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Scolytinae subfamily (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is represented by 135 species in Turkey including 8 species of the genus Hylastes Ericson and 7 species of the genus Crypturgus Ericson. A total of 79 adult individuals of Hylastes opacus Erichson and 6 adult individuals of Crypturgus hispidulus Thomson, C. G. were obtained from log and pheromone traps in pine stands at twelve localities during 2014. H. opacus and C. hispidulus were recorded for the first time in Turkey. H. opacus were obtained from trap logs of Pinus brutia and Pinus nigra and also pheromone traps in P. brutia stands. Adult individuals of C. hispidulus were observed in association with Orthotomicus erosus and Pityogenes pennidens on P. brutia and P. nigra log traps. © 2018, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary. Istanbul Üniversitesi: 40216 Acknowledgements. We would like to thank Balıkesir Regional Directorate of Forestry (Turkey) for support. We are also grateful to Mustafa Baydemir for his assistance in the fieldwork. This study was funded by Istanbul University, Scientific Research Project (project 40216). more...

Summary Five-year-old seedlings of Pinus nigra, Pinus brutia, Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmulleriana and Cedrus libani, 3-year-old seedlings of Pinus sylvestris, and 2-year-old seedlings of Juniperus excelsa were inoculated on the lower stem with Turkish Heterobasidion abietinum and Heterobasidion annosum s.s. isolates. In total, 300 seedlings were inoculated in April 2007 with five isolates of each Heterobasidion species and incubated in a glasshouse for 12 weeks. The daily maximum temperature increased gradually from 13°C to 31°C by the end of the incubation period. Infection incidence, mortality, lesion length in the inner bark and fungal growth in the xylem were examined. For H. abietinum, infection incidence ranged from 0% to 36%, and for H. annosum s.s. from 0% to 60%. Mortality was low; only 1% of the inoculated seedlings died. Mean lesion lengths varied between 7.6 and 11.9 mm for H. abietinum and 8.0 and 15.7 for H. annosum s.s. in all species apart from C. libani, in which the corresponding values were 42.2 and 42.6 mm respectively. Similarly, mean fungal growth in sapwood of C. libani was approximately 25 mm for both Heterobasidion species, in contrast to 0–3.2 mm in the other tree species. The H. abietinum isolates were not reisolated from P. nigra, P. sylvestris or J. excelsa. The H. annosum s.s. isolates did not infect Abies seedlings. Only P. brutia and C. libani were susceptible to both pathogens. Control seedlings showed no symptoms. The results indicated that C. libani is highly susceptible to Turkish isolates of Heterobasidion. more...

Summary The efficacy of 30% aqueous urea solution, borax powder and spore suspensions of Phlebiopsis gigantea and Trichoderma harzianum against establishment of artificially inoculated Heterobasidion abietinum on Abies cilicica was tested both in the field and in a simulated stump treatment experiment carried out in a growth chamber. In the field, in each of the four selected stands 20 fresh stumps per control agent were treated and 20 stumps were left as untreated controls. In two of the stands, the treatments were applied in June and in the two others in November. Stumps were sampled twice, at 6- and 12-months after treatment. In the growth chamber, 10 log pieces per treatment and control were used, and sampling performed after 6-week incubation. Results of the urea and borax treatments were consistent between the experiments; the mean efficacies were 98.8 and 99.4% in the growth chamber, and 80.2–91.3 and 89.4–90.1% in the two samplings of the field experiment, respectively. Despite the high efficacies of the P. gigantea (85.9%) and T. harzianum (97.5%) treatments in the growth chamber, efficacies of these biological control agents in the field were 47.1–49.2 and 61.3–65.5%, respectively. more...

There are 2 primary drivers for advanced substrate technologies to support the next generation of products. One driver is silicon designs which are shifting to 20–40 GBit applications. The band width of these products are requiring advanced materials, and designs which use much thinner cores making routing and manufacturing of these packages easier. The second driver is the move more advanced silicon nodes which also drives the importance for much better power delivery. Coreless substrates enable both of these applications by eliminating the core layer which enables much finner via pitchs to route signals and power/gnd planes. The thinness also reduces the bandwidth used up by the substrate which also enables better electrical performance. This paper will focus on the electrical drivers including simulation to support the structure, flip chip assembly of the package as well as the reliability data associated with the assembly. more...

Summary Four-year-old seedlings of Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmulleriana and 5-year-old seedlings of Abies nordmanniana ssp. nordmanniana were inoculated on the lower stem with 28 Heterobasidion abietinum isolates originating from four different regions of Turkey. Replicate seedlings were incubated in greenhouse and growth chamber. After 7 weeks, infection incidence, mortality, lesion length in the inner bark and fungal growth in the sapwood were examined. Infection incidence in different host–incubation combinations ranged between 70.5 and 79.5% and the average mortality rate was 4.2%. Average lesion lengths varied between 8.4 and 33.9 mm, and average fungal growth between 18.7 and 34.8 mm. There was a significant positive correlation between lesion length in the inner bark and fungal growth in sapwood on both hosts and conditions. Clear differences in virulence between H. abietinum isolates originating from different regions were not found. The results indicate that H. abietinum is pathogenic on both investigated subspecies of A. nordmanniana. Both lesion length and fungal growth were greater on ssp. bornmulleriana, indicating that it would be more susceptible than ssp. nordmanniana. more...

Summary In this study, the frequency of European pear rust (Gymnosporangium fuscum) lesions on Juniperus excelsa was investigated both on seedlings in a nursery and on forest trees in six juniper stands located in south-western Turkey. In the nursery, lesions occurred on 0.7% of 5510 1-year-old seedlings and 29% of 200 2-year-old potted seedlings. In each of the juniper forests, 50 trees were chosen within a square of approximately 400 m2 in size. In general, rust lesions were common on the trees. On average, 49.0% of the trees had lesions; on 17.3% of the trees, the lesions were located on the trunk, on 43.3% on the branches and on 11.7% on both. In lesion-bearing trees, the average number of lesions was 1.47–3.59 and the maximum number of lesions per tree were six to 11. Most of the lesions (85.1%) were on branches. There were significant differences between the stands, which can be attributed to different age of the trees, site factors and the presence of alternate hosts. The rust identified from stem lesions in forest trees and from nursery seedlings was European pear rust (G. fuscum), but possible co-occurrence of other Gymnosporangium spp. cannot be excluded. more...

[EN] An analysis of incidence of Phytophthora spp. in 732 European nurseries producing forest transplants, larger specimen trees, landscape plants and ornamentals, plus 2525 areas in which trees and shrubs were planted, is presented based on work conducted by 38 research groups in 23 European countries between 1972 and 2013. Forty-nine Phytophthora taxa were recorded in 670 nurseries (91.5%); within these nurseries, 1614 of 1992 nursery stands (81.0%) were infested, although most affected plants appeared healthy. In forest and landscape plantings, 56 Phytophthora taxa were recovered from 1667 of 2525 tested sites (66.0%). Affected plants frequently showed symptoms such as crown thinning, chlorosis and dieback caused by extensive fine root losses and/or collar rot. Many well-known highly damaging host¿Phytophthora combinations were frequently detected but 297 and 407 new Phytophthora¿host associations were also observed in nurseries and plantings, respectively. On average, 1.3 Phytophthora species/taxa per infested nursery stand and planting site were isolated. At least 47 of the 68 Phytophthora species/taxa detected in nurseries and plantings were exotic species several of which are considered well established in both nurseries and plantings in Europe. Seven known Phytophthora species/taxa were found for the first time in Europe, while 10 taxa had not been previously recorded from nurseries or plantings; in addition, 5 taxa were first detections on woody plant species. Seven Phytophthora taxa were previously unknown to science. The reasons for these failures of plant biosecurity in Europe, implications for forest and semi-natural ecosystems and possible ways to improve biosecurity are discused., The authors are grateful to all public and private owners of nurseries and plantings who contributed to this extensive study. T. Jung acknowledges the support by the Regione Autonoma della Sardegna, Visiting Professor Program at the University of Sassari, Italy. The authors also thank the COST Office and the European Council for providing the European COST Actions FP0801 (http://www.cost.eu/domains_actions/fps/Actions/FP0801) and FP 1002 (http://www.cost.eu/domains_actions/fps/Actions/FP1002), the EU projects FOR-THREATS and ISEFOR, and BiodivERsA project RESIPATH as platforms for stimulating discussions on the nursery pathway and possible management solutions. more...

Summary We investigated an Armillaria root disease centre in a 60-year-old, naturally regenerated Pinus sylvestris stand located at 1250 m altitude in Sinop province in northern Turkey. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA, the mycelial fans sampled from the infected trees were Armillaria ostoyae. Multilocus genotyping indicated that the fans belonged to a single genet, at least 0.2 ha in size. Drought as a predisposing factor is discussed. The study area received 50–70 and 25–50% of the normal precipitation in May, June and August in 2009 and in August and September in 2010, respectively. Moreover, earlier excavation work to prepare a forest road had probably disrupted the water table in the affected stand. more...

In this study, the proportion of Abies bornmülleriana trees infected by Heterobasidion spp. was investigated in Kastamonu Province in different types of stands. One 1 cm-thick disc was taken from each of 100 freshly cut trees, washed under a running tap, placed into plastic bags and incubated in growth chamber at 24 C° for 7 days. The area occupied by the conidial stage of Heterobasidion annosum s.l. was determined under a stereomicroscope using transparent film placed onto the upper surface of each disc. During this investigation conidia of Heterobasidion annosum s.l. were taken with a needle and placed onto agar plates. The obtained isolates were identified with pairing tests and DNA-based methods.All 36 isolates responded as Heterobasidion abietinum to the tester isolates. Identification based on PCR amplification with MJF – MJR and KJF-KFR primers gave the same result. 34% (34 out of 100) of the discs taken from the fir forests were found to be infected with H. abietinum. The characteristics of the colonized patches on the discs indicated that the H. abietinum colonies originated from stem infections of the trees. The proportion of the disc area covered by the conidial stage of the fungus was 80% in one of the discs, 6-10% in 6 discs, 1-5% in 18 discs, and 0-1 % in 11 discs. The conidiophores were observed in heartwood in only five samples more...

Diplodia pinea and Gremmeniella abietina are common pathogens causing shoot blight and dieback of pine all over the world. D. pinea is one of the main causal agents of shoot blight of Calabrian pines in the Mediterranean countries including Turkey. G. abietina has been recently observed on saplings and seedlings of Pinus nigra, which remain under snow cover during winter dormancy in Dedegul Mountain in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. The presence of viruses in fungi has been known for many years. An accumulating number of cloned and sequenced viral genomes have enabled us to detect virus in increasing number of fungal species in the recent years. D. pinea and G. abietina are known to contain members of the virus families Narnaviridae, Totiviridae and Partitiviridae, which can infect single fungal isolates. Viral dispersal in fungi mainly occurs via anastomosis. Some Diplodia and G. abietina isolates have different characteristics, such as reduced virulence and growth rate, lack of pigmentation, altered colony morphology, and reduction in conidial production due to presence of viral particles. In this study, 18 D. pinea and 6 G. abietina isolates were investigated for the presence of dsRNA. Double-stranded RNA was isolated using a commercial RNA extraction kit and visualized in agarose gel electrophoresis. Isolates containing dsRNA were also investigated for their in vitro growth rate and ability to produce conidia. Three (50%) G. abietina and ten (56%) D. pinea isolates contained dsRNA that had an approximate molecular size of 1.6 kb. Key words: Scleroderris canker, calabrian pine, dsRNA. more...

Natural stands of Cupressus sempervirens in Turkey are among the largest forests of this species in the world and are regarded as relicts of the centre of origin of var. horizontalis. In this study, we tested the pathogenicity of some of the most common fungal isolates originating from cankers on C. sempervirens by inoculating the isolates into the inner bark of C. sempervirens seedlings. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of the isolates was sequenced and compared with those in the GenBank. Among the isolates, eight ITS taxa were found. The isolates were inoculated into the inner bark of 2 year old C. sempervirens seedlings, on average 90 cm tall and 6 to 12 mm thick at the base. The seedlings were incubated seven weeks in a growth chamber at 70% mean relative humidity and 22.5°C mean temperature. The coaxial length of the lesion around the inoculation point on each seedling was measured. Among the eight ITS taxa Pestalotiopsis funerea, two other species of Pestalotiopsis, and two unidentified species belonging to the class Dothideomycetes caused lesions that were significantly larger than those in the controls while Fusarium sp., Cytospora sp. and an unidentified species belonging to Amphisphaeriaceae did not. In contrast to the Pestalotiopsis species, the two members of Dothideomycetes grew also into the sapwood of the seedlings. more...