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This current study investigates the impact of digital technology and entrepreneurship development on economic development in SSA as applicable in the COVID-19 pandemic era. Based on regression models with Drisco-Kraay standard errors and the causal mediation analysis, we noted that both entrepreneurship development and digital technological advancements have the ability to enhance human development in Sub-Sahara Africa. The moderation outcomes show that the interaction between entrepreneurship development and digital technological advancement is positive, indicating that the economic development enhancing effect of entrepreneurship development in Sub-Sahara Africa is stronger in African countries with higher levels of digital technological application.. In light of this, 30% of the national budget should be allocated to funding education, with the remaining 70% going to other purposes. In order to prevent excessive reliance on foreign technologies and increased inflation, we also advocate for directed openness policies. Thus, Africans should foster a desire for domestically made goods by enhancing their quality and longevity. In this sense, the market share of African products on the African market ought to be higher than 7:3 on 1. Which we have now. Cette étude examine l’impact du développement de l’entrepreneuriat et des technologies numériques sur le développement économique en Afrique Sub- saharienne à l’aune de la pandémie de la Covid-19 en utilisant les erreurs standards de Drisco-Kraay et l’analyse de médiation causale. Les résultats des recherches menées montrent que le développement de l’entrepreneuriat et les progrès des technologies numériques améliorent le développement humain en Afrique du Sud du Sahara. L’interaction entre le développement de l’entrepreneuriat et les progrès des technologies numériques est positive. Ce qui indique que le développement économique impliquant l’amélioration de l’entrepreneuriat est plus fort dans les pays africains qui ont un niveau élevé des progrès des technologies numériques. La relation entre le développement de l’entrepreneuriat et du capital humain, le taux d’inflation, l’ouverture financière et commerciale à l’échelle mondiale sont significatifs, ce qui implique l’effet positif du développement de l’entrepreneuriat en Afrique. L’effet négatif de l’inflation sur le développement humain est atténué par le développement de l’entrepreneuriat. Modérer l’effet des technologies numériques avec le vecteur de contrôle des variables suggère que les progrès des technologies numériques ne sont pas assez consistant pour pouvoir inhiber l’effet négatif de l’inflation sur le développement humain. De l’analyse de la médiation causale, le recours aux technologies de l’information et de la communication réduit indirectement le développement économique du continent à travers une nouvelle densité d’affaires. Comme recommandations, nous proposons que des efforts soient axés sur l’enseignement technique professionnel et commercial pour la création d’emplois. Par ailleurs, nous conseillons l’allocation d’au moins 30 % du budget de l’Etat au financement de l’éducation, et, afin d’éviter une dépendance excessive aux technologies étrangères, des politiques dirigées sont indispensables. Les Africains devraient développer le désir de consommer les produits locaux en améliorant leur qualité et leur longévité afin d’accroitre la part de marché des produits locaux sur le marché Africain.&nbsp

This study investigates the extent to which external debt and public investment contribute to economic growth in Cameroon-emphasizing how public investment modulates the effect of external debt on economic growth. Time series data spanning the period 1980-2021 obtained from the World Bank’s world development indicators were used, together with the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) approach to ascertain the nature of the long-run relationship between external debt, public investment, and economic growth in Cameroon. Consistent with the debt-overhang and crowding-out literature, the study reveals a negative significant influence of external debt on economic growth in Cameroon. Results also reveal that there is a positive and significant direct effect of public investment on economic growth in the long run. Further results indicate that public investment and external debt positively and significantly affect engender economic growth in Cameroon. This is evidence that public investment modulates the effect of external debt on economic growth in Cameroon. These findings suggest the need for the government of Cameroon to create an enabling environment for private sector investment while accompanying external debt resources with domestic revenue mobilization by broadening the tax base to include taxes on landed property.

This study investigates the extent to which external debt and public investment contributes to economic growth in Cameroon - emphasising on how public investment modulates the effect of external debt on economic growth. Time series data spanning the period 1980-2018 obtained from the World Bank’s world development indicators are used, together with the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) approach to ascertain the nature of the long-run relationship between external debt, public investment and economic growth. Consistent with the debt-overhang and crowding-out literature, the study reveals a negative significant influence of external debt on economic growth in Cameroon. Results also reveal that there is a positive and significant direct effect of public investment on economic growth in the long run. Further results indicate that public investment and external debt positively and significantly engender economic growth. This is evidence that public investment is modulating the effect of external debt on economic growth in Cameroon. These findings suggest the need for developing country governments to create an enabling environment for private sector development, while accompanying external debt resources with domestic revenue mobilization by broadening the tax base - taxes on landed property being potential candidates

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Tax noncompliance is one of the biggest challenges faced by tax administrators when collecting tax revenues. Despite a series of punitive and coercive measures put in place by most governments including Cameroon, the phenomenon persists with billions of dollars lost every fiscal year. It is on this premise that this study examines the impact of tax education, tax policies and tax audit on the level of tax compliance in Fako Division of the Southwest Region of Cameroon. The research adopted a conclusive case study design supported by the philosophical underpinnings of positivism epistemology and objectivism ontology. Multistage sampling technique was used to source data from a sample of 307 participants using semi-structured questionnaires measured using the five-point Likert scales. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to reduce the dimension of the data. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test hypotheses. Results from the study revealed that there is significant statistical evidence to suggest that the existing tax policies in Fako Division has positive impact on the level of tax compliance with [µ = 0.00 < 0.05; β = 51%; α = 0.05]. Also, the study revealed that tax education has a negative statistical significant effect on tax compliance with [µ = 0.00 < 0.05; β = -18.5%; α = 0.05]. This implies that the more taxpayers are knowledgeable about the tax system, the more they are likely to fraud and default tax payments. It should be noted that the latent construct tax audit was rejected in the data cleaning process. This research, therefore, recommends that the government should improve on the tax policies and make it friendly and acceptable to a majority of taxpayers and that tax administrators should enforce civic education on the importance to respect tax laws by justifying the significance of taxes revenue as a source of funding for community development.

Current trend in the use or misuse of environmental resources raises strong sustainability issues and the need for preservation. But, should the environment be preserved at the expense of mankind? If the term ‘sustainability’ means the total subjection of the present generation to hardship and misery in favour of the wild (nature), then, ‘sustainability’ is not sustainable. This paper investigates into the quality of life of the Erat and the Resettlement community, formerly known as Ikondo Ikondo I of the South West Region of Cameroon using survey and retrospective designs. In reporting the untold conservation story of the two communities around the Korup National Park (KNP), primary data was collected from 180 participants using 5 point Likert scale questionnaire, and analyzed using the Taylor Linearized Standard Error Correction Technique. The result supports the hypothesis that wild nature is more ‘valuable’ than humans around the KNP as the population continues to be deliberately or otherwise subjected to hardship and misery. With an overall significant result tested using the Fisher’s ratio, and while calling on the authorities to adopt measures that reduce poverty and provide social services and justice, the paper strongly advocates for a drastic shift from fortress to man-centred conservation. It is completely unacceptable that in the 21st Century in Africa, man should be sacrificed for wild nature, no matter what, as he can conveniently live with nature. To achieve this global goal, conservation authorities should report the real impact of their activities.

Introduction: overly delayed initial treatment is one the factors leading to persistent deformities after craniofacial trauma. Ideal mandibular reconstruction will create a solid dental arch which will articulate with the maxilla and restore speech, swallowing, mastication and esthetics. Objective: present a case of mandibular reconstruction of a posttraumatic mandibular deformity. Case presentation: a 49-year-old female patient can only feed herself liquid food after a craniofacial trauma undergone six months before. Physical examination revealed facial asymmetry with an increase in the vertical dimension of the lower third of the face and bilabial incompetence. Oral examination, on the other hand, revealed that the patient had a totally edentulous upper dental arch and partial prosthetic rehabilitation of the maxillary arch, impossibility of oral closure, and the presence of a visible step on the residual ridge at the 45 and distal 37. Diagnosis was a posttraumatic deformity due to bilateral mandibular fracture. Evaluation was carried out in joint coordination with the prosthesis service, and it was decided to perform surgical mandibular reconstruction by cervical approach, refracture, mandibular relocation with fixation of the occlusal guide, and placement of load bearing mandibular plates with bicortical screws. Outpatient follow-up was conducted after hospital discharge. The patient states that she is very pleased with her esthetic appearance and the functional improvement achieved. Conclusions: posttraumatic sequelae are frequently accompanied by damage to soft and hard tissues of the facial region with varying degrees of esthetic and functional alteration. Restoration by means of facial reconstruction is often a professional challenge which may be best tackled with a team, transdisciplinary therapeutic approach.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) for early breast cancer can make breast-conserving surgery more feasible and might be more likely to eradicate micrometastatic disease than might the same chemotherapy given after surgery. We investigated the long-term benefits and risks of NACT and the influence of tumour characteristics on outcome with a collaborative meta-analysis of individual patient data from relevant randomised trials. METHODS: We obtained information about prerandomisation tumour characteristics, clinical tumour response, surgery, recurrence, and mortality for 4756 women in ten randomised trials in early breast cancer that began before 2005 and compared NACT with the same chemotherapy given postoperatively. Primary outcomes were tumour response, extent of local therapy, local and distant recurrence, breast cancer death, and overall mortality. Analyses by intention-to-treat used standard regression (for response and frequency of breast-conserving therapy) and log-rank methods (for recurrence and mortality). FINDINGS: Patients entered the trials from 1983 to 2002 and median follow-up was 9 years (IQR 5-14), with the last follow-up in 2013. Most chemotherapy was anthracycline based (3838 [81%] of 4756 women). More than two thirds (1349 [69%] of 1947) of women allocated NACT had a complete or partial clinical response. Patients allocated NACT had an increased frequency of breast-conserving therapy (1504 [65%] of 2320 treated with NACT vs 1135 [49%] of 2318 treated with adjuvant chemotherapy). NACT was associated with more frequent local recurrence than was adjuvant chemotherapy: the 15 year local recurrence was 21·4% for NACT versus 15·9% for adjuvant chemotherapy (5·5% increase [95% CI 2·4-8·6]; rate ratio 1·37 [95% CI 1·17-1·61]; p=0·0001). No significant difference between NACT and adjuvant chemotherapy was noted for distant recurrence (15 year risk 38·2% for NACT vs 38·0% for adjuvant chemotherapy; rate ratio 1·02 [95% CI 0·92-1·14]; p=0·66), breast cancer mortality (34·4% vs 33·7%; 1·06 [0·95-1·18]; p=0·31), or death from any cause (40·9% vs 41·2%; 1·04 [0·94-1·15]; p=0·45). INTERPRETATION: Tumours downsized by NACT might have higher local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy than might tumours of the same dimensions in women who have not received NACT. Strategies to mitigate the increased local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy in tumours downsized by NACT should be considered-eg, careful tumour localisation, detailed pathological assessment, and appropriate radiotherapy. FUNDING: Cancer Research UK, British Heart Foundation, UK Medical Research Council, and UK Department of Health. ispartof: LANCET ONCOLOGY vol:19 issue:1 pages:27-39 ispartof: location:England status: published

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are new frontiers of this century. Their application to the agriculture and food sectors is relatively recent compared with their use in drug delivery and pharmaceuticals. Smart delivery of nutrients, bioseparation of proteins, rapid sampling of biological and chemical contaminants, and nanoencapsulation of nutraceuticals are some of the emerging topics of nanotechnology for food and agriculture. In this review, some applications of nanotechnology in agro-food sector are discussed. Nanociências e nanotecnologia são fronteiras novas deste século. Suas aplicações à agricultura e ao setor alimentar são relativamente recentes quando comparadas com a sua utilização em entrega de fármacos. Entrega inteligente de nutrientes, biosseparação de proteínas, amostragem rápida de contaminantes químicos e biológicos e nanoencapsulamento de nutracêuticos são alguns dos tópicos emergentes relativamente à aplicação de nanotecnologia em agricultura e alimentação. Nesta revisão, abordam-se possíveis aplicações de nanotecnologia no sector agroalimentar.

In Queensland, Australia, senior social workers have pioneered the coordination of tissue donation at coronial autopsies, seeking consent for the donation of heart valve, bone and eye tissue after sudden deaths which have been reported to the coroner. The urgent need for tissue for transplantation is balanced with the counselling, information and practical needs of potential donor families in their shock and grief. Social work assessment, advocacy, liaison, counselling, crisis intervention and particularly communication skills have been utilised, both as an integral component of obtaining informed consent and in working with families' experience of grief and loss in sudden, traumatic bereavement. This tissue donation program, over a period of eight years, has maximised the availability of tissue with its high donation rates, while upholding the rights and needs of potential donor families through provision of an effective social work service. The paper will reflect upon key social work knowledge and processes which have respected the subjective experience of client and worker while working within a medical model.

The feedback of external debt on economic growth through gross domestic investment has provided quite interesting results throughout the world especially in developing countries where external and internal borrowing have been a tradition. Based on a system estimation approach, using Two Stage Least Squares as an estimation technique in the case of Cameroon for a period of 34 years (1980-2013), the results reveal that while domestic investment increases economic growth, external debt retards economic growth in Cameroon, revealing the influence of debt overhang. It was therefore concluded that external debts adversely affect economic growth in Cameroon and thus, as a major recommendation, the authorities are expected to improve on the performance of external debt through proper debt management, a complete debt relief and using the debt in productive sectors for production of goods and services.

The underlying specificity of the interaction between insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) and mammalian Type 2 insulin-like growth factor/cation-independent mannose 6 phosphate receptor (IGF2R) is not understood. We have mutated residues A54 and L55 of IGF-II in the second A domain helix to arginine (found in the corresponding positions of IGF-I) and measured IGF2R binding. There is a 4- and 3.3-fold difference in dissociation constants for A54R IGF-II and L55R IGF-II, respectively, and a 6.6-fold difference for A54R L55R IGF-II compared with IGF-II as measured by BlAcore analysis using purified rat IGF2R. This is also confirmed using cross-linking and soluble rat placental membrane receptor binding assays. Binding to the type I IGF receptor (IGF1R) and IGF binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) is not altered. We can, therefore, conclude that residues at positions 54 and 55 in IGF-II are important for and equally contribute to IGF2R binding.

Premature ovarian failure is a devastating long-term toxic effect of chemotherapy for premenopausal women. The survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in young women with operable hormone receptor–negative breast cancer is well known, but concern over becoming infertile may influence the c

Nanotoxicology is an emergent important subdiscipline of Nanosciences, which refers to the study of the interactions of nanostructures with biological systems giving emphasis to the elucidation of the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of nanostructures with induction of toxic biological responses. Although potential beneficial effects of nanotechnologies are generally well described, the potential (eco) toxicological effects and impacts of nanoparticles have so far received little attention. This is the reason why some routes of expousure, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, as well as toxicological effects of nanoparticles are discussed in this review. A nanotoxicologia é uma subdisciplina importante emergente dentro da nanociência, que se refere ao estudo da interação entre as nanoestruturas e os sistemas biológicos, com ênfase especial na elucidação da relação entre as propriedades físicas e químicas das nanopartículas com a indução de respostas tóxicas biológicas. Embora em geral sejam bem descritos os efeitos benéficos da nanotecnologia, os efeitos potenciais toxicológicos e o impacto das nanopartículas receberam pouca atenção até agora. Por isso, formas de exposição, distribuição, metabolismo e excreção, como também efeitos toxicológicos das nanopartículas são discutidos nesta revisão.