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The article is devoted to the consideration of the procedure for using payment (bank) cards when transferring funds. It is indicated that at present scientific and technological progress has led to the acceleration and improvement of settlement mechanisms, the introduction of new and optimization of already provided banking services in general. Payment (bank) cards are very popular. In the course of the study, the features characteristic of bank transfer by means of payment (bank) cards were identified. The study of the practice of using payment (bank) cards has shown that the gaps and inaccuracies existing in Russian legislation lead to an increase in the number of disputes involving citizens — cardholders. In order to avoid business risks, banks fix in their local acts a ban on the holder to transfer a payment (bank) card, as well as details, codes and passwords to it to a third party. In this regard, the article emphasizes the importance of familiarizing citizens — holders of payment (bank) cards with local acts of banks in order to ensure security when using cards and prevent unauthorized transfers.

The paper analyzes the legal framework for the clearing system in the Russian Federation and its place in the system of cashless transactions and formulates the main characteristics of clearing. The distinctive features of the process are identified. It is noted that clearing is not a contract, but a set of consistently performed actions aimed at identifying and calculating the mutual obligations of the parties. It is important to mention the stages of clearing and settlement identified by the author that result in charging/crediting the payment clearing position as to the bank accounts of the settlement participants. The importance of clearing of wire transfers between banks participating in gross and clearing payment systems is emphasized. The advantages and disadvantages of clearing and settlement systems are noted. The author pays attention to the institution of the central counterparty, the central clearing counterparty and their functions in the framework of the settlement transaction between payers and recipients, the role of the central counterparty, the central clearing counterparty in minimizing the risks of defaults in payments.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a disease characterized by marked phenotypic heterogeneity. The akinetic-rigid (AR) and tremor-dominant (TD) types of PD differ not only in motor manifestations, but also in the severity of non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairment (CI). It is the PD heterogeneity study that can achieve the task of creating a modern personalized therapy for this disease.Objective: to study the characteristics of cerebral glucose metabolism in CI in patients with AR and TD PD.Patients and methods. Examinations were made in 69 patients with PD (the TD and AR subtypes were in 23 and 46 patients, respectively). Their cognitive status was assessed using the Mini-mental State Examination, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Frontal Assessment Battery, and the Clock Drawing Test. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography was performed according to the standard procedure; glucose metabolism rate (GMR) was determined in different Brodmann areas (BA).Results and discussion. GMR in the frontal areas (right BA 6, 8, 9, 46 and left BA 46) was lower in the AR group that in the TD one (p< 0.05). The severity of CI in the AR group correlated with GMR in the parietal and posterior cingulate cortex (BA 7, 23, 26, 29, 30, and 31). The TD group showed correlations of the values of cognitive tests mainly with GMR in the frontal and anterior cingulate cortex (BA 6, 8–11, 24), and in the parietal (BA 7) and temporal cortices (BA 22). The only area, in which GMR correlated with cognitive performance in both groups, was BA 7.Conclusion. Two distinct patterns of GMR were identified in AR and TD within the general pattern of decreased cerebral glucose metabolism, which was specific for CI in PD. The findings may suggest that there are two different CI pathogenetic mechanisms associated with the clinical subtypes of PD.

Currently, there is a development of e-Commerce, the possibility of reducing the cost of transfer services, the ability to make payments anonymously, as well as the elimination of gaps in legislation regarding the legal regulation of new technologies used for several years — payment applications, payment services, etc. The author of the article describes how the “virtualization” of the national payment system affects all types of payment services and how it manifests itself in relation to the payment acceptance service, postal transfer service and money transfer service. Special attention is paid to the activities of payment systems and the organization of the remote payment mechanism.

The national payment system, which provides services to the entire spectrum of the financial system using all the latest technologies, is a complex institution that is important for the state and society as a whole. Modern technologies significantly simplify the life of the population and speed up the process of providing payment services. Domestic information technologies are developed and used in the provision of payment services, some of which are discussed in this article. Also studied the correlation of business interests and state interests underlying the development of the national payment system as a component of the Russian financial system, able to ensure the financial security of the country and guarantee her economic sovereignty under conditions of globalization and integration of Russia into the world economic system.

The paper deals with a case of TRAPS in a Ukrainian family. The manifestations of this syndrome appeared at the age of 2,5 years and gradually the attacks of fever became more frequent and the recurrence was typical of this diagnosis. Classically, besides fever, there was an intense abdominal pain, such as an “acute abdomen”, arthralgia in the right hip and headache. Micropoliadenia was also detected. This patient did not have any other symptoms. A genetic study found a mutation in the TNFRSF1A gene (substitution in exon 4 with 3449T> G: p.C117G). This mutation has not been recorded in the international electronic database INFEVERS. The child was administered pathogenetic therapy with a selective blocker of interleukin (IL-1) receptors (anakinra) at a dose of 1-5 mg / kg of body weight subcutaneously daily. After the first injection of anakinra the patient got rid of fever, joint syndrome and of abdominal pain. After 1 week of therapy, laboratory parameters of the disease activity (ESR, CRP) became normal. The child has taken anakinra for two years, there were no exacerbations of the disease or side effects due to the treatment. The variety of clinical manifestations of congenital periodic fever and the presence of previously unknown genetic mutations that lead to the development of auto-inflammatory syndromes, indicate the need for a detailed study of these diseases.

PET study of cerebral glucose metabolism was performed in 73 children with epilepsy and mental retardation. Expressive speech disorders were associated with decrease of cerebral metabolism rate of glucose (CMRglu) in the upper frontal gyrus, caudate nucleus and thalamus of the left and right hemispheres. In the group with combined expressive and impressive speech disorders the significant CMRglu reduction in the middle temporal and supramarginal gyrus of the left hemisphere was observed. The obtained results confirm that the brain structures associated with the executive functions and complex association processes have a great significance in the speech development.

The paper deals with a case of TRAPS in a Ukrainian family. The manifestations of this syndrome appeared at the age of 2,5 years and gradually the attacks of fever became morefrequent and the recurrence was typical of this diagnosis. Classically, besides fever, there was an intense abdominal pain, such as an "acute abdomen", arthralgia in the right hip and headache. Micropoliadenia was also detected. This patient did not have any other symptoms. A genetic study found a mutation in the TNFRSF1A gene (substitution in exon 4 with 3449TG: p.C117G). This mutation has not been recorded in the international electronic database INFEVERS. The child was administered pathogenetic therapy with a selective blocker of interleukin (IL-1) receptors (anakinra) at a dose of 1-5 mg / kg of body weight subcutaneously daily. After the first injection of anakinra the patient got rid of fever, joint syndrome and of abdominal pain. After 1 week of therapy, laboratory parameters of the disease activity (ESR, CRP) became normal. The child has taken anakinra for two years, there were no exacerbations of the disease or side effects due to the treatment. The variety of clinical manifestations of congenital periodic fever and the presence of previously unknown genetic mutations that lead to the development of auto-inflammatory syndromes, indicate the need for a detailed study of these diseases.

Changes in the lipid profile in pregnant women, with and without obesity, have been studied depending on the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/ D polymorphism and the 4G5G polymorphism of the plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-1). The combination of the D-allele of the ACE gene and the 5G allele of the PAI-1 gene is a risk factor of increasing total cholesterol in pregnant women, regardless of the obesity class, and of increasing triglycerides in pregnant women without obesity. The presence of the D-allele of the ACE gene in the haplotype, regardless of the combinations of the genotypes of the PAI-1 gene, is a risk factor of increasing triglycerides in pregnant women with obesity.

The quality of the signal received from metabolites in 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) directly depends on physical parameters of the impulse sequence used, namely on Time of Echo (TE). We compare MRS (Achieva 3T PRESS 1H-MRS (TE = 53 and 144 ms, TR = 2000 ms) data acquired in supraventricular white matter and medial cortex at two various TE (53 and 144 ms) for patients with the multiple sclerosis (25 patients with the confirmed diagnosis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and 20 patients with the diagnosis of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis) and control group (21 healthy volunteers, comparable on age), to evaluate advantages and disadvantages of these two Echo Time in clinical practice.

The samples of biochar have been synthesized by chemical carbonization of disaccharide (lactose) and polysaccharide (dextrin). The method excludes thermal treatment under high temperature. Porous structure of the low-cost adsorbents involves nanosized mesopores, a radius of which is 2 nm. They contribute to specific surface area and provide adsorption of large organic molecules, such as dyes and pesticides. The adsorbent produced from the polysaccharide is characterized by higher amount of functional groups comparing with that obtained from the disaccharide. The specific capacitance of a condenser, which involves the carbon electrodes, reaches 0.026 (lactose) and 0.072 F m−2. The degree of removal of toxic organic compounds from water is above 99%. In the case of epoxiconazole and carboxin, it is possible to decrease their content in water down to the maximal allowable concentration. Adsorption capacity was estimated as 79 and 120 mg g−1, respectively.

Interest to the clinical use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) increased significantly over the last years due to equipment enhancement of the modern MR-scanners as well as broadening the options of the MRS method. In particular the multivoxel spectroscopy is becoming widely used where is of great importance not only interpretation of the magnetic resonance spectra, but also correct grouping of voxels for the accurate evaluation of metabolites abnormalities and estimation of the regional metabolic differences. Respectively, authors present their recommendations for the voxel grouping in the multivoxel spectroscopic magnetic resonance examination. The variants of grouping are presented based on the example of one-slice brain multivoxel spectroscopy. The article can be useful for the medical researchers and MRI practitioners who use MRS in clinical practice.

The results of four-class classification of the motor imagery EEG patterns corresponding to the right hand finger movements (little finger, thumb, index and middle fingers) of eight healthy subjects are presented in this study. The motor imagery of individual right-hand finger movements was executed by the subjects in a prescribed rhythm and the trials contained no external stimuli. Classification was performed by means of a specially developed two-level committee of classifiers on the basis of support vector machine and artificial neural networks at the first level and by generalizing an artificial neural network at the second level. The area under the EEG signal curve and the curve length calculated in a sliding time window for sites F 3, C 3, and Cz of the International 10?20 System were selected as the key features of signals from the sensorimotor and adjoining frontal cortical areas contralateral to the movements. The average accuracy of four-class singletrial classification for all subjects was 50 ± 7 [SD] (maximum, 58%) for the pair of sites F 3–C 3 and 46 ± 11% [SD] (maximum 62%) for the pair of sites C 3–Cz with a theoretical guessing level 25%.

Objective This study aimed to find effective approaches to electroencephalographic (EEG) signal analysis and resolve problems of real and imaginary finger movement pattern recognition and categorization for one hand. Methods and materials Eight right-handed subjects (mean age 32.8 [SD = 3.3] years) participated in the study, and activity from sensorimotor zones (central and contralateral to the movements/imagery) was recorded for EEG data analysis. In our study, we explored the decoding accuracy of EEG signals using real and imagined finger (thumb/index of one hand) movements using artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms for future brain–computer interface (BCI) applications. Results The decoding accuracy of the SVM based on a Gaussian radial basis function linearly increased with each trial accumulation (mean: 45%, max: 62% with 20 trial summarizations), and the decoding accuracy of the ANN was higher when single-trial discrimination was applied (mean: 38%, max: 42%). The chosen approaches of EEG signal discrimination demonstrated differential sensitivity to data accumulation. Additionally, the time responses varied across subjects and inside sessions but did not influence the discrimination accuracy of the algorithms. Conclusion This work supports the feasibility of the approach, which is presumed suitable for one-hand finger movement (real and imaginary) decoding. These results could be applied in the elaboration of multiclass BCI systems.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows studying the content of many metabolites in neural tissue in vivo. There are numerous studies devoted to the MRS data analysis in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their results are contradictory. Thus, it is rational to compare the data obtained with MRS and positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), which allows evaluating the brain functional state. In this paper, the authors compared MRS data in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with the cerebral glucose metabolism changes according to FDG PET.Multivoxel proton MRS of the supraventricular area was performed in patients with AD (n=16) and MCI (n=14). The following metabolites ratios were evaluated: NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, NAA/Cho (NAA - N-acetylaspartate, Cr - creatine, Cho - choline). All patients underwent neurological examination, assessment of cognitive status and PET with FDG.A decrease in NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios in the supraventricular white matter and medial cortex in both hemispheres was observed in AD patients. In the MCI group, NAA/Cr ratio were decreased only in left white matter adjusting to the parietal cortex. Positive correlations of NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios with cognitive status, as well as the cerebral glucose metabolism rate according to the PET data in frontal, parietal, temporal and cingulate cortex were revealed.The decrease in the NAA/Cr ratio in the supraventricular white matter and the medial cortex in AD and the correlation of this index with the results of cognitive tests and cerebral glucose metabolism suggest that it can be of diagnostic significance, reflecting the severity of cognitive impairment. In this case, the NAA/Cr ratio should be evaluated taking into account the changes in concentrations of both metabolites (NAA and Cr) in dementia.Цель исследования. Магнитно-резонансная спектроскопия (МРС) позволяет изучать содержание многих метаболитов в живых тканях. Исследований, в которых анализируются данные МРС при болезни Альцгеймера (БА), достаточно много, но их результаты противоречивы. В этом отношении представляется ценным сопоставление данных МРС и позитронно-эмиссионной томографии (ПЭТ) с фтордезоксиглюкозой (ФДГ), позволяющее оценить функциональное состояние нервной ткани. В данной работе проведено сопоставление данных МРС при БА и умеренном когнитивном расстройстве (УКР) с особенностями церебрального метаболизма глюкозы по данным ПЭТ с ФДГ. Материал и методы. Проведена мультивоксельная протонная МРС суправентрикулярной области у больных с БА (n=16) и УКР (n=14). Оценены отношения содержания метаболитов: NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, NAA/Cho (NAA - N-ацетил-аспартат, Cr - креатин, Cho - холин). Больным проводили неврологическое обследование, оценку когнитивного статуса и ПЭТ с ФДГ. Результаты. У больных с БА наблюдали снижение NAA/Cr и Cho/Cr в белом веществе и медиальной коре суправентрикулярной области обоих полушарий. В группе УКР обнаружено снижение NAA/Cr только в одной области белого вещества левого полушария, прилежащего к теменной коре. Выявлены положительные корреляции NAA/Cr и Cho/Cr с показателями когнитивного статуса, а также со скоростью метаболизма глюкозы по данным ПЭТ в лобной, теменной, височной и поясной коре. Заключение. Снижениение отношения NAA/Cr в суправентрикулярном белом веществе и медиальной коре при БА и корреляции этого показателя с результатами когнитивных тестов и церебральным метаболизмом глюкозы свидетельствуют о том, что он может иметь диагностическое значение, отражая степень тяжести когнитивных нарушений. При этом оценка отношения NAA/Cr должна производиться с учетом того, что при деменции изменяется концентрация обоих метаболитов (и NAA, и Cr).

The article presents the results of classification of EEG patterns registered during imagined rhytmic movements of the fingers of the right hand (little, thumb, index, middle fingers) in 8 healthy subjects. The subjects imagined finger movements in a given rhythm; no external stimuli were used. A two-level committee of classifiers was developed for decoding: the first level included support vector machines and artificial neural networks; the second level included artificial neural network used for generalizing. As the key parameters for classification, we used the area of zone under the envelope of EEG signal and the length of the envelope calculated in sliding time window for leads F3, C3 and Cz in system 10-20 were chosen as the key features for signals of sensorimotor and adjoining frontal area cortex contralateral to movements. The accuracy of classification of single trials for 4 movements averaged for all subjects for the pair of leads F3-C3 was 50 ± 7% [SD] (maximal - 58%); for the pair of leads C3-Cz, 46 ± 11% [SD] (maximal - 62%); theoretical guessing level is 25%.

Small-angle X-ray scattering is used to study the effect of deposition and annealing conditions on the concentration-structure ordering in ion-plasma W-Ti-B condensates. At a relatively low condensation temperature of a solid solution (up to Tc = 770 K), the formed modulated structure has a uniform volume distribution of its structural elements. A stage-by-stage transition from a volume-modulated to a two-dimensional modulated structure is revealed when the condensation temperature increases from 570 to 1170 K. As the annealing time of the metastable postcondensation state of an ion-plasma condensate increases, the diffusion mobility of metallic atoms (W, Ti) decreases upon the formation of a modulated ordered structure. The action of a radiation factor in a three-electrode ion sputtering scheme enhances the concentration phase separation in a condensate, decreases the transition temperature, and stimulates an increase in concentration ordering wavelength λod.

It was established that high activity of nitrogen fixation in the root zone of Pisum arvensis L. can be achieved by use of biopreparation Rhizogumin, created on the basic of nodule bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum, for crops inoculation. As a result of Rhizogumin application the rise of pelushko-oats crops yield was 7,0 % to 27,6 %, depending on the system of fertilization. The use of organic fertilizers within crop rotation systems was considered to be the most efficient when growing mixed crops.

The article presents data about chronoperiodicity of excretory, ionregulatory and acidregulatory renal functions in adult white rats. It was found that the renal functions in intact animals are subject to a clear chronorhythmic organization. This applies to most indicators of chronorhythmic excretory, ionregulatory and acidregulatory kidney function., В статье наведены данные о хронопериодичности экскреторной, ионорегулирующей и кислоторегулирующей функций почек в половозрелых белых крыс. Установлено, что функции почек у интактных животных подчинены четкой хроноритмической организации. Это касается большинства хроноритмических показателей экскреторной, ионорегулирующей и кислоторегулирующей функций почек., У статті наведено дані про хроноритмічні особливості екскреторної, іонорегулювальної та кислоторегулювальної функцій нирок у статевозрілих білих щурів. Встановлено, що функції нирок в інтактних тварин підпорядковані чіткій хроноритмічній організації. Це стосується більшості хроноритмічних показників екскреторної, іонорегулювальної та кислоторегулювальної функцій нирок.

At the present moment a study of a combined action of different pathogenic factors, in particular, the effects of metal salts under the conditions of the stress action remains topical. Hence, at the present stage of the development of medicine a chronobiological approach towards developing methods of prophylaxis and correction of the consequences of influensing on the organism of different damaging factors of the environment assumes an especially topical significance. The chronostructure of rhythms of many physiological processes in man is an important criterion of diagnostics and treatment efficiency.

Electrical heating in a liquid nitrogen medium alters the structural state of polycrystalline titanium. It is shown by the methods of resistometry, X-ray photography, and metallography that, in treatment by current, grains grow by collective recrystallization, and formation of rutile associated with active diffusion of oxygen is observed.

A parameterization of the volume scattering function (VSF) specific to coastal waters is proposed. We have found that the standard VSF parameterizations proposed by Fournier-Forand and Petzold do not fit our measurements obtained with a high angular resolution VSF-meter for water samples taken in the Black Sea coastal zone. We propose modeling VSF as a linear function of scattering, backscattering and particulate absorption. The statistical techniques employed allow us to retrieve the variability of VSF and to demonstrate the significance of the estimates obtained. The results of independent validation and the comparison with other commonly used parameterizations are provided. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America

Analysis of 90 clinical strains ofM. tuberculosis demonstrated the possibility of using allele-specific amplification for detecting mutations determining rifampicin resistance. Successive use of two allele-specific primers helped us to detect 85% resistant strains. Other strains were studied using conformation polymorphism analysis of single-stranded DNA fragments. Consecutive use of two assays correctly identified 98% resistant strains.

The article is devoted to the study of psychological characteristics in patients with multiple sclerosis and their role in treatment and rehabilitation. The polymorphic fluctuating psychological disorders (cognitive and personality disorders, neuropsychological symptoms and inadequate "internal picture of disease") were found. The characteristics of unconscious psychic activity were specified. It was supposed that not only psychological factors but also functional state of the brain underlie the peculiarity of psychological disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis. The interdependence of psychological and cerebral factors influences the interference between clinical and psychological presentations in patients and must be taken into consideration in the treatment and rehabilitation of multiple sclerosis.

International audience; Experimental and modelling results of the dynamics of a sea-breeze event and its effects on the three-dimensional (3-D) redistribution of the gaseous SO2 are presented within the framework of a particularly flat and industrialized coastal area of the North Sea. The measurements were carried out at ground level with the stations of the local air quality monitoring agency and with two optical remote sensing instruments. The remote sensing setup consisted of a lidar and a sodar whose measurements allowed us to determine the layers of the lower troposphere during a sea-breeze event up to 1400 m height. The experimental results and measurements of industrial SO2 in the atmosphere are compared to the numerical simulations of the 3-D atmospheric non-hydrostatic chemistry model Meso-NH-C. The transport and the dispersion of gaseous SO2 are studied above the neighbouring industrial and urban areas. We show how the evolution and the redistribution of the SO2 concentrations at ground level are related to the structure and the dynamics of the sea breeze. The gaseous SO2 is brought back inland as soon as the sea breeze commences, mixed inner the thermal internal boundary layer and transported inland by the gravity current up to the sea-breeze front, where gases and particles are uplifted. The elevation of the polluted air masses by the sea-breeze system favours the nucleation of the emitted compounds due to the increase of the relative humidity in the uplifted layer. We show how the dynamical conditions during and after the sea breeze lead to storage of SO2 near and above the emitting industrial coastal areas, and favour the formation of acidic aerosol particles.

ContextNo large-scale study has investigated the impact of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) on the outcome of standard short-course chemotherapy under routine countrywide TB control program conditions in the World Health Organization's (WHO) directly observed treatment short-course strategy for TB control.ObjectiveTo assess the results of treatment with first-line drugs for patients enrolled in the WHO and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease's global project on drug-resistance surveillance.Design and SettingRetrospective cohort study of patients with TB in the Dominican Republic, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (People's Republic of China), Italy, Ivanovo Oblast (Russian Federation), the Republic of Korea, and Peru.PatientsNew and retreatment TB cases who received short-course chemotherapy with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and either ethambutol or streptomycin between 1994 and 1996.Main Outcome MeasureTreatment response according to WHO treatment outcome categories (cured; died; completed, defaulted, or failed treatment; or transferred).ResultsOf the 6402 culture-positive TB cases evaluated, 5526 (86%) were new cases and 876 (14%) were retreatment cases. A total of 1148 (20.8%) new cases and 390 (44.5%) retreatment cases were drug resistant, including 184 and 169 cases of multidrug-resistant TB, respectively. Of the new cases 4585 (83%) were treated successfully, 138 (2%) died, and 151 (3%) experienced short-course chemotherapy failure. Overall, treatment failure (relative risk [RR], 15.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10.6-22.4; P

The efficiency of tuberculosis control programs is largely determined by methods for rapid diagnosis of the agent. In comparison with the traditional methods, new molecular technologies for characterization of mycobacteria appear to be more promising, because the result can be obtained in almost no time. Sixty-five strains of M. tuberculosis isolated in various regions of Russia were investigated. Drug resistance and strain appurtenance of this sample were determined by classical (absolute concentrations method, IS6110-RFLP) and modern molecular genetic methods (detection of mutations in rpo B gene, DRE-PCR). The spectrum of mutations of the rpoB gene associated with rifampicin resistance was evaluated by direct sequencing. Mutations involving codons 531 (62.7%), 526 (18.6%), and 516 (10.2%) of rpoB gene predominated in the studied sample. The studied strains were discriminated into 52 individual strains by IS6110-RFLP and DRE-PCR typing. Analysis of the resultant genetic variants showed the predominance of M. tuberculosis family W. The efficiency of combined approach to screening for M. tuberculosis is discussed.

Among 103 examinees, the most common clinical type was caseous pneumonia (45.6%), progressive fibrocavernous tuberculosis (20.4%), infiltrative caseous pneumonia (17.5%), disseminated tuberculosis (16.5%). Progression was characterized by cavern formation in 91.1% of patients, with large and giant caverns containing nonspecific microbes forming in 79.6%. All the patients were found to isolate bacteria and 93.5% showed their excess. Drug-resistant microbes were identified in 62.1% of patients; polydrug resistance was seen in 37.5%. Chemotherapy was performed at the first stage by using 5 drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol plus kanamycin or amikacin. A combination of reserve drugs, including prothionamide, ofloxacin (ciprofloxacin) amikacin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, was used in patients with polyresistance. Symptomatic and pathogenetic therapies should aim at correcting complications and concomitant abnormalities. Following 6 months, 80% of patients stopped isolating bacteria, the process became stable and they could be prepared for planned surgical treatment. In 20% of cases, the process was progressive and it required salvage operations.

The current aspects of controlled short-term chemotherapy are reviewed. The efficiency and mechanism of action of various agents are evaluated, with emphasis laid on their effects of mycobacterial population, including drug-resistant Mycobacteria tuberculosis. Treatment of new cases isolating M. tuberculosis is shown to be a priority under the present epidemiological conditions, which stopped the spread of infection in the human community and reduces the infection and disease rates. The programmes of controlled chemotherapy in different patients recommended by the WHO and the International Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases Control Union are analyzed. This leads to the conclusion that the programmed chemotherapy with clear identification of groups of patients and well-defined drug combinations, the fixed duration of treatment and the calculated required doses for therapy can drastically reduce tuberculosis morbidity and mortality rates drastically.

To execute the tuberculosis control programme in the Ivanovo Region, the authors calculated the cost of detection of a tuberculosis case at patients' referrals to a therapeutical-and-prophylactic institution for medical aid and during prophylactic X-ray fluographic examinations and the cost of tuberculosis cure while treating the patient at a hospital in the intensive treatment phase (2-3 months) and in the outpatient setting or at a day hospital by the intermittent method in the continued treatment phase. The costs calculated were compared with those obtained by early approaches. The cost of detection of a tuberculosis case was 1580.8 for referrals in 1996 and 4000 for X-ray fluographic prophylactic examinations. The costs of hospital tuberculosis cure (85% cure rates) only in the intensive treatment phase (for 2-3 months) and outpatient intermittent treatment (for 2-4 months) with and without meals were 2415.34 and 2142.17 respectively. If the efficiency is equal, the introduction of new approaches to organizing the detection and treatment tuberculosis cases may save 3877.7 for each cured tuberculosis case and 2419.2 for each patient detected.

The historical aspects of phisiology are briefly outlined. The main factors that promote the prevalence of tuberculosis are characterized. The present-day tuberculosis epidemiological situation makes one to correct antituberculous measures and with the use of new investigations and developments to improve the identification of patients with tuberculosis, primarily those with contagious types of the disease, to introduce the currently available short-term regimens of 2-stage drug therapy, to design novel agents and depot formulations of the well known ones. Further investigations are required to search for a new tuberculosis vaccine.

By analyzing the present-day tuberculosis epidemiological situation in the country and sociomedical characteristics of new cases, the authors present methods for detecting and treating patients, which are of paramount importance for today. Of the most significance is the need to promptly identify patients with strains on their referral to the general somatic hospitals for complaints by using 3-multiple sputum bacterioscopy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis by the Ziehl-Neelsen method. The vital problem is also to change chemotherapeutical regimens as more severe progressive types of the disease require more active treatment in the first months after detection especially in the cohort of socially disadapted persons.