, and potential barriers to safe and effective use in 55% of included articles. Only one study evaluated the CCR when used by EMS practitioners, making it difficult to determine its appropriateness for implementation in the prehospital setting. Conclusion: This is the first scoping review, to our knowledge, that has attempted to identify the possible barriers and facilitators to their implementation, safety, and effectiveness when used by EMS practitioners. Key issues identified included terminology, guideline compliance and implementation, and a lack of context-specific evidence. These may provide important considerations for future guideline development.

IntroductionCarbon dioxide (CO2) is a critical biological signal that is noxious to many animals at high concentrations. The earthworm Dendrobaena veneta lives in subterranean burrows containing high levels of CO2 and respires through its skin. Despite the ecological and agricultural importance of earthworms, relatively little is known about how they make decisions in their environment, including their response to elevated levels of CO2.MethodsTo examine CO2 detection in this species, we designed the exudate assay, in which we placed an earthworm in a sealed container, exposed it to varying concentrations of CO2 for one minute, and recorded the amount of exudate secreted. Because earthworms excrete exudate in response to noxious stimuli, we hypothesized that the amount of exudate produced was proportional to the amount of irritation. We repeated these experiments after treatment with several blockers for molecules with potential involvement in CO2 detection, including carbonic anhydrases, guanylate cyclase, TRPA1, ASICs, and OTOP channels. We also confirmed the presence of homologous transcripts for each of these gene families in an epithelial transcriptome for D. veneta. Additionally, since organisms often detect CO2 levels indirectly by monitoring the conversion to carbonic acid (a weak acid), we used the exudate assay to evaluate aversion to additional weak acids (formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid).ResultsEarthworms excreted significantly more exudate in response to CO2 in a dosage-dependent manner, and this response was muted by the general carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide, the carbonic anhydrase IX/XII inhibitor indisulam, the calcium channel blocker ruthenium red, the sodium channel blocker amiloride, and the acid-sensing ion channel blocker diminazene aceturate.DiscussionThese data provide evidence of the role of carbonic anhydrase and epithelial sodium channels in earthworm CO2 detection, establish that, similar to other subterranean-dwelling animals, earthworms are extremely tolerant of CO2, and contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms used by earthworms to detect and react to weak acids in their environment.

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a cosmic microwave background survey experiment that includes small-aperture telescopes (SATs) observing from an altitude of 5200 m in the Atacama Desert in Chile. The SO SATs will cover six spectral bands between 27 and 280 GHz to search for primordial B-modes to a sensitivity of σ ( r ) = 0.002, with quantified systematic errors well below this value. Each SAT is a self-contained cryogenic telescope with a 35° field of view, 42 cm diameter optical aperture, 40 K half-wave plate, 1 K refractive optics, and 12,000 transition edge sensor detectors. We describe the nominal design of the SATs and present details about the integration and testing for one operating at 93 and 145 GHz.

Abstract Background Existing sedentary behaviour guidelines for children and youth target overall sedentary behaviour and recreational screen time, without any specific recommendations regarding school-related sedentary behaviours (i.e., sedentary behaviours performed during the school day, or within the influence of school). The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of international evidence-based recommendations for school-related sedentary behaviours for children and youth, led by the Sedentary Behaviour Research Network (SBRN). Methods A panel of international experts was convened by SBRN in November 2020 to guide the development of these recommendations for children and youth aged ~ 5–18 years. The recommendations were informed by 1) age-relevant existing sedentary behaviour guidelines, 2) published research on the relationship between overall sedentary behaviour and health, 3) a de novo systematic review on the relationship between school-related sedentary behaviours and health and/or academic outcomes, and 4) a de novo environmental scan of the grey literature to identify existing recommendations for school-related sedentary behaviours. Draft recommendations were presented to the Expert Panel in June 2021. Following thorough discussion and modifications, updated recommendations were distributed for stakeholder feedback from July 9–26. Feedback was received from 148 stakeholders across 23 countries, leading to additional updates to the recommendations. Following further rounds of discussion and updates with the Expert Panel in August and September 2021, consensus was achieved on the final recommendations. Results A healthy day includes breaking up extended periods of sedentary behaviour and incorporating different types of movement into homework whenever possible, while limiting sedentary homework. School-related screen time should be meaningful, mentally or physically active, and serve a specific pedagogical purpose that enhances learning. Replacing sedentary learning activities with movement-based learning activities, and replacing screen-based learning activities with non-screen-based learning activities, can further support students’ health and wellbeing. Discussion This paper presents the first evidence-based recommendations for school-related sedentary behaviours for children and youth. These recommendations will support the work of parents, caregivers, educators, school system administrators, policy makers, researchers and healthcare providers interested in promoting student health and academic success.

BackgroundRecent studies report that the health benefits of physical activity differ depending on whether the activity is performed in the morning, afternoon or evening. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine whether the timing of physical activity within the 24-hour day is associated with health. MethodsFive databases were searched for English or French language peer-reviewed studies that examined whether the timing of physical activity within the day is associated with health. No limits were placed on publication year, study population, study design or health outcomes. Studies that examined acute effects of physical activity or timing of physical activity around food intake were excluded. ResultsThis systematic review examined 35 studies, with 17 259 participants, and the following health outcomes: measures of sleep health, adiposity, fat-free mass and muscle size, cardiometabolic biomarkers, physical function and mobility, mental health, and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality. Heterogeneity across studies precluded meta-analyses, and we present our findings using narrative syntheses. Of the 35 studies, 11 reported that morning physical activity provides greater health benefits than afternoon/ evening physical activity, while 12 found that morning physical activity provides fewer health benefits than afternoon/evening physical. In the remaining 12 studies, there was no clear difference in health benefits based on the timing of physical activity. The quality of evidence for the different health outcomes across study designs was very low. ConclusionThere is no consistent evidence that physical activity at one time of day provides more favourable health benefits than physical activity at a different time of day. (PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42021231088)

IntroductionPour continuer à éclairer les lignes directrices sur la santé concernant le sommeil ainsi qu’à favoriser l’élaboration d’interventions fondées sur des données probantes en faveur d’un sommeil sain chez les enfants et les adolescents, il est important de mieux comprendre les associations entre l’horaire de sommeil (heure du coucher, heure du lever, point médian du sommeil) et divers indicateurs de santé. L’objectif de la revue systématique dont fait état cet article était d’analyser les associations entre l’horaire de sommeil et neuf indicateurs de santé chez des enfants et des adolescents de 5 à 18 ans apparemment en bonne santé. MéthodologieLes études publiées dans les 10 années précédant janvier 2021 ont été recensées à partir de recherches effectuées dans quatre bases de données électroniques. La revue systématique a été réalisée selon le modèle PRISMA 2020 (Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta‑Analyses) et nous avons évalué la qualité méthodologique et le risque de biais de chaque étude. La synthèse des résultats repose sur une démarche axée sur les meilleurs éléments probants en vue de rapports précis et fiables. RésultatsQuarante-six études observationnelles de 21 pays portant sur 208 992 participants ont été incluses. L’horaire de sommeil a été évalué objectivement au moyen de l’actigraphie dans 24 études et subjectivement dans 22 études. En raison, d’une part, de l’absence d’études quant à certains de nos critères de résultats en matière de santé et, d’autre part, de l’hétérogénéité des études quant à d’autres critères, nous avons effectué une synthèse narrative plutôt qu’une méta-analyse. D’après nos constatations, un horaire de sommeil tardif serait associé à une moins bonne régulation des émotions, à un rendement scolaire et des fonctions cognitives plus faible, à une durée de sommeil plus courte, à une qualité de sommeil plus faible, à des comportements alimentaires moins bons, à des niveaux d’activité physique plus faibles et à des comportements plus sédentaires. Peu d’études ont porté sur les associations entre l’horaire de sommeil et l’adiposité, la qualité de vie et le bien‑être, les accidents/blessures et les biomarqueurs du risque cardiométabolique. En fonction de l’approche GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation), la qualité des données probantes a été jugée « très faible » pour tous les critères de résultats en matière de santé. ConclusionD’après les données probantes disponibles, qui reposent sur des résultats transversaux, un horaire de sommeil précoce est bénéfique pour la santé des enfants et adolescents d’âge scolaire. Des études longitudinales et des essais contrôlés randomisés sont nécessaires pour améliorer nos connaissances dans ce domaine de recherche. (no d’enregistrement dans PROSPERO : CRD42020173585)

IntroductionTo continue to inform sleep health guidelines and the development of evidence-based healthy sleep interventions for children and adolescents, it is important to better understand the associations between sleep timing (bedtime, wake-up time, midpoint of sleep) and various health indicators. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the associations between sleep timing and 9 health indicators in apparently healthy children and adolescents 5 to 18 years old. MethodsStudies published in the 10 years preceding January 2021 were identified from searches in four electronic databases. This systematic review followed the guidelines prescribed in PRISMA 2020, the methodological quality and risk of bias were scored, and the summary of results used a best-evidence approach for accurate and reliable reporting. ResultsForty-six observational studies from 21 countries with 208 992 unique participants were included. Sleep timing was assessed objectively using actigraphy in 24 studies and subjectively in 22 studies. The lack of studies in some of the health outcomes and heterogeneity in others necessitated using a narrative synthesis rather than a metaanalysis. Findings suggest that later sleep timing is associated with poorer emotional regulation, lower cognitive function/academic achievement, shorter sleep duration/ poorer sleep quality, poorer eating behaviours, lower physical activity levels and more sedentary behaviours, but few studies demonstrated associations between sleep timing and adiposity, quality of life/well-being, accidents/injuries, and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk. The quality of evidence was rated as “very low” across health outcomes using GRADE. ConclusionThe available evidence, which relies on cross-sectional findings, suggests that earlier sleep timing is beneficial for the health of school-aged children and adolescents. Longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to better advance this field of research. (PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42020173585)The pandemic has negatively impacted a substantial portion of the Defence Team. When responding to future crises, it is recommended that leaders of organizations provide additional supports to higher-risk groups and to supervisors who are ideally positioned to support employees during challenging times.

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to systematically review the relationship between the timing of sedentary behaviours and access to sedentary activities in the bedroom with sleep duration and quality in children and youth. A secondary purpose was to examine whether these relationships differ when comparing screen-based and non-screen-based sedentary activities. MethodsWe searched four databases for peer-reviewed studies published between 1 January 2010 and 19 January 2021. Risk of bias assessment for each study and certainty of evidence were assessed using the GRADE framework. ResultsWe identified 44 eligible papers reporting data from 42 separate datasets and including 239 267 participants. Evening participation in screen-based sedentary behaviours and access to screen-based devices in the bedroom were associated with reduced sleep duration and quality. Daytime screen use was also associated with reduced sleep duration, although this was examined in relatively few studies. Whether performed during the day or night, non-screen-based sedentary behaviours were not consistently associated with sleep duration or quality. The quality of evidence was rated as low to very low for all outcomes. ConclusionIn order to maximize sleep duration and quality, children and youth should be encouraged to minimize screen time in the evening and remove screens from bedrooms. (PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42020189082)

IntroductionSelon certaines études récentes, les bienfaits de l’activité physique pour la santé diffèrent selon que l’activité est pratiquée le matin, l’après-midi ou le soir. Le but de cette revue systématique était de déterminer s’il existe un lien entre, d’une part, le moment choisi pour faire de l’activité physique sur 24 heures et, d’autre part, la santé. MéthodologieNous avons consulté cinq bases de données pour trouver des études évaluées par les pairs, en anglais ou en français, qui visaient à déterminer s’il existe un lien entre le moment choisi pour faire de l’activité physique au cours de la journée et la santé. Aucune limite n’a été imposée pour l’année de publication, la population étudiée, le plan d’étude ou les résultats sur la santé. Nous avons exclu les études qui s’intéressaient aux effets précis de l’activité physique ou du choix du moment pour faire de l’activité physique en fonction de la prise d’aliments. RésultatsCette revue systématique a porté sur 35 études réalisées auprès de 17 259 participants et sur les résultats sur la santé suivants : santé du sommeil, adiposité, masse musculaire et taille des muscles, biomarqueurs cardiométaboliques, fonctionnalité physique et mobilité, santé mentale et risque de maladies cardiovasculaires, de cancer et de décès. L’hétérogénéité des études a rendu impossibles les méta-analyses, et nous présentons nos résultats à l’aide de synthèses narratives. Sur les 35 études examinées, 11 ont révélé que l’activité physique est davantage bénéfique pour la santé si elle est pratiquée le matin que si elle est pratiquée l’après-midi ou le soir, tandis que 12 ont déterminé que l’activité physique est moins bénéfique pour la santé si elle est pratiquée le matin que si elle est pratiquée l’après-midi ou le soir. Dans les 12 autres études, il n’y avait pas de différence nette dans les bienfaits pour la santé en fonction du moment choisi pour faire de l’activité physique. Dans l’ensemble des plans d’étude, la qualité des données probantes pour les résultats sur la santé s’est révélée très faible. ConclusionIl n’existe pas de données probantes cohérentes indiquant qu’il est plus bénéfique pour la santé de faire de l’activité physique à un moment donné de la journée plutôt qu’à un autre. (no d'enregistrement dans PROSPERO : CRD42021231088)

IntroductionL’objectif de cette étude était d’effectuer une revue systématique des relations entre, d’une part, l’horaire des comportements sédentaires et l’accès à des activités sédentaires dans la chambre et, d’autre part, la durée et la qualité du sommeil chez les enfants et les adolescents. Un objectif secondaire consistait à vérifier si ces relations étaient différentes selon le type d’activité sédentaire, c’est-à-dire selon si l’activité était liée à l’utilisation des écrans ou non. MéthodologieNous avons cherché dans quatre bases de données les études ayant fait l’objet d’une évaluation par les pairs publiées entre le 1er janvier 2010 et le 19 janvier 2021. Le risque de biais pour chaque étude et le degré de certitude des données probantes ont été évalués en recourant à l’approche GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation). RésultatsNous avons trouvé 44 articles correspondant à nos critères de recherche, qui portaient sur des données issues de 42 bases de données et 239 267 participants. L’adoption de comportements sédentaires liés à l’utilisation des écrans le soir et l’accès à des écrans dans la chambre ont été associés à une baisse de la durée et de la qualité du sommeil. L’utilisation des écrans pendant la journée a aussi été associée à une baisse de la durée du sommeil, ce paramètre n’ayant cependant été pris en compte que dans relativement peu d’études. Qu’ils soient diurnes ou nocturnes, les comportements sédentaires non liés à l’utilisation des écrans n’ont pas été associables systématiquement à la durée ou à la qualité du sommeil. La qualité des données probantes a été évaluée comme étant faible à très faible pour tous les résultats. ConclusionPour que la durée et la qualité du sommeil soient optimales, il faudrait nciter les enfants et les adolescents à réduire au minimum le temps passé devant les écrans le soir et bannir les écrans de leur chambre. (no d'enregistrement dans PROSPERO : CRD42020189082)

Abstract Background The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the associations between school-related sedentary behaviours and indicators of health and well-being in children and youth (~ 5–18 years) attending school. Methods This review was conducted to inform the development of School-Related Sedentary Behaviour Recommendations. Peer-reviewed, published, or in-press articles in English were included. Reviews, meta-analyses, and case studies were excluded; all other study designs were eligible. Further, articles had to meet the a priori study criteria for population, intervention, comparator (PROSPERO ID: CRD42021227600). Embase, MEDLINE® ALL, and PsycINFO were searched. Risk of bias was assessed for individual experimental studies using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool, and in observational studies based on the GRADE framework and in line with previous systematic reviews examining sedentary behaviours in children. Overall quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE framework for each outcome category and study design. Results were synthesized narratively, grouped by study design and outcome category. Further, several high-level summaries were conducted to help interpret results. Results Evidence was synthesized from 116 reports, including 1,385,038 participants and 1173 extracted associations. More school-related sedentary behaviour was favourably associated with nearly one-third of extracted associations for cognitive (33%) and social-emotional (32%) indicators (e.g., less anxiety), but unfavourably associated with other movement behaviours (e.g., less physical activity) (35%). Active lessons were favourable (72%), compared to more school-related sedentary behaviours, when examining associations for all health and well-being indicators. More homework was favourable across all health and well-being indicators in 4% of extracted associations for primary school children, and 25% of extracted associations for secondary school children. However, ≥2 h/day of homework appeared to be unfavourable for health and well-being. Limitations for synthesized studies included generally low quality of evidence and a lack of studies in South American, African, or low-middle income countries. Conclusions Findings can help inform policy makers, schools, and teachers, regarding the amount of homework assigned and the introduction of active lessons into the classroom to enhance health and well-being of children. More research is needed examining school-related sedentary behaviours and indicators of health and well-being in low- and middle-income countries.

This study presents evidence of diel patterns in fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) 20 Hz acoustic presence in Eastern Antarctic waters. Passive acoustic recordings were collected at four sites in Eastern Antarctica from 2013 to 2019. A generalized linear model fitted by a generalized estimating equation was used to test the hypothesis that fin whale 20 Hz acoustic presence shows significant variation between light regimes dawn, day, dusk and night. In the Indian sector of Antarctica, at the Prydz and Southern Kerguelen Plateau sites, fin whale acoustic presence was significantly more common during the night and dawn before declining during the day and dusk periods. A different diel pattern was observed in the Pacific sector, at the Dumont d'Urville site: fin whale acoustic presence was significantly more common during the day than dusk and night periods. No diel pattern was identified at the Casey site. The identified diel patterns in the Indian sector of Eastern Antarctica correlate with previously identified diel patterns of the fin whales' prey. We suggest an indirect association between fin whale acoustic presence and foraging, with the animals more likely to produce the 20 Hz pulse during the night when not foraging and less likely to vocalize when foraging during the day.

Abstract Seafloor characteristics can help in the prediction of fish distribution, which is required for fisheries and conservation management. Despite this, only 5%–10% of the world's seafloor has been mapped at high resolution, as it is a time‐consuming and expensive process. Multibeam echo‐sounders (MBES) can produce high‐resolution bathymetry and a broad swath coverage of the seafloor, but require greater financial and technical resources for operation and data analysis than singlebeam echo‐sounders (SBES). In contrast, SBES provide comparatively limited spatial coverage, as only a single measurement is made from directly under the vessel. Thus, producing a continuous map requires interpolation to fill gaps between transects. This study assesses the performance of demersal fish species distribution models by comparing those derived from interpolated SBES data with full‐coverage MBES distribution models. A Random Forest classifier was used to model the distribution of Abalistes stellatus, Gymnocranius grandoculis, Lagocephalus sceleratus, Loxodon macrorhinus, Pristipomoides multidens, and Pristipomoides typus, with depth and depth derivatives (slope, aspect, standard deviation of depth, terrain ruggedness index, mean curvature, and topographic position index) as explanatory variables. The results indicated that distribution models for A. stellatus, G. grandoculis, L. sceleratus, and L. macrorhinus performed poorly for MBES and SBES data with area under the receiver operator curves (AUC) below 0.7. Consequently, the distribution of these species could not be predicted by seafloor characteristics produced from either echo‐sounder type. Distribution models for P. multidens and P. typus performed well for MBES and the SBES data with an AUC above 0.8. Depth was the most important variable explaining the distribution of P. multidens and P. typus in both MBES and SBES models. While further research is needed, this study shows that in resource‐limited scenarios, SBES can produce comparable results to MBES for use in demersal fish management and conservation.

Purpose. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between melatonin status and both refractive error and axial length in young adult myopes. This study aimed to determine if this relationship extends to a younger adolescent cohort. Methods. Healthy children aged 12–15 years provided morning saliva samples before attending Ulster University (55°N) for cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length measures. Participants completed questionnaires describing recent sleep habits and physical activity. Salivary melatonin was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Data collection for all participants occurred over a 1-week period (April 2021). Results. Seventy participants aged 14.3 (95% CI: 14.2—14.5) years were categorised by spherical equivalent refraction [SER] (range: −5.38DS to +1.88DS) into two groups; myopic SER ≤ −0.50DS (n = 22) or nonmyopic −0.50DS 0.39). Higher levels of physical activity were associated with higher sleep quality (Spearman’s rank, ρ = −0.28, P = 0.02). Conclusion. The present study found no significant relationship between morning salivary melatonin levels and refractive error or axial length in young adolescents. This contrasts with outcomes from a previous study of adults with comparable methodology, season of data collection, and geographical location. Prospective studies are needed to understand the discrepancies between adult and childhood findings and evaluate whether melatonin levels in childhood are indicative of an increased risk for future onset of myopia and/or faster axial growth trajectories and myopia progression in established myopes. Future work should opt for a comprehensive dim-light melatonin onset protocol to determine circadian phase.

BackgroundMansonella perstans is among the most neglected of the neglected tropical diseases and is believed to cause more human infections than any other filarial pathogen in Africa. Based largely upon assumptions of limited infection-associated morbidity, this pathogen remains understudied, and many basic questions pertaining to its pathogenicity, distribution, prevalence, and vector-host relationships remain unanswered. However, in recent years, mounting evidence of the potential for increased Mansonella infection-associated disease has sparked a renewal in research interest. This, in turn, has produced a need for improved diagnostics, capable of providing more accurate pictures of infection prevalence, pathogen distribution, and vector-host interactions.Methodology/principal findingsUtilizing a previously described pipeline for the discovery of optimal molecular diagnostic targets, we identified a repetitive DNA sequence, and developed a corresponding assay, which allows for the sensitive and species-specific identification of M. perstans in human blood samples. Testing also demonstrated the ability to utilize this assay for the detection of M. perstans in field-collected mosquito samples. When testing both sample types, our repeat-targeting index assay outperformed a ribosomal sequence-targeting reference assay, facilitating the identification of additional M. perstans-positive samples falsely characterized as "negative" using the less sensitive detection method.Conclusions/significanceThrough the development of an assay based upon the systematic identification of an optimal DNA target sequence, our novel diagnostic assay will provide programmatic efforts with a sensitive and specific testing platform that is capable of accurately mapping M. perstans infection and determining prevalence. Furthermore, with the added ability to identify the presence of M. perstans in mosquito samples, this assay will help to define our knowledge of the relationships that exist between this pathogen and the various geographically relevant mosquito species, which have been surmised to represent potential secondary vectors under certain conditions. Detection of M. perstans in mosquitoes will also demonstrate proof-of-concept for the mosquito-based monitoring of filarial pathogens not vectored primarily by mosquitoes, an approach expanding opportunities for integrated surveillance.

Background: People with tuberculosis disease and their household members may suffer direct out-of-pocket expenses and indirect costs of lost income. These tuberculosis-related costs can worsen poverty, make tuberculosis treatment completion unaffordable, impair quality of life and increase the risk of death. Costs due to tuberculosis are usually defined as catastrophic if they exceed 20% of the pre-disease annual household income. The World Health Organisation strategy to “End TB” and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals include the target that no households should face catastrophic costs due to tuberculosis. However, there is limited evidence and policy concerning how this global priority of eliminating catastrophic costs due to tuberculosis should be achieved. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to address this knowledge gap. Methods: Publications assessing interventions that aimed to eliminate catastrophic costs will be identified by searching three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) together with reference lists from pertinent publications. We will screen eligible studies, extract data, and assess the risk of bias with the quality assessment tool from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Discrepancies will be resolved by discussion between the reviewers. If we find sufficient comparable studies quantifying strategies to eliminate catastrophic costs then a meta-analysis will be performed. This systematic review and meta-analysis is registered with the PROSPERO database (CRD42022292410). Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to rigorously assess the evidence for strategies to eliminate catastrophic costs due to tuberculosis.

Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SED) have been linked to the mental health of children and adolescents, yet the timing of behaviours may play a role in this relationship and clarifying this could inform interventions. We explored cross-sectional associations of PA and SED in varying time segments throughout the school day with the mental health of school-aged children and adolescents from rural Northeastern Ontario, Canada. A total of 161 students (56% female, M = 10.3 years old) wore accelerometers for 8 days (7 nights) and completed a self-report survey (parent reported for children younger than 11). Mental health was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Accelerometer-measured SED, light PA (LPA), and moderate and vigorous PA (MVPA) were estimated in the time-segments before school (06:00–08:44), school time (08:45–15:04), after school (15:05–16:59), and evenings (17:00–21:59). Associations were tested with multilevel linear regressions while adjusting for confounding factors. Students spent 72.6 min in MVPA, 209.0 min in LPA, and 621.0 min in SED per day. Daily SED was associated with less conduct problems (β = −0.27, p

Abstract Evidence is mounting that climate‐driven shifts in environmental conditions can elicit organismal evolution, yet there are sparingly few long‐term records that document the tempo and progression of responses, particularly for plants capable of transforming ecosystems. In this study, we “resurrected” cohorts of a foundational coastal marsh sedge (Schoenoplectus americanus) from a time‐stratified seed bank to reconstruct a century‐long record of heritable variation in response to salinity exposure. Common‐garden experiments revealed that S. americanus exhibits heritable variation in phenotypic traits and biomass‐based measures of salinity tolerance. We found that responses to salinity exposure differed among the revived cohorts, with plants from the early 20th century exhibiting greater salinity tolerance than those from the mid to late 20th century. Fluctuations in salinity tolerance could reflect stochastic variation but a congruent record of genotypic variation points to the alternative possibility that the loss and gain in functionality are driven by selection, with comparisons to historical rainfall and paleosalinity records suggesting that selective pressures vary according to shifting estuarine conditions. Because salinity tolerance in S. americanus is tightly coupled to primary productivity and other vital ecosystem attributes, these findings indicate that organismal evolution merits further consideration as a factor shaping coastal marsh responses to climate change.

Abstract Offshore decommissioning activities are expected to increase as oil and gas subsea infrastructure becomes obsolete. Decisions on decommissioning alternatives will benefit from quantifying and understanding the marine communities associated with these structures. As a case study, fish assemblages associated with an inshore network of subsea pipelines located on the North West shelf of Western Australia were compared to those in surrounding natural reef and soft sediment habitats using remotely operated vehicles fitted with a stereo-video system (stereo-ROVs). The number of species, the abundance, biomass, feeding guild composition and the economic value of fishes were compared among habitats. The community composition of fish associated with pipelines was distinct from those associated with natural habitats, and was characterised by a greater abundance and/or biomass of fish from higher trophic levels (e.g. piscivores, generalist carnivores and invertivores), including many species considered to be of value to commercial and recreational fishers. Biomass of fish on pipelines was, on average, 20 times greater than soft sediments, and was similar to natural reefs. However, the biomass of species considered important to fisheries recorded on the pipelines was, on average 3.5 times greater than reef and 44.5 times greater than soft sediment habitats. This study demonstrates that fish assemblages on the pipeline infrastructure exhibit high ecological and socioeconomic values.

Surface states in topological quantum matter are protected by their band structure. Here, on confined superfluid 3He as a model for topological superconductors, the authors report experimental evidence on the fragility of surface Andreev bound states with respect to the details of surface scattering.

Introduction Our survey of more than 700 caregivers across Europe and Canada highlights the tremendous and too often hidden value of caregiving. In short informal carers are fundamental to the functioning of any health and social care system; it is critical to therefore to invest in measures to support these caregivers and identify potential risk factors that might lead to a breakdown in caregiving support. Objectives To identify the importance of family care in the context of modern community mental health services. Methods Survey questionaire and interview of family members. A survey was developed in consultation with EUFAMI. Results The average length of the caring week exceeds the length of the working week On average informal carers provide more than 43 hours of care every week, well in excess of the average working week. Conclusions Family care needs to be recognised as a significant part of the overall care package in differenct countries. Govenments need to acknowledge the real cost of care. In our report we have highlighted that the average caring week is much longer than the working week, and that this is over 60 hours per week for carers who live with the person that the care for. We have highlighted major detrimental effects on carer quality of life, as well as high levels of loneliness. We have also noted that more than a quarter of all carers have a depression or anxiety disorder. We have seen wider adverse impacts on potential career and education prospects as well as financial worries. Disclosure This survey and report were possible thanks to the sponsorship of Ferrer Internacional S.A, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Lundbeck A/S and Otsuka Pharmaceutical Europe Ltd. The sponsors did not have any influence over the content

eIF5A is critical for protein synthesis but has not yet been associated with congenital human disease. Here, the authors show that EIF5A variants cause a Mendelian disorder via reduced eIF5A-ribosome interactions and this phenotype is partially corrected by spermidine supplementation in yeast and zebrafish.

Superfluid 3He under confinement can be used as a model system for topological quantum matter, but few related measurements are reported. Here, the authors report on the thermal conduction of helium-3 in a micro-fabricated channel with unanticipated effects in both the normal and superfluid states.

Abstract This study demonstrates significant differences between the area of complete spatial summation (Ricco’s area, RA) in eyes with and without non-pathological, axial myopia. Contrast thresholds were measured for six stimuli (0.01–2.07 deg2) presented at 10º eccentricity in 24 myopic subjects and 20 age-similar non-myopic controls, with RA estimated using iterative two-phase regression analysis. To explore the effects of axial length-induced variations in retinal image size (RIS) on the measurement of RA, refractive error was separately corrected with (i) trial lenses at the anterior focal point (near constant inter-participant RIS in mm), and (ii) contact lenses (RIS changed with axial length). For spectacle corrected measurements, RA was significantly larger in the myopic group, with a significant positive correlation also being observed between RA and measures of co-localised peripheral ocular length. With contact lens correction, there was no significant difference in RA between the groups and no relationship with peripheral ocular length. The results suggest RA changes with axial elongation in myopia to compensate for reduced retinal ganglion cell density. Furthermore, as these changes are only observed when axial length induced variations in RIS are accounted for, they may reflect a functional adaptation of the axially-myopic visual system to an enlarged RIS.

Abstract Background For optimal health benefits, the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth (aged 5–17 years) recommend an achievement of high levels of physical activity (≥60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity), low levels of sedentary behaviour (≤2 h of recreational screen time), and sufficient sleep (9–11 h for children or 8–10 h for adolescents) each day. The objective of this systematic review was to examine how combinations of physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep duration relate to depressive symptoms and other mental health indicators among children and adolescents. Methods Literature was obtained through searching Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and SportDiscus up to September 30, 2019. Peer-reviewed studies published in English or French were included if they met the following criteria: population (apparently healthy children and adolescents with a mean age of 5–17 years), intervention/exposure (combinations of physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep duration), and outcomes (depressive symptoms and other mental health indicators). A risk of bias assessment was completed for all included studies using the methods described in the Cochrane Handbook. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used to assess the quality of evidence for each health indicator. Narrative syntheses were employed to describe the results due to high levels of heterogeneity across studies. Results A total of 13 cross-sectional studies comprised in 10 papers met inclusion criteria. Data across studies involved 115,540 children and adolescents from 12 countries. Overall, the findings indicated favourable associations between meeting all 3 recommendations and better mental health indicators among children and adolescents when compared with meeting none of the recommendations. There was evidence of a dose-response gradient between an increasing number of recommendations met and better mental health indicators. Meeting the screen time and sleep duration recommendations appeared to be associated with more mental health benefits than meeting the physical activity recommendation. The quality of evidence reviewed was “very low” according to GRADE. Conclusions The findings indicate favourable associations between meeting all 3 movement behaviour recommendations in the 24-h guidelines and better mental health indicators among children and adolescents. There is a clear need for high-quality studies that use robust measures of all movement behaviours and validated measures of mental health to increase our understanding in this topic area.

Abstract Background Sedentary behaviour (SB) is a risk factor for chronic disease and premature mortality. While many individual studies have examined the reliability and validity of various self-report measures for assessing SB, it is not clear, in general, how self-reported SB (e.g., questionnaires, logs, ecological momentary assessments (EMAs)) compares to device measures (e.g., accelerometers, inclinometers). Objective The primary objective of this systematic review was to compare self-report versus device measures of SB in adults. Methods Six bibliographic databases were searched to identify all studies which included a comparable self-report and device measure of SB in adults. Risk of bias within and across studies was assessed. Results were synthesized using meta-analyses. Results The review included 185 unique studies. A total of 123 studies comprising 173 comparisons and data from 55,199 participants were used to examine general criterion validity. The average mean difference was -105.19 minutes/day (95% CI: -127.21, -83.17); self-report underestimated sedentary time by ~1.74 hours/day compared to device measures. Self-reported time spent sedentary at work was ~40 minutes higher than when assessed by devices. Single item measures performed more poorly than multi-item questionnaires, EMAs and logs/diaries. On average, when compared to inclinometers, multi-item questionnaires, EMAs and logs/diaries were not significantly different, but had substantial amount of variability (up to 6 hours/day within individual studies) with approximately half over-reporting and half under-reporting. A total of 54 studies provided an assessment of reliability of a self-report measure, on average the reliability was good (ICC = 0.66). Conclusions Evidence from this review suggests that single-item self-report measures generally underestimate sedentary time when compared to device measures. For accuracy, multi-item questionnaires, EMAs and logs/diaries with a shorter recall period should be encouraged above single item questions and longer recall periods if sedentary time is a primary outcome of study. Users should also be aware of the high degree of variability between and within tools. Studies should exert caution when comparing associations between different self-report and device measures with health outcomes. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42019118755

The fin whale is listed as globally vulnerable, with ongoing threats to their population, yet little is known about the distribution and movements of the Southern Hemisphere sub-species, Balaenoptera physalus quoyi. This study assesses fin whale distribution in the Southern Hemisphere analysing acoustic recordings from 15 locations in Antarctic and Australian waters from 2002 to 2019. A seasonal acoustic presence of fin whales in Antarctic waters from late austral summer to autumn (February to June) with long-term, consistent annual usage areas was identified at the Southern Kerguelen Plateau and Dumont d’Urville sites. In comparison, limited vocal presence of fin whales was observed at the Casey site. In Australian waters, fin whales were seasonally present from austral autumn to mid-spring (May to October) on east and west coasts, with a decadal pattern of acoustic presence observed at Cape Leeuwin, WA. Two migratory pathways are identified, from the Indian sector of Antarctica to the west coast of Australia and from the Pacific sector of Antarctica to the east coast of Australia. The identified seasonal distributions and migratory pathways provide valuable information to aid in monitoring the recovery of this vulnerable sub-species. We suggest the identified distribution and dispersal from the Southern Kerguelen Plateau and Dumont d’Urville sites to the west and east coasts of Australia respectively, as well as the spatial separation between Antarctic sites, provide preliminary evidence of separate sub-populations of the Southern Hemisphere sub-species of fin whale.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) belongs to a class of diseases characterized by progressive accumulation and aggregation of pathogenic proteins, particularly Aβ proteins. Genetic analysis has identified UBQLN1 as an AD candidate gene. Ubiquilin-1 levels reduce with AD progression, suggesting a potential loss-of-function mechanism. The ubiquilin-1 protein is involved in protein quality control (PQC), which plays essential roles in cellular growth and normal cell function. Ubiquilin-1 regulates γ-secretase by increasing endoproteolysis of PS1, a key γ-secretase component. Presently, the effects of ubiquilin-1 on cellular physiology as well as Aβ-related events require further investigation. Here, we investigated the effects of ubiquilin-1 on cellular growth and viability in association with APP (amyloid-β protein precursor), APP processing-related β-secretase (BACE1, BACE) and γ-secretase using cell and animal-based models. We showed that loss-of-function in Drosophila ubqn suppresses human APP and human BACE phenotypes in wing veins and altered cell number and tissue compartment size in the wing. Additionally, we performed cell-based studies and showed that silencing UBQLN1 reduced cell viability and increased caspase-3 activity. Overexpression of UBQLN1 significantly reduced Aβ levels. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of γ-secretase increased ubiquilin-1 protein levels, suggesting a mechanism that regulates ubiquilin-1 levels which may associate with reduced Aβ reduction by inhibiting γ-secretase. Collectively, our results support not only a loss-of-function mechanism of ubiquilin-1 in association with AD, but also support the significance of targeting ubiquilin-1-mediated PQC as a potential therapeutic strategy for AD.