Search

Gunumuzde artan nufusla birlikte cevre kirliligi problemleri on plana cikmis ve yukselen hayat standardina bagli degisen tuketim aliskanliklari, ambalajli urun satislarinin artmasina bu da kati atik kompozisyonun farklilasmasina yol acmistir. Cogunlukla su, mesrubat, sivi yag, sirke gibi sivi gidalarin piyasaya surulmesi amaciyla kullanilan PET ambalaji, geri donusum tesislerinde kirma, yikama, kurutma vb. bir dizi islem kademesi sonrasinda PET talaslari olarak geri kazanilabilmektedir. Turkiye’de cam ormanlari onemli bir yer tutmaktadir. Mevsimsel olarak dokulen kozalak ya toprak uzerinde kalmakta ya da toplanip yakilmaktadir. Ancak yasam dongusu acisindan, hammadde kaynaklarinin daha verimli kullanmasi ve zamanla ortaya cikan yeni ihtiyaclarin uygun maliyetlerle karsilanmasi icin oldukca yuksek miktardaki PET ambalaj atiklari ve kozalak atiklari icin alternative kullanim alanlarinin yaratilmasi bu kapsamda katma degeri yuksek kompozit malzeme uretimi hem ekonomik bir firsat hem de cesitlilik saglayacaktir. Bu calismada inorganik bir malzeme olan mikanin farkli oranlarda dolgu olarak kullanildigi polyester matriksli kompozite organik takviye ornegi olarak iki farkli malzemenin; ogutulmus cam kozalagi (P) ve PET sise talasinin (B) ayri ayri takviye edilmesinin mekanik ozelliklere etkisi arastirilmistir. Kompozit malzemede dolgu maddesi mika ve takviyeler ( P/ B) arasinda % agirlikca (6:0, 9:0, 12:0, 6:6, 9:6 ve 12:6) orani saglanmistir. Farkli oranlarda yapilan mika katkisinin hem cam kozalagi hem de PET sise talasiyla ayri ayri uretilmis kompozit malzemeye etkisi egme, darbe direnci, sertlik, yogunluk gibi testlerle belirlenmistir.

Elemental boron is one of the most valuable high-tech boron products and it has highest energy density 14 kcal/g in the world for this type of product. With the rapid advancements in technology in recent years, a demand has grown for a light materials with functionality and excellent properties such as high hardness, high melting point, high strength, high chemical resistance and nuclear characteristics that can be used in the fields of aerospace, aviation, automotive and solar cells. In this study boron oxide was reduced using carbon monoxide via a batch system to produce elemental boron. To determine the most suitable conditions for the reduction reaction different temperatures and different CO/B2O3 mol ratio parameters were studied. As a result of thermodynamic calculations for the most efficient parameters for reaction temperature was 140-210 degrees C and the CO/B2O3 mol ratio being studied was 3/1 and 2/1 for the batch system. Boron oxide reduction was performed by carbon monoxide gas with the pressure set at 10 bar. Characterization of the product was carried out by using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at optimum temperature and mol ratio (140 degrees C and 3/1). Boron phase was seen in both XRD and FT-IR analysis. Also, SEM analysis was performed in order to observe morphological structure of elemental boron. (C) 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Günümüzdeartan nüfusla birlikte çevre kirliliği problemleri ön plana çıkmış ve yükselenhayat standardına bağlı değişen tüketim alışkanlıkları, ambalajlı ürünsatışlarının artmasına bu da katı atık kompozisyonun farklılaşmasına yolaçmıştır. Çoğunlukla su, meşrubat, sıvı yağ, sirke gibi sıvı gıdaların piyasayasürülmesi amacıyla kullanılan PET ambalajı, geri dönüşüm tesislerinde kırma,yıkama, kurutma vb. bir dizi işlem kademesi sonrasında PET talaşları olarakgeri kazanılabilmektedir. Türkiye’de çam ormanları önemli bir yer tutmaktadır.Mevsimsel olarak dökülen kozalak ya toprak üzerinde kalmakta ya da toplanıpyakılmaktadır. Ancak yaşam döngüsü açısından, hammadde kaynaklarının dahaverimli kullanması ve zamanla ortaya çıkan yeni ihtiyaçların uygun maliyetlerlekarşılanması için oldukça yüksek miktardaki PET ambalaj atıkları ve kozalakatıkları için alternative kullanım alanlarının yaratılması bu kapsamda katmadeğeri yüksek kompozit malzeme üretimi hem ekonomik bir fırsat hem deçeşitlilik sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışmada inorganik bir malzeme olan mikanın farklıoranlarda dolgu olarak kullanıldığı polyester matriksli kompozite organiktakviye örneği olarak iki farklı malzemenin; öğütülmüş çam kozalağı (P) ve PETşişe talaşının (B) ayrı ayrı takviye edilmesinin mekanik özelliklere etkisiaraştırılmıştır. Kompozit malzemede dolgu maddesi mika ve takviyeler ( P/ B)arasında % ağırlıkça (6:0, 9:0, 12:0, 6:6, 9:6 ve 12:6) oranı sağlanmıştır.Farklı oranlarda yapılan mika katkısının hem çam kozalağı hem de PET şişetalaşıyla ayrı ayrı üretilmiş kompozit malzemeye etkisi eğme, darbe direnci,sertlik, yoğunluk gibi testlerle belirlenmiştir., Theproblem of environmental pollution has sprung to the fore with today’sover-population and packaged product sales have risen due to the changingconsumption behaviors pursuant to today’s rising living standards, which causedsolid waste composition to differentiate. Poly ethylene terephthalate (PET)bottle that is mostly used for the purpose of marketing liquids can be recycledas PET chips after a certain set of procedures. Pine forests have an importantplace in Turkey. Pine cones that fall seasonally either stay on the ground orare collected and burned. That being said, creating alternative usage areas fora huge amount of PET bottle wastes and pine cone wastes and, in the same scope,production of composite materials with high added value will create botheconomical opportunities and variety in terms of life cycle, more efficientusage of raw material resources and better sales cost for future needs ofpeople.Two different materials, which were grinded pine cones(P) and PET bottle chips (B), as polyester matrix composite organicreinforcement samples, where an inorganic material known as mica was used atdifferent ratios as filling, were reinforced separately and their resultingeffect on mechanical properties was researched. Wt% (6:0, 9:0, 12:0, 6:6, 9:6and 12:6) was established between mica as the filling in the composite materialand the reinforcements (P/B). The effect induced by reinforcing mica atdifferent ratios on the composite material, which was manufactured separatelyvia both pine cone and PET bottle chip, was determined via tests to possess bending,impact resistance etc..

Onbasilar, Ebru/0000-0002-1321-0280; ARIKAN, Mehmet Saltuk/0000-0003-4862-1706; UNAL, NECMETTIN/0000-0001-5250-7063 WOS: 000393748200007 This review provides a comparative analysis on the unenriched and alternative cage systems used in commercial egg production as required by the directive (99/74/EC) of the EU Council on animal welfare in terms of technical performance indicators, distribution of cost items, egg sales revenue, and profitability. Unenriched (conventional) cages are commonly used in Turkey. However these cages don't provide for the laying hens natural needs. The comparison was taken from data regarding Lohmann Brown Classic and Lohmann LSL Classic laying hybrids kept in two caging systems. The rearing period was composed of 399 days starting when 16-week-old commercial pullets were put into unenriched and alternative cage systems and ending at the end of their 73rd weeks of age when laying hens were removed from production. The average shares of the some important cost items in the total cost in the production period were calculated to be as follows for unenriched and alternative cage systems, respectively: pullet 22.17% and 21.17%; feed 61.31% and 58.29%; labour 2.67% and 2.55%; veterinary and health 0.74% and 0.98%; egg packaging 3.23% and 3.48%; maintenance and repair expenses 1.50% and 2.29%; and depreciation costs 5.48% and 8.35%. The average cost of producing one egg was found to be 0.094 US$ and 0.097 US $, respectively. It was determined that investment costs in alternative cage systems was 14.93% higher and the production cost per hen was 2.03% higher than that in unenriched cage systems. In Turkey, on January 1, 2023, all systems will be converted to alternative cages. Investment amounts and production costs for the alternative cage systems are very important in this transformation process. Therefore the present review is to examine the available information on the production data of laying hens reared in the unenriched and alternative cages and to make economic feasibility conclusions under Turkey conditions.

In recent years focus on the development of natural fiber composites has been increased due to their superior properties such as light-weight, high strength and stiffness. Natural fibers are known environmentally friendly and they can be used alternatively to glass and carbon fibers because of their low-cost. Pine cone fibers are good preference to use for composite manufacturing because they are mainly consisted with cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin macromolecules which provide a hydrophilic character. Potential pine cone forest reserve of Turkey is 54,000 ha and its total stone pine cone production is annually 3500 tons. Boron compounds such as borax, boric acid and zinc borate are generally used for their flame reterdant effect. These compounds can inhibit mass transfer of combustible vapors by blocking its contact with oxygen. In this study three kinds of boron compounds such as boron oxide, borax pentahydrate and borax decahydrate were used to provide better mechanical properties and better incombustibility. Synergistic effect of both waste pine cone and boron compounds were sampled to manufacture the polyester composites by using casting process. Some mechanical (bending strength, flexural modulus, izod impact), flame retardancy (limiting oxygen index (LOI)), and physical properties (water absorption, swelling thickness, open porosity, bulk density) were obtained at different fiber content. SEM analysis of the final products was performed to observe morphological structure. According to mechanical test results boron oxide showed better bending strength and flexural modulus compared with the other boron compounds. LOI of composites with boron compound was higher than the composites with only pine cone reinforcement.

There is critical concern about meeting future global demand for materials because of the depletion of natural resources. In particular, the balance between future demand and sustainable supply will require a great deal of attention in years to come. The interest in the long term sustainability of material resources has led to advancements in bio-composite or polymer composite materials that are made from natural fibers and resin. Pinecones and chestnut waste are most often used as the biomass/biochar source. Nature proposes, and man disposes; we have to find or create new forms of pinecone and chestnut waste to increase their value and for environmental reasons. That is why the current waste was processed and transformed to filler in an up-graded state. In this study, composites were manufactured using chestnut waste and pinecone powder as filler and polyester as the polymer matrix. In addition, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide as hardener and cobalt naphthenate as accelerator were used to produce polyester composite. Raw materials of the fillers were treated with sodium hydroxide solution. The polyester amount was kept constant while the filler ratio was increased from 3% to 12% by weight. The similarities and differences between composites with different fillers and chemical pre-treatments were assessed by evaluating certain mechanical properties such as flexural strength, elastic modulus and hardness and various physical features such as density, open porosity percentage and water absorption. According to the experimental results, increasing the ratio of both chestnut and pinecone powder led to a decrease in the bending strength and an increase in the elastic modulus. Higher properties were associated with the chestnut waste/polyester composite than the pinecone powder/polyester composite.

Okra is a common vegetable in most regions of Turkey and available all year-round, with a peak season during the summer months. In this study, the chemical composition and physical properties of matureokra seeds were investigated, firstly. Then, the unroasted okra seed flour (OSF)and roasted okra seeds flour(ROSF) (40 minutes at 160 0 C) were analyzed for total phenolic contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity.The results of flour samples showed that the greatest value of phenolics in OSF(157.80mgGAE100g -1 flour) and ROSF(232.19mgGAE100g -1 flour). The concentration that provided 50% radical scavenging (IC 50 ) was determined as 360.25±2.01mgml -1 and 452.39±12.27mgml -1 for roasted and unroasted okra seed flour, respectively. Regarding physical and chemical composition, okra seeds and their flour could be recommended for a good source of protein, fat, mineral and phenolic acid, which can be help remove the stigma of "starvation food" for people and promote them as a healthy food source.

Bu calismada, susuz bor oksitten yola cikarak katma degeri yuksek bor uc urunlerinden biri olan elementel borun mekanokimyasal yontem ile sentezi ve karakterizasyonu gerceklestirilmistir. Indirgeme isleminde spex tipi yuksek enerjili bilyali degirmen kullanilmistir. Farkli ogutme surelerinde ve farkli tepkime oranlarinda bor oksit ve magnezyum, inert atmosferde ve oda sicakliginda ogutulmustur. Ogutulen toz firinda sinterlenmistir. Sentezlenen tozun karakterizasyonu, X-isini kirinimi (XRD), taramali elektron mikroskobu (SEM), enerji dagilim spektrofotometresi (EDS) ve yas analiz yontemleri ile gerceklestirilmistir. XRD analizine gore 1/3,3 toz bilya agirlik oraninda ve 600 dakika ogutme sonucunda elde edilen urunde elementel bor fazina rastlanmistir. Yapilan secici cozelti saflastirma islemlerinden sonra XRD, EDS ve yas analiz sonuclari safsizliklarin dikkate deger olcude giderildigini gostermistir. Yas analiz yontemi ile borun safiyeti %95 olarak belirlenmistir.