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Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility1. However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious2-4. Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 BCE, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 BCE, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 BCE and earlier3,5. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 BCE, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses6,7. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines.

It is known that free radical oxidation of lipids is an essential stage in the influence of heavy metals on the animal body. That is why the work aimed to investigate the indicators of the antioxidant system in young cattle under conditions of cadmium loading. For research, 15 clinically healthy six-month-old bulls of the black and spotted breed were selected, from which 3 groups of five animals were formed. The animals in the control group were on a regular diet. The animals of the experimental groups with compound feed were fed cadmium chloride in doses of 0.03 and 0.05 mg/kg of body weight. Feeding young cattle with cadmium chloride feed caused a decrease in the activity of the enzyme system of antioxidant protection of their body. These changes are confirmed by a decrease in their blood activity of superoxide dismutase by 31 %, catalase by 13.4 %, glutathione peroxidase by 23.2 %, glutathione reductase by 22.2 %, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by 32.4 %, respectively. A decrease in the level of indicators of the non-enzymatic link of the system of antioxidant protection of the body of young cattle under cadmium load was also established, where, accordingly, a decrease in the content of reduced glutathione was established – by 10.4 %, selenium – by 14.8 %, vitamin A – by 31.3%, of vitamin E – by 30.8% in their blood compared to the control. It is worth noting that on the sixteenth and twenty-fourth days of the experiment, the lowest value of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic links of the antioxidant protection systems of young cattle under conditions of cadmium loading was observed. In the future, a practical scheme for preventing cadmium toxicosis in young cattle by studying indicators of the antioxidant system is planned.

Abstract The demographic history of East-Central Europe after the Neolithic period remains poorly explored, despite this region being on the confluence of various ecological zones and cultural entities. Here, the descendants of societies associated with steppe pastoralists form Early Bronze Age were followed by Middle Bronze Age populations displaying unique characteristics. Particularly, the predominance of collective burials, the scale of which, was previously seen only in the Neolithic. The extent to which this re-emergence of older traditions is a result of genetic shift or social changes in the MBA is a subject of debate. Here by analysing 91 newly generated genomes from Bronze Age individuals from present Poland and Ukraine, we discovered that Middle Bronze Age populations were formed by an additional admixture event involving a population with relatively high proportions of genetic component associated with European hunter-gatherers and that their social structure was based on, primarily patrilocal, multigenerational kin-groups.

Aim. To investigate the relationship between the physical properties of saliva and enamel resistance and caries intensity in drug-addicted patients. Materials and methods. The study involved 70 patients, who were divided into three groups: the main group (1) – 28 drug addicts diagnosed with caries, the comparison group (2) – 22 patients with caries of dental hard tissues without a history of drug addiction, and the control group (3) – 20 persons without carious lesions of dental hard tissues. We examined the rate of salivation, which was calculated by the formula: Rs = V / T, pH of oral fluid using litmus test strips (Kelilong Instruments, China), structural and functional stability of tooth enamel by the express method TER-test (V. R. Okushko, L. I. Kosareva, 1983), clinically assessed the rate of mineralization according to the Clinical Assessment of the Rate of Enamel Remineralization-test (T. L. Redinova, V. K. Leontiev and G. D. Ovrutsky, 1982), dental caries intensity using the DMF index; the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) was used to assess of the dental hard tissues. Results. In drug-addicted patients with caries of dental hard tissues, the slowest rate of salivation and significant changes in the oral fluid pH toward acidic were observed, namely 5.5 ± 0.09 units compared with patients of other groups. In drug addicts, the average TER-test score was 9.1 ± 0.4 points and was significantly higher than that in non-drug-addicted patients with dental caries (5.4 ± 0.2 points) and people without dental caries (1.9 ± 0.2 points). The Clinical Assessment of the Rate of Enamel Remineralization-test indicators of drug-addicted patients (6.1 ± 0.3 days) were also significantly higher than those of non-addicted and control group patients. The DMF index in drug-addicted patients was 16.4 ± 0.2 points showing a very high intensity of caries with a large proportion of deep carious lesions in the dental hard tissues. Conclusions. In drug addicts, the study results have indicated a 23 % pH shift of the oral fluid toward acidic, and a 22 % decrease in the rate of saliva secretion has also been recorded compared to the healthy individuals. These results were associated with a 79 % decrease in the tooth enamel durability and a 66 % decrease in the remineralizing capacity of the oral fluid in drug addicts as compared to the healthy individuals. The DMF index of group 1 patients differed from that of group 2 patients by 50 % and from group 3 individuals – by 98 %. Drug-addicted patients had 78 % more carious lesions in the dentin compared to non-drug-addicted patients with dental caries.

Study of the administrative proceedings order of implementation as a whole involves the determination of the essence of individual stages of such proceedings. The stage of consideration of the case on the merits due to the specificity of the procedural actions involves a number of both procedural actions designed to ensure a full and impartial clarification of the truth in the dispute, as well as compliance with certain issues of the traditionality of the court session. In other words, consideration of the case on its merits is usually carried out within the framework of a court session, which is characterized as the procedural activity of almost all participants in the process, without exception, in one place. This allows for a more qualified (availability of experts and specialists) and objective (possibility to ask participants questions) assessment of the entire evidence base and to reach certain conclusions. The subject of the research is the norms of the current legislation and the scientific views of famous scientists regarding the meaning and content of such a stage as consideration of the case on its merits. During the research, using the methods of scientific analysis, explanation and generalization, an analysis of existing doctrinal developments and norms of current legislation, which determine the order and forms of administrative proceedings in relation to the judicial review of disputes, was carried out. The result of the study is the characterization of such a stage of administrative proceedings as consideration of the case on its merits, through the prism of understanding the tasks and goals of individual procedural actions. The definition of the essence of the case consideration is emphasized separately as a scientific term. The author's definition of the essence of the consideration of the case on the merits is formulated, that is a purposeful set of procedural actions aimed at clarifying all the necessary circumstances of the case, its resolution on the merits, i.e. (non)recognition of the actions or inactions of the parties to the case as illegal or untrue, with the aim of establishing the fairness of public legal relations in society and providing a real opportunity to the subjects of such relations to fully protect their own interests in court. The conclusions presented in the work can be used in the educational process of legal education students and during the development of new draft laws in the field of administrative legislation.

The results of the analysis of drug abuse incidence in 2018–2019 indicate that the situation has worsened and the incidence of drug addiction in Ukraine tends to increase. Drug abuse leads to a large number of negative changes in various systems and organs of the body (nephropathy, respiratory diseases, liver cirrhosis, diseases of the circulatory system (infectious endocarditis), surgical pathology (necrotizing fasciitis), hepatitis, as well as to mental and behavioral disorders. Аim. Grounding on the analysis of literature sources, to investigate the influence of drug abuse and drug-influenced lifestyle on oral cavity pathology and the peculiarities of dental care for drug addicts. Among dental diseases in drug addicts, caries and non-carious lesions of the hard tissues of the teeth account for the largest share. Modern literature describes studies showing that the carious process in the hard tissues of the teeth of addicted patients develops very rapidly, often affecting the cariesimmune areas. In drug addicted patients, significant changes in the composition of the oral fluid are observed, in particular, imbalance of macro- and microelements, enzyme activity. Scientists have connected changes in the content of calcium in the oral fluid of drug-addicted patients both with its release from the crystal lattice of hard tissues of teeth during the development of numerous carious cavities, and with impaired absorption. One of the determining factors for the occurrence of hard tissue diseases of the teeth and other organs and tissues, is insufficient oral hygiene in drug addicted patients. A study of the dental status of drug addicted patients who have been taking drugs for more than 5 years, once or twice a day, indicates a significant prevalence of caries in this group of patients and a high index of DMFT, low hygiene, which is indicated by high OHI-S. The general principles of dental treatment are described in the literature, in particular treatment regimens of periodontal diseases in drug addicts. However, there is insufficient amount of information regarding the stages and features of the treatment of hard dental tissue diseases in these patients. Conclusions. The study of the negative impact of drugs on dental status is necessary for quality treatment and prevention of dental diseases in addicted patients. Providing dental care to drug addicts should be based on determining the optimal time and establishing good communication, both with the drug addict and with his family.

Canine chronic large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukaemia is commonly characterised by moderate to marked lymphocytosis but not neutropaenia. In humans, LGL leukaemia is often associated with autoimmune disorders, including immune-mediated cytopaenias (mainly neutropaenia). This presentation is rare in dogs. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of dogs with chronic LGL leukaemia with suspected immune-mediated cytopaenia. Six dogs with a median age of 4.5 years (range 2–8 years) were included in the study. The most common presenting signs were pyrexia and lethargy. All dogs had severe neutropaenia (median neutrophil count 0.07 × 109/L), three had thrombocytopaenia (median platelet count 66 × 109/L), and one had anaemia (HCT 0.32 L/L). In all dogs, bone marrow cytology revealed infiltration of granular T lymphocytes; PARR analysis confirmed clonality in four, and bone marrow flow cytometry identified CD3+ CD8+ neoplastic cells in two cases. All patients received systemic chemotherapy, and the cytopaenias resolved after 1–19 weeks. Two dogs were euthanised 133 and 322 days after diagnosis, two were lost to follow-up after 224 and 357 days, and two were alive at 546 and 721 days. A subset of LGL leukaemia in dogs is associated with immune-mediated cytopaenia and has a unique clinical presentation.

The current study examines the association between peer behaviors, self-efficacy, and internalizing symptoms in a sample of 1545 children aged 11 to 13 years old who attended middle schools in eastern Ukraine. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the role of self-efficacy in the relationship between child internalizing behaviors (anxiety, depression, and somatic complaints) and exposure to prosocial and antisocial friends among girls and boys. Higher self-efficacy was linked with fewer internalizing symptoms for girls and boys. For both boys and girls, exposure to prosocial friends was not statistically associated with changes in internalizing behaviors. However, girls and boys who reported having more antisocial friends had significantly more internalizing symptoms. For girls, association with a greater number of prosocial friends and fewer antisocial friends has been linked with higher self-efficacy and fewer internalizing symptoms. For boys, having more prosocial friends was also linked with higher self-efficacy and fewer internalizing symptoms; however, there was no statistically significant association between having more antisocial friends and self-efficacy. The study discusses the cultural and gender aspects of child socialization in the context of antisocial and prosocial friends, and the development of internalizing behavior problems.

Data normalization is a data preprocessing task and one of the first to be performed during intellectual analysis, particularly in the case of tabular data. The importance of its implementation is determined by the need to reduce the sensitivity of the artificial intelligence model to the values of the features in the dataset to increase the studied model’s adequacy. This paper focuses on the problem of effectively preprocessing data to improve the accuracy of intellectual analysis in the case of performing medical diagnostic tasks. We developed a new two-step method for data normalization of numerical medical datasets. It is based on the possibility of considering both the interdependencies between the features of each observation from the dataset and their absolute values to improve the accuracy when performing medical data mining tasks. We describe and substantiate each step of the algorithmic implementation of the method. We also visualize the results of the proposed method. The proposed method was modeled using six different machine learning methods based on decision trees when performing binary and multiclass classification tasks. We used six real-world, freely available medical datasets with different numbers of vectors, attributes, and classes to conduct experiments. A comparison between the effectiveness of the developed method and that of five existing data normalization methods was carried out. It was experimentally established that the developed method increases the accuracy of the Decision Tree and Extra Trees Classifier by 1–5% in the case of performing the binary classification task and the accuracy of the Bagging, Decision Tree, and Extra Trees Classifier by 1–6% in the case of performing the multiclass classification task. Increasing the accuracy of these classifiers only by using the new data normalization method satisfies all the prerequisites for its application in practice when performing various medical data mining tasks.

Using the example of atypical variant of the septicаemic condition development with predominant affection of external genital organs in a 22-year-old woman, we established early diagnostic criteria for this complication in one-day surgery. Patient underwent dental extraction shortly before admission to hospital. On the second day from the moment of possible infection a purulent-resorptive fever was developed. On the fourth day patient status became more severe, hyperthermia to 38,5°С a large number of painful vesicles-pustular rash on the back skin, buttocks, lower limbs, foci of purulent inflammation in the genital area. After clinical laboratory, bacteriological and instrument studies, consultations of related specialists, a clinical diagnosis was established: “Staphylococcal sepsis MRSA. Purulent-necrotic vulvovaginitis. Vesicular-papular (MRSA-staphylococcal) lesions of the skin of the trunk, lower extremities and oral mucosa” According to international protocols of sepsis management, a schema of intensive pharmacological and local therapy was applied, as well as sanitation of foci with antiseptics. Patient in satisfactory condition was discharged from hospital after 30-days treatment. Conclusions. A rapidly course and atypical clinical manifestation of purulent-septic complications can significantly impede their early diagnosis after minor surgical interventions. Rigorous anamnesis collection, comparison of all symptoms, that are not related at first glance, bacteriological examination serialization and consultations with related specialists, as well as intensive antibacterial and local therapies allow to make correct diagnostic on time and regress disease.

Tobacco smoking remains one of the most important problems of the present time due to significant prevalence and harmful effects on human health. The area of primary contact with components of tobacco smoke is organs and tissues of the oral cavity, oral fluid. In this regard, there is a theoretical and practical interest in the problem of studying the nature and mechanisms of the damaging effects of tobacco smoke during smoking, in particular, on periodontal tissues. Depending on the duration and intensity of smoking misuse, one of the modern methods of treatment is oxygen-ozonized therapy (ozonotherapy), which reduces the risk of polypragrammia and is well combined with both medicines and phytopreparations. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ozonized sea buckthorn oil on periodontal tissues in tobacco-dependent patients. During the diagnosis, common clinical and paraclinical methods of examination were used, taking into account the results of examination and palpation, determining the depth of periodontal pockets, the degree of gum recession and abnormal movement of the teeth. For the correction of pathogenetic disorders, smokers suffering from GP were prescribed: in the comparative group, a common methodology based on hygiene education and upbringing, removal of local stimuli, orthopedic and surgical indications, as well as physiotherapy and general rehabilitation. In the main group − in addition to the generally accepted technique, applications in the gingival area were applied with ozonized sea buckthorn oil and rinsing the oral cavity with a 0.1% solution of myramystine. In order to enhance the therapeutic effect, the patients were recommended oral baths with sea buckthorn oil enriched with oxygen and toothpaste “Parodontax”. As a result of the application of the proposed therapeutic agent, in patients with GP of I degree a stabilization of the results for direct data was observed after 6 and 12 months after treatment. However, in patients with GP of II degree and III degree, both the main group and the comparison group were diagnosed with an increase in the pathological process with respect to data after treatment and after 6 months (p

During the development of endotoxicosis of various etiologies, secondary immunodeficiency occurs in animals, which progresses due to exposure to toxic metabolites. The work aimed to study the influence of endotoxicosis on the dynamics of indicators of the immune system of beef cows. The research was conducted on the Ukrainian black and spotted dairy breed beef cows. In cows with signs of endotoxicosis, clinical signs such as swelling of the external genital organs and mammary gland, anemia of the mucous membranes, depressed state, impaired appetite, and functional disorders of the antrum and intestines were characteristic. The main immunological tests characterizing the state of the immune system of beef cows are indicators of humoral immunity (bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum), cellular immunity (Tand B-lymphocytes), indicators of non-specific resistance of the organism (phagocytic activity and phagocytic index). In beef cows with clinical manifestations of endotoxicosis, inhibition of cellular, humoral, and non-specific links of the immune system was established, which led to the development of the so-called secondary immunodeficiency. This is evidenced by a decrease in the bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum, a decrease in the number of T- and B-lymphocytes, and a decrease in the phagocytic index and phagocytic activity of the blood of sick cows. In particular, it was established that the lowest indicator of bactericidal and lysozyme activity was observed in the 9th month of pregnancy in the experimental group of cows, where it decreased by 15.9 and 4.91 %, respectively, compared to the control. In the above study periods, a decrease in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils by 5.04 % and the phagocytic index by 33.3 % was established compared to the indicators of the control group. During the analysis of cellular immunity, similar changes were found in determining the number of T- and B-lymphocytes; they were lower by 12.5 % and 4.19 %, respectively. Changes in the indicators of the immune system are significant and objective markers of the state of the cow's body during the development of endotoxicosis, regardless of its causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

У статті розглянуто питання щодо теоретичного та експериментального дослідження міцності елементів конструкції вагона-хопера критого для зерна та інших харчових вантажів. Виконано аналіз результатів експериментальних та теоретичних досліджень напружено-деформованого стану рами вагона-хопера методом скінчених елементів (МСЕ).