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The main objective of this study was to analyze the efficiency of CWs for purifying swine wastewater in order to reduce its pollutant load. The system included a pretreatment module (raw swine wastewater tank, phase separator, and settlement tank), and three constructed wetlands connected in series and planted with Phragmites australis and Suaeda vera. Three treatment cycles were carried out with a total hydraulic retention time in the wetland of 21 days for each cycle. Pig slurry samples were collected in triplicate after each treatment module, and physical–chemical analyses were performed. The results showed that the phase separator decreased the suspended solids, turbidity, and the chemical oxygen demand in the treated swine wastewater. The system enabled considerable nitrogen reductions (Kjeldahl nitrogen, NH4+, and organic nitrogen), and the highest removal was reported in the wetlands. However, the cations and anions showed different efficiencies. In some cases (Ca, Mg, and Na), the final concentrations were increased, which could be explained by their release from the substrate; however, there were no statistical differences among the CW effluents and the raw pig slurry. Therefore, the integral pig slurry treatment system with constructed wetlands increased the quality of the treated swine wastewater and thus can be used for its sustainable agronomic valorization. This thereby enables savings in inorganic fertilizers and irrigation water.

El reciente Real Decreto 1051/2022 aborda la reducción de efectos negativos en el medio ambiente causados por el uso de fertilizantes en la agricultura. Especialmente en el campo de Cartagena, se destaca el problema de altas concentraciones de nitratos en cuerpos de agua como el Mar Menor, debido al exceso de fertilizantes. El presente estudio se basó en una revisión bibliográfica de normativas relacionadas con la agricultura sostenible en la zona. Las normativas analizadas, como la Ley 3/2020 y los Real Decretos 1051/2022 y 47/2022, proporcionaron orientación para proponer modificaciones al REMODEGA y desarrollar propuestas de nutrición sostenible en el municipio de Fuente Álamo. Estas modificaciones incluyen el registro de características de fertilizantes orgánicos, así como la captura y reducción de dióxido de carbono en parcelas agrícolas. Además, se propuso la implementación de la "Nutrición sostenible de suelos agrícolas" en Fuente Álamo, con el objetivo de gestionar los purines de manera sostenible, seguir las pautas establecidas en el REMODEGA y monitorear la lixiviación de nitratos en el suelo.

Due to soils from arid regions with high lime and low organic matter content, farmers receive low yields along with high costs of agricultural inputs, which causes them to look for a solution. In this context, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have great potential to reduce fertilizer use by mediating soil nutrient cycles. However, little is known about studies of AMF inoculum on microbial biomass carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling during vetch plant vegetation in calcareous areas. In this study, changes in soil biogeochemical properties related to soil C, N, and P cycling were investigated with five different AMF inoculations under vetch (common Vetch (CV; Vicia sativa L.) and Narbonne Vetch (NV; Vicia narbonensis L.) growing conditions. For the field study, a total of five different mycorrhizae were used in the experiment with the random plots design. AMF inoculation decreased the lime content of the soil, and the highest decrease was observed in NV with Glomus (G.) intraradices + G. constrictum + G. microcarpum inoculation (24.41 %). The highest MBC content was recorded in CV vetch G. intraradices (1176.3 mg C kg 1 1 ) and the highest MBN content in NV vetch G. intraradices + G. constrictum + G. microcarpum (1356.9 mg C kg ). CAT activity of soils was highest in CV vetch G. intraradices (31.43 %) and lowest in NV vetch G. intraradices + G. constrictum + G. microcarpum (72.88 %), urease enzyme activity decreased in all treatments except G. constrictum + Gigaspora sp. and G. mosseae inoculations in CV. The highest DHG activity was detected in GF (15.72 %) AMFs in CV and GI (21.99 %) in NV. APA activity was highest in Glomus constrictum + Gigaspora sp. (23.33 %) in CV and Glomus fasciculatum (10.08 %) in NV. In CV plots, G. intraradices + G. constrictum + G. microcarpum (91.67 %) isolates had the highest and G. intraradices community had the lowest RC% (97.33 %) in mixed mycorrhiza species, while in NV plots G. fasciculatum inoculum had the highes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the most abundant native plants that could be used as a bio-monitor of metal(loid) concentration in dry riverbeds affected by mining activities. Three plants species and their respective rhizospheric soils were sampled from the El Beal (Piptatherum miliaceum, 15 samples), La Carrasquilla (Foeniculum vulgare, 10 samples), and Ponce (Dittrichia viscosa, 12 samples) dry riverbeds from the mining district of Cartegena-La Unión (SE Spain). There is scanty bibliography of the capacity of these species to be used as bio-monitors in the dry riverbeds. Plants categorized as a bio-monitor were established according to the bioaccumulation factor (BF), mobility ratio (MR), and linear correlations between metal(loid) concentrations in plants tissues (root or stem)-rhizospheric soils. The rhizospheric soils were highly contaminated for As, Cd, Pb, and Zn (Cf ≥ 6), and moderately contaminated for Mn (1 ≤ Cf < 3). Piptatherum miliaceum presented on Cd similar mean concentrations on rhizospheric soil and root, BF = 1.07, with a strong correlation soil–root (r = 0.61, p = 0.02). Therefore, of the three species with the capacity to grow in the area, Piptatherum miliaceum showed characteristics to be considered as a bio-monitor for Cd, with a BF > 1, and a positive–significant correlation between the rhizospheric soil and roots.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of pollution, sources and potential risk of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe and Pb) and arsenic (As) in four dry riverbeds afected by mine tailing, which drain into one of the biggest coastal lagoon of Europe (Mar Menor). El Beal, La Carrasquilla, Las Matildes and Ponce dry riverbeds sediments were sampled along its course (20, 18, 13, 19 samples were collected, respectively), and total/soluble metal(loid)s, water soluble ions, nitrogen, and organic/inorganic carbon contents were analyzed. Spatial distribution, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), contamination factor (Cf), pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (RI) were used to identify the possible sources of metal(loid)s and to assess the sediment pollution status. The results showed that the mean total concentrations of As, Cu, Cd, Mn, Zn and Pb exceeded the natural background levels of the study area, with the highest values located close to the mining areas. Correlation and cluster analysis identifed that Cd and Zn were associated mainly with anthropogenic activities for all riverbeds, while Cr and Ni come from parent. PLI graded the four riverbeds as contaminated by heavy metals, while RI manifested that 100% of samples located in El Beal, La Carrasquilla and Las Matildes had a signifcantly high ecological risk. Therefore, this study suggests that mine wastes are the main source of metal(loids) contamination in the dry riverbeds, which results can be used to design actions and measures to reduce the environmental impact of metal(loid)s in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon.

Mining activities accumulate large quantities of waste in tailing ponds, which results in several environmental impacts. In Cartagena–La Unión mining district (SE Spain), a feld experiment was carried out in a tailing pond to evaluate the efect of aided phytostabilization on reducing the bioavailability of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) and enhancing soil quality. Nine native plant species were planted, and pig manure and slurry along with marble waste were used as amendments. After 3 years, the vegetation developed heterogeneously on the pond surface. In order to evaluate the factors afecting this inequality, four areas with diferent VC and an area without treatment (control area) were sampled. Soil physicochemical properties, total, bioavailable and soluble metals, and metal sequential extraction were determined. Results revealed that pH, organic carbon, calcium carbonate equivalent and total nitrogen increased after the aided phytostabilization, while electrical conductivity, total sulfur and bioavailable metals signifcantly decreased. In addition, results indicated that diferences in VC among sampled areas were mainly owing to diferences in pH, EC and concentration of soluble metals, which in turn were modifed by the efect of non-restored areas on close restored areas after heavy rains due to a lower elevation of the restored areas compared to the unrestored ones. Therefore, to achieve the most favorable and sustainable long-term results of aided phytostabilization, along with plant species and amendments, micro-topography should be also taken into consideration, which causes diferent soil characteristics and thus diferent plant growth and survival.

Mining activity has an adverse impact on the surrounding ecosystem, especially via the release of potentially toxic elements (PTEs); therefore, there is an urgent need to develop efficient technologies to remediate these ecosystems, especially soils. Phytoremediation can be potentially used to remediate contaminated areas by potentially toxic elements. However, in soils affected by polymetallic contamination, including metals, metalloids, and rare earth elements (REEs), it is necessary to evaluate the behavior of these toxic elements in the soil-plant system, which will allow the selection of the most appropriate native plants with phytoremediation potential to be used in phytoremediation programs. This study was conducted to evaluate the level of contamination of 29 metal(loid)s and REEs in two natural soils and four native plant species (Salsola oppositifolia, Stipa tenacissima, Piptatherum miliaceum, and Artemisia herba-alba) growing in the vicinity of a Pb-(Ag)-Zn mine and asses their phytoextraction and phytostabilization potential. The results indicated that very high soil contamination was found for Zn, Fe, Al, Pb, Cd, As, Se, and Th, considerable to moderate contamination for Cu, Sb, Cs, Ge Ni, Cr, and Co, and low contamination for Rb, V, Sr, Zr, Sn, Y, Bi and U in the study area, dependent of sampling place. Available fraction of PTEs and REEs in comparison to total concentration showed a wide range from 0% for Sn to more than 10% for Pb, Cd, and Mn. Soil properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, and clay content affect the total, available, and water-soluble concentrations of different PTEs and REEs. The results obtained from plant analysis showed that the concentration of PTEs in shoots could be at a toxicity level (Zn, Pb, and Cr), lower than toxic but more than sufficient or natural concentration accepted in plants (Cd, Ni, and Cu) or at an acceptable level (e.g., V, As, Co, and Mn). Accumulation of PTEs and REEs in plants and the translocation fr

There are many enclaves in the Mediterranean basin with soils contaminated with heavy metal(loid)s, most of these in natural areas of great beauty that have suffered the consequences of industrial and mining activity for years. These soils pose a risk to human and animal health due to the transfer of metal(loid)s condemning these areas to isolation. The rehabilitation by means of phytoremediation is one of the most used techniques, but phytoremediation must be part of a comprehensive strategy of steps that guide owners and administrations in the recovery of ecosystem services. An easily replicable decision-making methodology is defined, considering the initial conditions, the preferences of the decision makers or typologies from among six possibilities and the different models of use, typified in 13 categories. As a result, a landscape is obtained that integrates phytostabilization and areas with recreational and/or educational uses. Two case studies from the southeast of Spain are presented as validation, a deposit of mining sludge residues and the channel of a river contaminated by industrial discharges. Both enclaves are included in the tourist and cultural offer of their area, thus achieving an environmental and socioeconomic benefit and have been visited by more than 1000 people in a two-year period.

Metalliferous mining activities generate a large amount of waste. This waste usually has high concentrations of pollutants such as metal(oid)s associated with the extractive processes, which, if not properly treated and reclaimed, put the ecosystem and the population at risk. One of the most used techniques for mine waste reclamation is aided phytostabilization, which is based on the use of plants that immobilize metals in the soil/roots aided by the use of amendments to improve the soil properties to favor plant growth. Although amendments increase nutrients and improve the soil properties, the concentration of these nutrients—especially N, the most limiting plant nutrient—decreases over time. Thus, this study focused on the evaluation of the relationship between different combinations of amendments (compost, biochar, zeolite and limestone) and plant growth (we introduced Coronilla juncea and Piptatherum miliaceum) on the evolution of soil N over time as well as the influence of C. juncea on soil N fixation. The results showed that the addition of amendments improved the soil characteristics in all plots favoring the growth of C. juncea and P. miliaceum. The compost provided higher concentrations of total N, nitrites, nitrates and ammonium due to the nature of this amendment and the biochar was less in measure. The limestone helped to elevate the pH and the zeolite controlled the exchangeable ions. Soils from C. juncea showed higher concentrations of N forms, suggesting that this legume contributes to the enrichment of soil N, likely due to biological fixation. Hence, the combinations limestone-zeolite-compost and limestone-zeolite-compost-biochar were the most suitable treatments for improving the soil fertility and favored plant growth. In addition, C. juncea seems to be a good candidate for reclaiming mining environments.

[SPA] La Sierra Minera Cartagena-La Unión fue uno de los principales focos de la actividad extractiva hasta finales del siglo pasado, lo cual generó gran cantidad de residuos que se abandonaron en forma de depósitos de estériles mineros con altas concentraciones de elementos traza. Estos elementos, principalmente metal(oid)es, tienen un fuerte impacto en los suelos y la hidrología, y por extensión en la biota y la salud humana. Para evaluar esa transferencia, esta tesis se ha centrado en cuatro escenarios situados en sus proximidades: una zona forestal, una zona marítima situada en la desembocadura de una rambla con los depósitos en su cabecera, zonas agrícolas y una zona urbana con afección por material particulado. Para la zona forestal se han seleccionado cinco especies vegetales: Olea europaea, Pistacia lentiscus, Chamaerops humilis, Lavandula multifida y Rhamnus lycioides. Se ha estudiado la influencia de la rizosfera en las propiedades del suelo, el contenido en metal(oid)es y su distribución en la fracción química, concluyendo no existe una influencia significativa de la vegetación y que existe un riesgo por incorporación de As y Cd a los tejidos vegetales al presentar los mayores porcentajes de las fracciones lábiles. Todas las especies se desarrollan en suelos con altas concentraciones de As, Cd, Pb y Zn pudiendo usarse para labores de recuperación de suelos basadas en la fitoextracción (Lavandula multifida) y la fitoestabilización (Pistacia lentiscus). A su vez, al acumular estos elementos, existe un riesgo de incorporarlos a la cadena trófica mediante ingesta de las partes edibles por la fauna local. Para estudiar la transferencia al medio marítimo, se ha elegido la desembocadura de una rambla con los depósitos en su cabecera, que arrastra el material que contienen en episodios de lluvias torrenciales. Los resultados obtenidos muestran un aumento significativo en la concentración de metal(oid)es al sedimento, sin transferencia a las aguas, con respecto a, [ENG] Cartagena-La Union mining district was one of the main areas of extractive industry in the Iberian Peninsula until last years of past century, which generated large amounts of wastes accumulated in tailing ponds with high concentrations of trace elements. These elements, mainly metal(loid)s, have an impact in soils, hydrology, biota and human Health. To assess the transfer, this thesis has focused in four places close to tailings ponds: forest area, marine area located in the mouth of a stream, agricultural area and urban area affected by particulate matter. In forest area five vegetal species have been selected: Olea europaea, Pistacia lentiscus, Chamaerops humilis, Lavandula multifida y Rhamnus lycioides. Influenceof rhizosphere in soil properties, metal(loid)s content and distribution in chemical fractions of soils have been studied. Conclusions reveal there is no influence of vegetation and there is a risk for incorporation of As and Cd to vegetal tissues because of labile fractions high percentages. All species have developed in soils with large amounts of As, Cd, Pb and Zn, so they can be used in remediation works as phytoextractor species (Lavandula multifida) or phytostabilization (Pistacia lentiscus). As well as a risk of incorporation to food chain by fauna intake must be considered. To evaluate transfer to marine environment, the mouth of a stream with influence of tailings ponds have been selected. There is an increase in metal(loid)s sediment concentration, without seawater transfer, in relation to control area without mining activities influence. Sediment chemical fractions shows Cd is risky because of importance of labile fractions (20%), so can be easily transfer to marine environment. Marine biota metal(loid)s concentrations reveal influence of tailings ponds. Transfer to agricultural crops has been studied in three selected areas, using in situ soils to grow in greenhouse three varieties of lettuces for human consumption to show metal(loid)s

The organic fraction of municipal waste, OFMW, management is one of the main concerns for urban waste managers in developed countries. Composting this biodegradable urban waste and using the compost in agricultural activities is a quickly growing method and is a viable option to manage urban waste in both the developed and the developing world. This research presents the example of the management proposal for Cartagena city in Spain, in which the technical and environment feasibility has been studied. This work aimed to evaluate the composting of a mixture of different residues, namely organic waste, pruning, and Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, which was collected from the beaches of the municipality while cleaning. Mixtures 1, M1 (composed of 20% OFMW and 40% pruning and seaweed) and 3, M3 (composed of 30% OFMW and 70% pruning) proved to be the best to reach the ideal compost (1.23-0.08-1.28 NPK and 2.22-0.33-3.45 NPK, respectively). An extreme mixture, M2, was evaluated (50% PO; 50% pruning) but poor results were obtained due to a non-optimal initial C/N by not containing OFMW. At the same time, the volumes by urban nucleus and the viability of different composting strategies have been studied, proposing that 180,000 inhabitants use the centralized composting plant and almost 31,000 inhabitants use self-composting and community composting. Considering the carbon footprint of this management, the value was 50% lower than the total management in a centralized plant. Moreover, the final use of compost is optimum with self-composting and community composting because it is nearest to agricultural consumptions, also reducing the transport of the final product.

Water scarcity in arid and semiarid regions poses problems for agricultural systems, awakening special interest in the development of deficit irrigation strategies to improve water conservation. Toward this purpose, farmers and technicians must monitor soil water and soluble nutrient contents in real time using simple, rapid and economical techniques through time and space. Thus, this study aimed to achieve the following: (i) create a model that predicts water and soluble nutrient contents in soil profiles using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT); and (ii) apply the model to different woody crops under different irrigation regimes (full irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI)) to assess the efficiency of the model. Simple nonlinear regression analysis was carried out on water content and on different ion contents using electrical resistivity data as the dependent variable. A predictive model for soil water content was calibrated and validated with the datasets based on exponential decay of a three-parameter equation. Nonetheless, no accurate model was achieved to predict any soluble nutrient. Electrical resistivity images were replaced by soil water images after application of the predictive model for all studied crops. They showed that under RDI situations, soil profiles became drier at depth while plant roots seemed to uptake more water, contributing to reductions in soil water content by the creation of desiccation bulbs. Therefore, the use of ERT combined with application of the validated predictive model could be a sustainable strategy to monitor soil water evolution in soil profiles under irrigated fields, facilitating land irrigation management.

The electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technique was employed with the support of geochemical analyses to delimit the affected surface area by slurry pig ponds. Data were taken in three selected slurry ponds located in Fuente Álamo municipality, Murcia region (SE Spain), to obtain electrical resistivity value-based 2D sections and 3D blocks. All ERT-based survey data were obtained in September 2020 using a SuperSting R8 resistivity meter from Advanced Geosciences Inc. and using the dipole-dipole array consisting of a total of twenty-eight electrodes. The soil samples were taken from drilling core sampling by boreholes at each slurry pond, and physical-chemical analyses of soil samples were obtained using standard laboratory testing methods. Electrical resistivity values and physical-chemical analysis data obtained from soil samples were contrasted, whose comparison showed a correlation between profiles-based electrical resistivity, laboratory-based electrical conductivity (EC) data, and nitrate (N-NO3-) content from soil samples. The statistical analysis was run by SPSS Statistics v.23 software (IBM, Neconductivity York, NY, USA) to establish the non-parametric Spearman correlation. The dataset establishes a reliable methodology and provides insight and information to delimit the affected subsurface area by pig slurry. Data contained within this publication are presented concurrently with Capa-Camacho et al. 2022 [1].

Phosphoric fertiliser has enormously contributed to agriculture; however, it generates five tonnes of phosphogypsum per ton of phosphoric acid synthesised. Phosphogypsum houses heavy metals and long-lived radioactive elements that represents an environmental issue requiring remediation. This paper presents a methodology for characterising phosphogypsum deposits using geophysical, geochemical, and statistical tools. Gamma-ray probes determined the abnormal radioactive zones within the phosphogypsum deposits while electrical resistivity tomography provided the geometry and distribution of the phosphogypsum deposits. Chemical results confirmed the high presence of heavy metals in the waste determining chromium as the most concentrated metal. Radiological measures indicate that the effective ambient dose equivalent average in the study area surface is approximately 8.5 times higher than the average for Europe. While at 1.0 m depth, in the phosphogypsum layer, the ambient dose equivalent average surpasses approximately 27 times the European average. Statistical correlation analysis supports that the radiation increases due to the uranium presence. This methodology might reduce time and cost avoiding the use of expensive traditional methods, and it is exportable to any deposit.

[SPA] El uso y manejo que se le dé a un suelo puede afectar la dinámica del carbono, las propiedades del suelo y causar emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. Después de los cambios de labranza en las tierras de cultivo es necesario evaluar los efectos sobre la dinámica del carbono orgánico del suelo (COS), con el fin de identificar si el suelo es un sumidero o emisor de carbono a la atmósfera. La presente investigación se llevó a cabo en dos parcelas de cultivo de arroz, donde ocurrieron cambios en la labranza y manejo del agua. Una tercera parcela de bosque nativo con árboles de cacao se utilizó como suelo de referencia (agroforestal). Para estimar el balance de COS, se determinaron las entradas de carbono orgánico (CO) a partir de aplicaciones de necromasa, raíces, biomasa microbiana y urea. También se midieron las emisiones de CO2 y CH4. Los resultados mostraron que el cambio en el uso del suelo, riego y labranza en el cultivo de arroz no provocó diferencias significativas en las entradas de CO al suelo, ni en las salidas por emisiones de carbono. El contenido de carbono orgánico oxidable en el suelo muestra que hay efecto significativo de los siguientes factores: uso del suelo, etapa del cultivo y profundidad del suelo. Para el COS se encontró que el sistema agroforestal tiene un contenido significativamente mayor al del suelo bajo cultivo de arroz, tanto con riego como sin riego. Al comparar el comportamiento de la respiración edáfica total en cada uso del suelo, se encontró que el sistema agroforestal mostró la menor respiración total, por el contrario, el uso con arroz presentó la mayor respiración total, no mostrando diferencias significativas entre ellos. El comportamiento de cada gas de efecto invernadero (metano, dióxido de carbono y óxido nitroso) es diferente según el tipo de uso del suelo y la etapa del cultivo, las curvas de emisión mostraron que el suelo en todos los tipos de uso y etapas de cultivo se comportó como emisor o fuente de dióxido de ca

[SPA] Bolivia llegó a ser uno de los principales productores de plata del mundo; su producción llegó a ser muy importante a mediados del siglo XVI cuando el proceso de amalgamación permitió la producción masiva de plata, dejando una cantidad sin precedentes de mercurio, con la consiguiente repercusión medioambiental, económica y social en varias zonas de Bolivia. En los últimos años, en Bolivia se ha visto un importante aumento de las operaciones mineras auríferas, motivado por el incremento del precio y la demanda internacional del oro. La minería aurífera boliviana tiene como principales protagonistas a las cooperativas mineras, que producen el 97 % del oro a nivel nacional, generando la mayor cantidad de empleo en el sector. El departamento de La Paz es el mayor productor de oro a nivel nacional, donde opera el 57% del total de cooperativas del país, explotando yacimientos auríferos primarios y secundarios. En el proceso de extracción de oro en Bolivia, el uso del mercurio es la práctica más habitual; la cantidad y su forma de uso, varía fundamentalmente por el tipo de yacimiento. Varias de las áreas protegidas nacionales, subnacionales e incluso territorios indígenas y originarios, que albergan una parte significativa de la biodiversidad del país, y son proveedoras de funciones ambientales vitales para el desarrollo, tienen dentro de su territorio actividades de extracción minera. El Área Natural de Manejo Integrado Nacional (ANMIN) -Apolobamba, que se encuentra en el departamento de La Paz, es una de las áreas protegidas más afectadas por las actividades mineras auríferas a pequeña escala. El objetivo principal de la tesis fue determinar los impactos ambientales de la minería aurífera filoniana a pequeña escala sobre medios bióticos (vegetación nativa) y abióticos (suelos, sedimentos y residuos) en ANMIN-Apolobamba. Para ello, se han seleccionado dos cooperativas mineras auríferas especialmente representativas por su ubicación en zonas de alta intensidad de act

This study presents the results of a physical-chemical characterisation of phosphogypsum deposits generated with hydrochloric and sulphuric acid during the wet acid process. The paper aims to establish an efficient methodology based on electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), chemical analysis and multivariate analysis identifying the areas most contaminated by heavy metals in an abandoned factory where fertiliser was derived from phosphoric rock. This fertiliser has provided many benefits to agriculture; however, it generates a vast amount of waste (5 tonnes phosphoric rock/1 tonne fertiliser). The chemical composition of this by-product varies according to the industrial process performed. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) recovers more than 90% of phosphorus, while sulphuric acid (H2SO4) recovers around 30%. Therefore, a chemical assessment of the remaining waste is a necessary step prior to initiating any remediation process. ERT provided the geometry of the deposits and the distribution of the phosphogypsum. The chemical analyses consistently validated the electrical contrast found within the deposits. We employed a correlation analysis combined with multivariate analysis to identify the relationships among the metal concentrations and resistivity. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the information contained in all the variables to a few principal components. The first three principal components accounted for 74% of the variability of all the studied variables. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) for classification allowed the discrimination of the two populations. Electrical resistivity was the most influential variable for separating HCl waste from that of H2SO4. The use of ERT saves time and reduces costs yielding a methodology which facilitates the environmental assessment of large areas.

[ENG] The last few years, pig farming have seen a great transformation, which is now considered as an agro-industry made up of some major players on the world scale. In several regions within the world, the management of pig manure has become a real environmental problem which needs a solution from the agricultural sector. Many environmental problems concern such as impacts on surface and groundwater, effects on air and soil quality are notably increasing. Most of the environmental problems of the pig production sector is the pig slurry (PS) production and it ́s management. Only Spain generates a volume of pig slurry around 71 million m3 per year (2018) and it’s the first country in Europe with a high number of pig production, this large volume of production needs an adequate treatment and management to minimize the environmental problems. Most common problematics of the pig slurry are: - Excess of N and salts which are transferred to soils and superficial and groundwater when slurry is used as soil amendment. This affects soils and water quality and contributes to water eutrophication and salinization processes. - Lack of control of pollutants in the slurry which is applied to the soil, with transfer of metals (mainly Cu and Zn) to the soil and water, with negative effect on environmental health. - Emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases (GHG), contributing to climate change. Livestock are responsible for 37% of anthropogenic CH4 and 65% of anthropogenic N2O. -Generation of smells which is the main barriers for the community acceptance of pig farms. Recently the pig slurry concept is changing, and it is not considered as a waste, nevertheless a by-product that can be used as a natural fertilizer that contain the main nutrients a plant needs to thrive. It ́s a source of nutrients that can be valorized in agronomic sector as a valuable economic resource. To reuse this by product, PS should be treated and disposed properly in order to reduce negative impacts caused

Constructed wetlands (CWs) can remove a high amount of pollutants from wastewater, and therefore play an important role in water purification. In this study, a pilot system to improve the traditional treatment of industrial wastewater from the tannery industry was tested. The main objective of this research was to remove nitrogen, phosphorus, boron, and chromium from a tannery’s industrial wastewater using a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFCW) formed from three cells, planted with Phragmites australis and operated in batch mode as an ecofriendly system. P. australis was selected due to its ability to adapt to climatic conditions, its wetland and management characteristics, and its high capacity for pollutant absorption. The concentrations of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), boron (B), and chromium (Cr) were analyzed in both wastewater and purified water, and the removal efficiencies were calculated. In addition, both the absorption capacity of P. australis in the aerial and root parts and the adsorption capacity of substrates (gravel and washed sand) were analyzed. Results showed that the concentrations of TP and Cr decreased in the wastewater at both hydraulic retention times (HRTs) tested (3 and 7 days), with 3 days being the most effective, showing removal efficiency values of 78% and 48% for TP and Cr, respectively. However, concentrations of TKN and B were not statistically reduced at either HRTs. Regarding the absorption capacity of P. australis, the highest absorption efficiencies for TKN and TP were reported at 7 days in the aerial part of the plants. In contrast, B was retained in roots at HRT of 3 days. Finally, Cr was more significantly absorbed at 3 days by P. australis. Moreover, the substrates also played important roles in the adsorption of nitrogen and boron. Therefore, CWs planted with P. australis could be used as an ecofriendly technique to the reduce pollution load of the wastewater from tannery industry