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The toxicity standards of modern cars are constantly tightening. Such standards can be reached only when using special systems and assemblies. The existing diagnostic methods are too time-consuming and do not exclude possible multiple errors. The article proposes a method for diagnosing the ICE (internal combustion engine) exhaust system of cars by the run-down time in test modes. An active study of possible diagnostic parameters allowed us to identify a sensitive diagnostic parameter – the run-down time. As the resistance of the catalytic converter increases, the run-down time decreases significantly. The experimental test showed the following: 1) when the run-down starts from 5,000 rpm, the run-down time in case of reaching the limiting resistance of the catalyst is halved - from 4.8 to 2.4 s; 2) in case of a limiting change in the resistance of the catalytic converter from 34 to 10 mm in the exhaust gases, the O2 content increases from 2.53 to 4.92 %, the CO2 content decreases from 13.17 to 12.57 %, and there is a sharp decrease in CH from 100 to 8 ppm. The run-down parameters control range is from 15 to 0.1 s. The production test of the new method for diagnosing the ICE exhaust system showed its significant performance.

The resource of modern internal combustion engines (ICE) ranges from 200 thousand up to 1 million km. This is due to significant design changes in the ICE systems, as well as the properties of working oils and additives to them. Parts of an internal combustion engine have reached the limit of accuracy. The topical direction of extending the service life of assemblies and ICE systems is the use of various nanoparticles added to the lubricant. Ten different nanoparticles were selected for the experiment. When conducting experimental studies a gasoline 4-cylinder injection ICE was used. “Vybeg” and “Razgon” testing were carried out using a device for complex and element-by-element diagnostics of ICE. The operational tests of the Wagner nanoparticle confirmed its effectiveness in reducing friction: the run-out time increased by an average of 0.4-0.5 s; a decrease in the time of acceleration of the internal combustion engine on one cylinder was 0.9-3.2 s; the difference between the steps of the idling regulator was 9-12 steps; at idle, a decrease in the concentration of CO (-0.01-0.03%) and CH (-10-60 mln-1) was revealed.

The research presents the results of the analysis of measures to support the financial and real sectors, which were implemented by major central banks and governments in response to global bifurcation trends caused by the current suspension of the world economy due to the launching of quarantine programs. There are shown the disproportions of the distribution of stabilizing financial resources and it is emphasized that they are a manifestation of significant interdependence of financial institutions and the state in conditions of their current functional and institutional transformations because of financialization tendencies. The functional transformations of financial institutions are interpreted as an efficiency reduction of their distribution function, because of which the financial resources, avoiding the real sector of the economy, are concentrated in financial markets. The institutional transformations of the state were manifested in the fact that, along with its traditional classical functions of regulation, the mode of the state as an economic agent, which protects its own interests and the interests of its counterparties, became relevant. There are made the conclusions on the existence of ingrained financial and institutional imbalances that develop in the closed space of public and financial liquidity circulation in the article. It is shown the contradictions of the policy of quantitative easing in conditions of low and negative interest rates, which consists in the growth of financialization tendencies. It is concluded the need for targeted and controlled infusion of liquidity in conditions of instability. It is substantiated the expanded targeting of the stability of monetary unit as the most adequate monetary policy to the conditions of global instability.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) is one of the clinical presentations of alcohol-associated liver disease. AH has poor prognosis, and corticosteroids remain the mainstay of drug therapy. However, ~40% of patients do not respond to this treatment, and the mechanisms underlying the altered response to corticosteroids are not understood. The current study aimed to identify changes in hepatic protein expression associated with responsiveness to corticosteroids and prognosis in patients with AH. METHODS: Patients with AH were enrolled based on the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism inclusion criteria for acute AH and further confirmed by a diagnostic liver biopsy. Proteomic analysis was conducted on liver samples acquired from patients with AH grouped as nonresponders (AH-NR, n = 7) and responders (AH-R, n = 14) to corticosteroids, and nonalcohol-associated liver disease controls (n = 10). The definition of responders was based on the clinical prognostic model, the Lille Score, where a score < 0.45 classified patients as AH-R and a score > 0.45 as AH-NR. Primary outcomes used to assess steroid response were Lille Score (eg, improved liver function) and survival at 24 weeks. RESULTS: Reduced levels of the glucocorticoid receptor and its transcriptional co-activator, glucocorticoid modulatory element-binding protein 2, were observed in the hepatic proteome of AH-NR versus AH-R. The corticosteroid metabolizing enzyme, 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, was increased in AH-NR versus AH-R along with elevated mitochondrial DNA repair enzymes, while several proteins of the heat shock pathway were reduced. Analysis of differentially expressed proteins in AH-NR who survived 24 weeks relative to AH-NR nonsurvivors revealed several protein expression changes, including increased levels of acute phase proteins, elevated coagulation factors, and reduced mast cell markers. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified hepatic proteomic changes that may predict responsiveness to corticosteroids and mortality in patients with AH.

BACKGROUND: A better understanding of treatment progression and recovery in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) infectious disease is crucial. This study analyzed longitudinal serum samples from pulmonary TB patients undergoing interventional treatment to identify surrogate markers for TB-related outcomes. METHODS: Serum that was collected at baseline and 8, 17, 26, and 52 weeks from 30 TB patients experiencing durable cure were evaluated and compared using a sensitive LC-MS/MS proteomic platform for the detection and quantification of differential host protein signatures relative to timepoint. The global proteome signature was analyzed for statistical differences across the time course and between disease severity and treatment groups. RESULTS: A total of 676 proteins showed differential expression in the serum over these timepoints relative to baseline. Comparisons to understand serum protein dynamics at 8 weeks, treatment endpoints at 17 and 26 weeks, and post-treatment at 52 weeks were performed. The largest protein abundance changes were observed at 8 weeks as the initial effects of antibiotic treatment strongly impacted inflammatory and immune modulated responses. However, the largest number of proteome changes was observed at the end of treatment time points 17 and 26 weeks respectively. Post-treatment 52-week results showed an abatement of differential proteome signatures from end of treatment, though interestingly those proteins uniquely significant at post-treatment were almost exclusively downregulated. Patients were additionally stratified based upon disease severity and compared across all timepoints, identifying 461 discriminating proteome signatures. These proteome signatures collapsed into discrete expression profiles with distinct pathways across immune activation and signaling, hemostasis, and metabolism annotations. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and Integrin signaling maintained a severity signature through 52 weeks, implying an intrinsic disease severity signature well into the post-treatment timeframe. CONCLUSION: Previous proteome studies have primarily focused on the 8-week timepoint in relation to culture conversion status. While this study confirms previous observations, it also highlights some differences. The inclusion of additional end of treatment and post-treatment time points offers a more comprehensive assessment of treatment progression within the serum proteome. Examining the expression dynamics at these later time periods will help in the investigation of relapse patients and has provided indicative markers of response and recovery.

Macrosocial identity in the regional communities of the North Caucasus is characterized by contradictions and complexity of formation processes, which is largely due to the frontier nature of the region. Recently, in the context of a sharp aggravation of the geopolitical situation, the conduct of a special military operation, the problems of the integrity and unity of the North Caucasian society as an integral part of Russia have come to the fore, updating issues of identity. The purpose of the study is to clarify, basing on the secondary analysis of data from various studies and comparison of the results of research projects, the levels of formation of different types of macrosocial identity in regional societies and establish their correlation with social practice in the regions. The study revealed inconsistency of the final data obtained by different scientists. Consideration of the social practices accumulated in regional societies made it possible, to a certain extent, to correct the assessment of the levels of formation of types of macrosocial identity in relation to a specific region of the North Caucasus. A conclusion is made, about the mosaic structure of public consciousness of the North Caucasian community and contradictory social practices that have developed in regional society. It has been defined that, under the influence of both external and internal destructive forces, identification processes acquire a risky orientation from time to time. The analytical material may be of interest to scientific teams studying identification problems, as well as for media and various institutions interested in using positive identification practices, such as cultural and edifying, organizing educational work among the population of the North Caucasus region.

Sugar beet hybrids are essential in modern agriculture due to their superior yields, disease resistance, and adaptability. This study investigates the role of the Rz2 gene in conferring resistance to beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) in 14 sugar beet hybrids cultivated in Kazakhstan, including local and European varieties. The Rz2 gene, encoding a CC-NB-LRR protein, is a known resistance factor against BNYVV. Using RT-qPCR, we assessed Rz2 expression and detected BNYVV in bait plants inoculated with virus-infested soil. Our findings identified two highly resistant varieties: the Kazakh cultivar ‘Abulhair’ and the French line 22b5006. Additionally, the Kazakh cultivar ‘Pamyati Abugalieva’ and the French hybrid ‘Bunker’ exhibited increased resistance, suggesting involvement of other resistance loci. Notably, the Danish hybrid ‘Alando’, despite resistance to rhizomania, did not effectively resist BNYVV, highlighting possible evasion of its genetic factors by local virus strains. Our results emphasize the importance of Rz2 in resistance breeding programs and advocate for further research on additional resistance genes and the genetic variability of BNYVV in Kazakhstan. This work pioneers the molecular evaluation of BNYVV resistance in sugar beet in Kazakhstan, contributing to sustainable disease management and improved sugar beet production.

Objective. Currently, the task of ensuring the security of Russia's national information resources is being updated as an important area of state policy in the information sphere. The purpose of the article is to describe a methodology for determining the criticality of processes in the research activities of a higher educational institution in order to solve the issue of assigning it the category of critical information infrastructure and, in accordance with this category, ensuring the requirements for the information security system. Method. The method of expert assessments and BPMN business process modeling are used. Result. An overview of approaches to categorizing objects of critical information infrastructure of scientific activity of higher education institutions is presented. The analysis and comparison of regulatory documents of regulators, their adaptation for the field of science, the main stages of categorization, local regulatory documents allowing categorization in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory framework are determined. To carry out the categorization process of the university, a scheme of categorization stages has been developed, the rules of analysis of the organization's objects for the purpose of identifying criticality with subsequent assignment of a category of significance or rejection of a category have been considered. Conclusion. The scientific activity of a higher education institution is subject to analysis to identify critical processes, inventory of objects with identification of possible consequences as a result of the implementation of security threats, identification of subjects and objects of critical information infrastructure, assessment of the category of significance. To increase the reliability of the results obtained, the rules of procedure of the special commission on categorization, drafts of local documents on the inventory of objects and the formalization of processes have been developed.

Numerous research studies addressing the differences in the use of lexical bundles in academic English by L1 and L2 writers interpret these differences as a deficiency or deviation that L2 writers need to eliminate. In this paper, we argue that this “deviant” use is not essentially the product of insufficient knowledge of English and/or Anglophone norms of academic writing but rather a transfer of the academic conventions of non-native speakers, rooted in their local culture. To confirm this hypothesis, we reviewed some previous studies and analyzed the use of lexical bundles in dissertations and research papers written in English by graduate and post-graduate students from Russia and Cameroon. The Russian corpus (38 texts of 576,186 words) was compiled from publicly available papers and dissertations written by bachelor’s and master’s students at the Higher School of Economics; the Cameroonian corpus (21 papers of 680,146 words) was compiled from papers contributed by students and teachers of the University of Yaoundé I. Using content analysis, corpus analysis, and the comparative method, we found that the most significant differences in the use of lexical bundles were connected with the peculiarities of the Russian and Cameroonian academic writing styles and cultural norms. Our study, therefore, reinforces the need to consider a more inclusive and culturally sensitive approach to the use of lexical bundles by L2 academic writers and take into account their diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. It will expand our knowledge of the linguistic features of different varieties of English and provide a deeper understanding of academic traditions in different languages and cultures.

Introduction. The relevance of the issues under study, which is due to the need to strengthen the all-Russian identity in the multi-ethnic North Caucasian community in the context of a sharp aggravation of geopolitical contradictions. The purpose of the article is formulated – on the basis of empirical material, to determine the specifics of the manifestation of macrosocial identity in the life of the population of the North Caucasus Federal District and to identify opportunities for further construction of an all-Russian identity in the North Caucasus region. Materials and methods. The section identifies the sources of the empirical base of all subjects of the Russian Federation that form the North Caucasus Federal District, the main of which are regional regulatory legal acts, scientific articles in journals that are freely available in the RSCI, and expert opinion obtained during an expert survey. The use of methodical triangulation (content analysis, discourse analysis and semi-structured expert interviews) made it possible to highlight different aspects of the process of forming a macrosocial identity, making the research picture more voluminous and complete. The heuristic value of the results obtained through this triangulation was manifested in clarifying the structure of the macrosocial identity of the North Caucasian society and fixing the priority of ethnic and partially religious identities. Results. It is substantiated that for studying the problems of constructing an all-Russian identity in the subjects of the federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, the most optimal is the analytical model of identity proposed by M.V. Nazukina and includes three main levels of identity policy implementation on a regional scale: normative, narrative-mythological and symbolic. The current stage of the formation of macrosocial identity in the North Caucasus is characterized at all three levels by a certain priority of ethnic identity, which is enhanced by confessional identity. Discussion and Сonclusion. Based on the results of scientific analysis, it was concluded that a relative balance has developed in the North Caucasus between the all-Russian and ethnic components of macrosocial identity with a partial predominance of ethno-confessional. Analytical material may be of interest to scientific teams studying the problems of humanitarian security in the North Caucasus; structures interested in strengthening ethnopolitical unity in the region on the basis of all-Russian values. The main results and conclusions of the work can be useful for the media, various cultural and educational institutions in organizing and conducting educational work among the population of the region, including youth.

The article is based on the materials of field research conducted in the Kaliningrad region in 2022–2023. The authors proceed from the idea of this region as a frontier emerged due to redefinition of jurisdiction of the territories of East Prussia after World War II and geopolitical transformations after 1991. Currently, the region is surrounded by EU countries, and this predetermines its perception as a civilizational frontier – a space of comparison between Russian and European ways of life, and intensified the politicization of local historical memory. The aim of the article is to examine the narratives underlying visual transformation of the cultural landscape of the Kaliningrad region since 1945, their relation to the tasks of de-actualization of the region’s past, appropriation of German heritage and its integration into the Russian cultural space. Cultural landscape is defined both as a product and environment of human activity saturated with a variety of artifacts, and as a sign system that forms, preserves, and controls a certain vision of the world. The use of the semiotic paradigm allowed us to consider monuments as its long-term semantic accents. We also took into account the multiplicity of actors influencing the organization and reorganization of the cultural landscape, the variability of the correlation of political forces and opportunities, and the participation in the transformation processes of both power institutions that limit the possibility of alternative perception of reality, and society that resists ideological programming. The evolution of semantic dominants of the cultural landscape we analyzed in the context of shifts in the ideology and attitudes of regional society. We conclude that the compromise tactics of appropriation of the region’s past, developed over time, are based on countering the challenges of the time and solving practical problems, rather than on political attitudes.

Abstract Digitalization is a core component of the green transition. Today’s focus is on quantifying and predicting the climate effects of digitalization through various life-cycle assessments and baseline scenario methodologies. Here we argue that this is a mistake. Most attempts at prediction are based on three implicit assumptions: (a) the digital carbon footprint can be quantified, (b) business-as-usual with episodic change leading to a new era of stability, and (c) investments in digitalization will be delivered within the cost, timeframe, and benefits described in their business cases. We problematize each assumption within the context of digitalization and argue that the digital carbon footprint is inherently unpredictable. We build on uncertainty literature to show that even if you cannot predict, you can still mitigate. On that basis, we propose to rethink practice on the digital carbon footprint from prediction to mitigation.

IntroductionBeet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is a common viral pathogen that causes considerable economic loss globally. In the present study, a commercial realtime PCR test system and custom loop mediated amplification primers were used to detect the virus in asymptomatic sugar beet samples.MethodsA total of 107 of 124 samples tested positive for the presence of the A type BNYVV coat protein gene. Near complete sequences of RNA-3 and RNA-4 were obtained using reverse transcription, followed by nanopore sequencing of 14 samples.Results and discussionA comparison with available sequences, including previously published isolates Kas2 and Kas3 from Kazakhstan, identified RNA-3 as similar to such of the P-type isolates Puthiviers and Kas3. RNA-5 was not detected using real-time PCR or cDNA amplification. Unique variable sites were identified in the p25 protein sequence translated from RNA-3. Another virus, beet cryptic virus 2 (BCV2), was identified and sequenced in samples infected with BNYVV. With 85.28% genome coverage, the identified BCV2 samples were very similar to the previously reported isolates from Hungary and Germany

# Background The objective of residency recruitment is to select the most appropriate candidate. While cognitive skills are identified before an interview and can be measured objectively, non-cognitive skills can be harder to discern. These non-cognitive skills though are a good predictors of future residency performance. A structured behavioral interview is better at identifying noncognitive skills compared to a traditional interview. # Objective Compare the noncognitive traits identified in the interviews with those identified in resident evaluations # Methods Using the semi-annual evaluations 6 residents were split between satisfactory group and excellent group. Behavioral-based interviews and traditional unstructured interviews conducted on the same individual were compared and the results of the interview were compared to the semi-annual and annual evaluations submitted by the teaching faculty and the program directors. The interviews were analyzed for non-cognitive skills. # Results Qualitative analysis of behavioral interview narratives and the narrative part of the semiannual evaluations independently identified the non-cognitive characteristics of adaptability, decisiveness, time management, judgment, and the ability to work in a team. It also identified other essential non-cognitive skills necessary for an anesthesiologist, such as ability to prioritize, study techniques, ability to destress. # Conclusion The noncognitive traits found in the excellent group response to the structured interview match those found in the semi-annual evaluations. In this case individuals who are suited to the field of anesthesiology are adaptable, decisive, team-players with excellent judgment.