Search

Menstrual psychosis has been described as a brief psychotic episode acute in its onset, rapid in its resolution, and marked by variable temporal boundaries within the menstrual cycle. It is a rare disorder with a crudely estimated prevalence of 1 in 10,000. To confirm a case with menstrual psychosis clinically, detailed dates regarding the association of the menstrual cycle and psychosis are necessary. Menstrual psychosis occurs most commonly in phases of the menstrual cycle where estrogen levels are low. It is thought to be caused by increased dopamine sensitivity during the low estrogen phases of the menstrual cycle. The mainstay of pharmacological treatment in menstrual psychosis is neuroleptics, mood stabilizers, and hormonal therapy. Antipsychotics and antidepressants have been reported to be helpful during acute psychotic states in menstrual psychoses, but have not been documented as successful monotherapy in the prevention of further episodes in the treatment of menstrual psychoses. Severe affective instability with evident psychosis during the menstrual cycle should be evaluated for menstrual psychosis. Further research is needed to describe most aspects of the disorder, including prevalence, pathophysiology, genetic risk, and evidence-based therapies. Menstrual psychosis is a distinct category of mental illness that should be managed by a multidisciplinary team. Education on menstrual psychosis should also be increased as it is likely to be missed clinically. Increased identification is important as the treatment is effective, and safe., Menstrüel psikoz, akut başlayan, hızlı çözülen ve adet döngüsü içinde değişken zamansal sınırlarla karakterize kısa bir psikotik epizod olarak tanımlanmıştır. Kabaca tahmin edilen prevalansı 10.000'de 1 olan nadir bir hastalıktır. Menstrüel psikozlu bir vakayı klinik olarak doğrulamak için menstrüel siklus ve psikoz ilişkisine ilişkin ayrıntılı tarihler gereklidir. Menstrüel psikoz, en sık östrojen seviyelerinin düşük olduğu adet dönemlerinde ortaya çıkar. Adet döngüsünün düşük östrojen fazları sırasında artan dopamin duyarlılığından kaynaklandığına düşünülmektedir. Menstrüel psikozda farmakolojik tedavinin temeli nöroleptikler, duygudurum düzenleyiciler ve hormon tedavisidir. Antipsikotikler ve antidepresanların, menstrüel psikozdaki akut durumlarda yardımcı olduğu bildirilmiş, ancak bu ilaçların gelecek atakların önlenmesinde monoterapi olarak faydalı olduğu belgelenmemiştir. Menstrüel psikoz tanısı için şiddetli afektif dengesizlik belirgin psikozla birlikte adet döngüsü sırasında değerlendirilmelidir. Prevalans, patofizyoloji, genetik risk ve kanıta dayalı tedaviler dahil olmak üzere bozukluğun birçok yönünü tanımlamak için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Menstrüel psikoz, multidisipliner bir ekip tarafından yönetilmesi gereken ayrı bir ruhsal hastalık kategorisidir. Klinik olarak gözden kaçırılması muhtemel olduğundan, menstrüel psikoz eğitimi de artırılmalıdır. Gelişen tanımlamalar tedavinin etkili ve güvenli olabilmesi için önemlidir.

Bu çalışmada Milli Edebiyat Dönemi (1911-1923) ve Cumhuriyet Dönemi (1923 ve sonrası) yazarlarımızdan olan Halide Edip Adıvar’ın Mor Salkımlı Ev ve Sinekli Bakkal adlı eserleri biçim ve içerik özellikleri ile değerler eğitimi açısından incelenmiştir. Romanlarda bulunan bireysel, sosyal, milli ve dini değerler, yazarın eğitime verdiği önem, eserlerinde eğitimi anlatış tarzı ile birlikte yazarın eserleri aracılığıyla zihniyeti ve nasıl bir dünya yaratmak istediği üzerinde durulmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırmanın amacı Halide Edip’in Mor Salkımlı Ev ve Sinekli Bakkal adlı eserlerinin biçim ve içerik özelliklerine değinerek eserlerde öne çıkan değerleri saptamak ve yazarın dünya görüşü ile idealindeki insan yapısı hakkında çıkarımda bulunmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda araştırma süresince “Halide Edip eserlerinde insanı eğitmeye önem vermiş midir?” “Halide Edip’in yaratmaya çalıştığı insan tipi nasıldır?” gibi soruların yanıtları aranacaktır. Bu araştırmada doküman incelemesine dayanan betimsel nitelikli tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır.&nbsp

One possible way to eliminate the problems of beginning teachers would be to improve the quality of practicum component of teacher education programs since the practicum is where pre-service teachers (PTs) face realities of a classroom. The present study was conducted to find out the challenges that PTs and cooperating teachers (CTs) experience during practicum practices, in the hope that detection of the challenges may shed light on which aspects of practicum needs to be improved to increase quality. Data for the study were collected in the spring term of the 2013-2014 academic year through in-depth interviews with eight PTs studying at the English Language Teaching (ELT) department of a state university in Turkey and three CTs mentoring this group of PTs. The responses indicated that there were serious concerns about practicum practices conducted in Turkey, and thus a revision of those practices was needed.Keywords: practicum, teacher development, pre-service teachers, cooperating teachers.

The present small-scale study aimed to investigate teacher agency from the perspective of in-service language teachers in relation to their perceived professional space. It specifically aimed to have an understanding of factors contributing to teacher agency positively and negatively. To this end, eight Turkish EFL teachers working at private and state schools and various education levels were asked to reflect on their own perceived and exploited professional space in semi-structured interviews and storylines. The in-depth analysis of the data revealed three types of trajectories in agency: contested agency, gradual growth of agency and failure in achievement of agency. In these trajectories, it was found out that teachers’ own motivation, material adaptation, cooperation of colleagues and technological equipment promote teacher agency, whereas some factors such as pressure from administration and parents, centralized curriculum and exams, workload and crowded classes serve as obstacles in the process. In line with the results, some implications for the development of teacher agency and also insights for teacher education programs were provided

Autotrophic nitrogen removal is regarded as a resource efficient process to manage nitrogen-rich residual streams. However, nitrous oxide emissions of these processes are poorly documented and strategies to mitigate emissions unknown. In this study, two sequencing batch reactors performing single-stage nitritation/anammox were operated under different aeration strategies, gradually adjusted over six months. At constant but limiting oxygen loading, synthetic reject water was fed (0.75 g-N/L · d) and high nitrogen removal efficiencies (83 ± 5 and 88 ± 2%) obtained. Dynamics of liquid phase nitrous (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations were monitored and N2O emissions calculated. Significant decreases in N2O emissions were obtained when the frequency of aeration was increased while maintaining a constant air flow rate (from6 to 1.7% ΔN2O/ΔTN). However, no significant effect on the emissions was noted when the duration of aeration was increased while decreasing air flow rate (10.9 ± 3.2% ΔN2O/ΔTN). The extant ammonium oxidation activity (mgNH4(+)-N/gVSS · min) positively correlated with the specific N2O production rate (mgN2O-N/gVSS · min) of the systems. Operating under conditions where anaerobic exceeds aerobic ammonium oxidation activity is proposed to minimize N2O emissions from single-stage nitritation/anammox reactors; increasing the frequency of aeration cycling is an efficient way of obtaining those conditions.

Bu calisma, Ingilizceyi yabanci dil olarak ogrenen Turk ogrencilerin ve Turk Ingilizce ogretmenlerinin esdizimlilik ogrenmeye ve ogretmeye iliskin algilarini saptamak amaciyla yapilmistir. Bu amacla, calismanin katilimcilarini olusturan bes farkli devlet lisesindeki 32 ogretmen ve 326 ogrenci, bir anket tamamlamistir. Ayrica ogretmenlerden altisiyla esdizimlilik ogretim uygulamalariyla ilgili yari yapilandirilmis gorusmeler yapilmistir. Sonuclar ogretmenlerin, esdizimlilik bilgisinin baslangic seviyesinden itibaren gelistirilmesi gerektigini, ogrencilerin esdizimlilik hatalarinin genellikle esdizimlilik kavramini bilmemelerinden ve ana dilden yaptiklari aktarimdan kaynaklandigini dusundugunu gostermistir. Buna ek olarak, ogretmenler sik kullanilan esdizimli sozcuklere ozel olarak zaman ayirdiklarini belirtmislerdir. Ogrenciler ise, esdizimli sozcuklerin dil ogreniminde onemli rol oynamasina ragmen ogretmenlerinin yeterince zaman ayirmadiklarini, esdizimlilikle ilgili yaptiklari hatalarin ana dilin etkisinden kaynaklandigini ve onlar icin en etkili ogrenme stratejisinin esdizimlilik tablosu oldugunu belirtmislerdir. Makalde, calismanin sonuclari farkli yabanci dil olarak Ingilizce ortamlarinda yapilan calismalarinkiyle karsilastirilmis ve Turkiye’deki yabanci dil ogretim uygulamalarina istinaden yapilan cikarimlar sunulmustur.

Start-up and operation of single-stage nitritation–anammox sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) for completely autotrophic nitrogen removal can be challenging and far from trivial. In this study, a step-wise procedure is developed based on stoichiometric analysis of the process performance from nitrogen species measurements to systematically guide start-up and normal operation efforts (instead of trial and error). The procedure is successfully applied to laboratory-scale SBRs for start-up and maintained operation over an 8-month period. This analysis can serve as a strong decision-making tool to take appropriate actions with respect to reactor operation to accelerate start-up or ensure high-rate N removal via the nitritation–anammox pathway.

BACKGROUND A validated model describing the nitritation-anammox process in a granular sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system is an important tool for: (a) design of future experiments; and (b) prediction of process performance during optimization, while applying process control, or during system scale-up. RESULTS A model was calibrated using a step-wise procedure customized for the specific needs of the system. The important steps in the procedure were initialization, steady-state and dynamic calibration, and validation. A fast and effective initialization approach was developed to approximate pseudo steady-state in the biofilm system. For oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa) estimation, long-term data, removal efficiencies, and the stoichiometry of the reactions were used. For the dynamic calibration a pragmatic model fitting approach was used – in this case an iterative Monte Carlo based screening of the parameter space – to find the best fit of the model to dynamic data. Finally, the calibrated model was validated with an independent data set. CONCLUSION The calibration procedure presented is the first customized procedure for this type of system and is expected to contribute to achieving a fast and effective model calibration, an important enabling tool for various biochemical engineering design, control and operation problems. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have a presumed determinant role in the structure, architecture, strength, filterability, and settling behaviour of microbial solids in biological wastewater treatment processes. Consequently, numerous EPS extraction protocols have recently been published that aim to optimize the trade off between high EPS recovery and low cell lysis. Despite extensive efforts, the obtained results are often contradictory, even when analysing similar biomass samples and using similar experimental conditions, which greatly complicates the selection of an extraction protocol. This study presents a rigorous and critical assessment of existing physical and chemical EPS extraction methods applied to mixed-culture biomass samples (nitrifying, nitritation-anammox, and activated sludge biomass). A novel fluorescence-based method was developed and calibrated to quantify the lysis potential of different EPS extraction protocols. We concluded that commonly used methods to assess cell lysis (DNA concentrations or G6PDH activities in EPS extracts) do not correlate with cell viability. Furthermore, we discovered that the presence of certain chemicals in EPS extracts results in severe underestimation of protein and carbohydrate concentrations by using standard analytical methods. Keeping both maximum EPS extraction yields and minimal biomass lysis as criteria, it was identified a sonication-based extraction method as the best to determine and compare tightly-bound EPS fractions in different biomass samples. Protein was consistently the main EPS component in all analysed samples. However, EPS from nitrifying enrichments was richer in DNA, the activated sludge EPS had a higher content in humic acids and carbohydrates, and the nitritation-anammox EPS, while similar in composition to the nitrifier EPS, had a lower fraction of hydrophobic biopolymers. In general, the easily-extractable EPS fraction was more abundant in carbohydrates and humic substances, while DNA could only be found in tightly bound EPS fractions. In conclusion, the methodology presented herein supports the rational selection of analytical tools and EPS extraction protocols in further EPS characterization studies.

There are few comparitive studies of microbial structure, composition and phylogenetic diversity of the anammox reactors as a function of substrate complexity exist, representing a large gap in the scientific literature.In this study, we applied 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) tag-based 454 pyrosequencing as a deep sequencing approach to 59 biomass samples from 24 different anammox bioreactors together with proper biological replication in order to compare their total and functional (wrt anaerobic ammonium oxidation) microbial diversity. Among 24 sampled bioreactors, 10 of them were full scale implementations treating complex nitrogen-rich wastewaters and 14 were lab-scale implementations treating synthetic wastewaters. We found that nitritation/anammox bioreactors treating complex nitrogen-rich wastewaters were more diverse in terms of total microbial diversity but less diverse at anammox functional diversity than the bioreactors treating synthetic wastewaters inferred from observed OTUs0.03, Chao1, Shannon index and Phylogenetic distance calculations. Differences in total microbial diversity agreed with the ecological theory concerning the positive correlation between substrate complexity and biodiversity (Parrott 2010), but, not (Harris et al. 2012) in the anammox functional guild diversity (functional diversity term was used based on phylogenetic groups known to harbor the anammox metabolic pathway). Classifying the microbial structure of bioreactors according to substrate complexity using weighted UniFrac algorithm explained 29% of the variance where the bioreactor samples of complex nitrogen-rich wastewater feeding was clearly separated from the bioreactor samples of synthetic feeding.Here we examined and compared for the first time microbial diversity of nitritation-anammox reactors that are designed and built individually for treating complex nitrogen-rich and synthetic wastewaters across the world using 16 rRNA gene pyrosequencing. With the aid of replicated genetic snapshots, we revealed the relationship between the microbial diversity of nitritation-anammox reactors operated by different substrate complexity in terms of microbial composition, structure, richness and phylogenetic diversity from two points of view: total and functional diversity.

Microbes are amazingly diverse in terms of the reactions that they catalyze. This diversity can be exploited to create competitive biotechnological solutions for many environmental challenges, where the right combination of existing microbial reactions can convert unwanted pollutants into a useful or harmless end-product. There are, however, significant scientific and technical challenges in order to combine potentially useful microbial reactions into a workable biotechnology, especially for processes that require the cooperation between microbial groups with very different properties and preferences. Simple empirical approaches often fail, and our intent is therefore to rationally manipulate the composition, that is, the microbial diversity of such systems, towards a target performance. Our hypothesis is that controlled biofilm or bioaggregate-based systems, wherein microbes grow in spatially structured assemblies, are suitable to harness these microbial potentials. We specifically aim to develop, implement and validate the feasibility of generic approaches for the rapid and efficient selection and management of the microbial composition and the micro-scale structure (micro2-management) of biofilms and bioaggregates for a target performance goal. These approaches are being implemented for the rapid start-up and high-rate operation of membrane-supported biofilm reactors and granular biomass reactors to attain a community consisting of aerobic and anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacterial guilds (AeAOB and AnAOB) for autotrophic nitrogen (N) removal from wastewaters.

WOS: 000409812300003, PubMed ID: 28955521, Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and to compare the antibacterial effects of various irrigation solutions against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in human root canals. Materials and Methods: 120 single-root mandibular premolar teeth were selected. The teeth were prepared and sterilized. S. aureus was incubated in the root canals and kept at 37 degrees C for 24h. The infected root canals were divided into one positive (saline) and one negative (sodium hypochlorite) control, and four experimental groups [Ethylene-diaminetetraaceticacid, Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Super-oxidized water(SPO), Aqueous ozone] (n= 20). Flow rate of irrigation was applied with 5 mL/min flow rate for 3 min to ensure standardization among all study groups. Following the irrigation, paper points were placed in the root canals and then transferred in sterile eppendorf. Remaining bacteria were counted on blood agar plates and the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: Although there were statistically significant differences among SPO and other experimental groups (p< 0.05), there was no statistically significant difference between SPO and NaOCl (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Super-oxidized water may be recommended as an alternative irrigation solution instead of NaOCl against S. aureus in root canals.