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Female bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, in strains from three widely separated geographic regions were evaluated for diel and daily periodicity in oviposition, as well as for the duration of oviposition per se and apparent egg marking behavior. Females that were mated and fed for the first time and laying their first clutch of eggs and females fed a second time before laying their second clutch of eggs both oviposited preferentially in the scotophase of a 14:10 L:D cycle. Oviposition began before the photophase ended, indicating it was not induced by onset of darkness and suggesting it was governed by a circadian rhythm. First-clutch females began to oviposit closer to onset of darkness and 1-2 days later than second-clutch females, respectively suggesting that first-clutch females were more strictly entrained to the L:D cycle and were still undergoing reproductive maturation. In all cases, oviposition of one clutch was finished by day 10, but the frequency distributions of eggs laid daily by first-clutch and second-clutch females, as well as those of females from the three different strains were all significantly different. The acts of oviposition and subsequent apparent egg marking behavior (a novel observation) lasted mean durations of 4.7 sec and 24.1 sec, respectively. During apparent egg marking, a female would repeatedly touch the abdominal cuticle in the region of the scent glands with her metathoracic tarsi and then touch the newly laid egg, while concurrently waving the tip of her abdomen back and forth across the surface of the egg.

We tested two versions of a trap that captures climbing ticks on their dorsum. A prototype based on a decades old model had three components, a truncated pyramidal base with steep sloping walls, downward facing sticky-tape extending beyond and spanning the boundary of the flat upper surface, on which ticks become dorsally immobilized, and a reservoir for gaseous CO2 emission from dry ice that rests on the flat upper surface. A preoperational trap was made of thermoformed plastic and differed from the prototype by its circular structure, a central depression suitable for future housing of a biotic CO2 generator and supplemental volatile lures and a transparent sticky ceiling that enables ticks to exhibit a phototactic response and allows users to see captured ticks without disturbing the traps. Field testing of the prototype in Florida and both trap types in Oklahoma and North Carolina achieved high catches of lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae), e.g. mean catches of >70 ticks (adults plus nymphs) in 4 h in both the prototype and preoperational traps in North Carolina, and significantly higher yields of ticks than on dry ice baited 1 m2 white sheets.

Foodborne outbreaks of Shigella flexneri infection are uncommon in the UK. In November 2019, the United Kingdom Health Security Agency investigated an outbreak of S. flexneri associated with a fast-food restaurant in London.Epidemiological investigations included case ascertainment and interviewing suspected cases using enhanced surveillance questionnaires. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used for characterisation of human isolates. Environmental investigations included a review of food safety processes at the implicated restaurant, administration of exposure questionnaires and stool sampling of staff.Between November 2019 and February 2020, 17 cases were confirmed as part of the outbreak by WGS in London. Among these, 15 were linked to the implicated restaurant. A review of the food safety processes at the restaurant was satisfactory. Despite initial suboptimal coverage of stool screening of staff, all staff members working at the restaurant during the sampling period were screened and an asymptomatic food handler tested positive for S.flexneri with the outbreak WGS profile. The individual underwent microbiological clearance, and no further cases were reported. It was not possible to confirm the direction of transmission for the community cases or the staff member.We report an outbreak of S. flexneri in a fast-food restaurant in London with previous inspection ratings indicating good compliance with food safety and hygiene standards. WGS was crucial in identifying cases linked to the outbreak. This outbreak highlights the importance of prompt testing of food handlers in outbreaks suspected to be associated with food businesses.

Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L. and C. hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are hematophagous ectoparasites of humans. Since the resurgence of bed bugs in the late 1990s there has been a corresponding emphasis on development and implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) programs to manage infestations. One critical requirement of IPM is the ability to detect and monitor the target pest. We outline and describe the majority of all known existing devices and technologies developed for bed bug detection and monitoring as well as much of the underlying science. Almost 40 detection and monitoring products have flooded the marketplace, but for various reasons, including price, size, complexity and lack of independent scientific evaluation, they have not been widely adopted for IPM in structures. One product, the ClimbUp® Insect Interceptor, has nine competitors that utilize a similar design. This review also discloses many other technologies and products that are either too expensive or too impractical for use as either consumer or industrial products. We conclude that there is a critical need for inexpensive and effective detection and monitoring traps and lures suitable for widespread adoption by the urban pest control industry. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

This article discusses the infection control and public health measures taken whilst managing a case of laboratory-confirmed rabies, and the challenges faced in implementing these measures. Case management requires intensive multi-disciplinary co-ordination. The Milwaukee protocol, which to date has five reported human rabies survivors associated with its use, has been suggested as a potential management pathway for human rabies. Consensus among hospital and public health clinicians would aid future deployment of this approach in selected cases.

BACKGROUND Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are blood-feeding insect pests with public health relevance. Their rapid evolution of resistance to pyrethroids has prompted a shift to combination products that include both a pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticide. Insecticides have both a direct impact on mortality and an indirect effect on behavior. Thus, we assessed the sublethal effects of a widely used combination product containing β-cyfluthrin (a pyrethroid) and imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid), as unexpected behavioral changes after exposure have been known to affect efficacy of insecticides. RESULTS We found that bed bugs exposed to sublethal doses of a combination product containing β-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid did not feed as effectively as untreated bugs. Their locomotion behavior was also reduced. However, aggregation in response to the presence of conspecific harborages was not affected by sublethal exposure. CONCLUSION Bed bugs exhibit behavioral changes after sublethal exposure to a combination product that could affect pest management choices and outcomes. A reduction in host-finding efficiency and feeding could complement the lethal effects of the insecticide. Alternatively, reduced locomotion following exposure could limit ongoing contact with insecticide deposits. However, an overall reduction in movement indicates that treatments are unlikely to cause dispersal of bugs to adjacent dwellings. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Concerns about the impacts of ocean acidification on marine life have mostly focused on how reduced carbonate saturation affects calcifying organisms. Here, we show that levels of CO2-induced acidification that may be attained by 2100 could also have significant effects on marine organisms by reducing their aerobic capacity. The effects of temperature and acidification on oxygen consumption were tested in 2 species of coral reef fishes, Ostorhinchus doederleini and O. cyanosoma, from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. The capacity for aerobic activity (aerobic scope) declined at temperatures above the summer average (29°C) and in CO2-acidified water (pH 7.8 and ~1000 ppm CO2) compared to control water (pH 8.15). Aerobic scope declined by 36 and 32% for O. doederleini and O. cyanosoma at temperatures between 29 to 32°C, whereas it declined by 33 and 47% for O. doederleini and O. cyanosoma in acidified water compared to control water. Thus, the declines in aerobic scope in acidified water were similar to those caused by a 3°C increase in water temperature. Minimum aerobic scope values of ~200 mg O2 kg–1 h–1 were attained for both species in acidified water at 32°C, compared with over 600 mg O2 kg–1 h–1 in control water at 29°C. Mortality rate increased sharply at 33°C, indicating that this temperature is close to the lethal thermal limit for both species. Acidification further increased the mortality rate of O. doederleini, but not of O. cyanosoma. These results show that coral reef fishes are sensitive to both higher temperatures and increased levels of dissolved CO2, and that the aerobic performance of some reef fishes could be significantly reduced if climate change continues unabated

The capacity for marine fishes to perform aerobically (aerobic scope) is predicted to control their thermal tolerance and, thus, the impact that rapid climate change will have on their populations. We tested the effect of increased water temperatures on the resting and maximum rates of oxygen consumption in five common coral reef fishes at Lizard Island on the northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. All species exhibited a decline in aerobic capacity at elevated water temperatures (31, 32 or 33 °C) compared with controls (29 °C); however, the response was much stronger in two cardinalfishes, Ostorhinchus cyanosoma and O. doederleini, compared with three damselfishes, Dascyllus anuarus, Chromis atripectoralis and Acanthochromis polyacanthus. Aerobic scope of the two cardinalfishes was reduced by nearly half at 31 °C compared with 29 °C, and virtually all capacity for additional oxygen uptake was exhausted by 33 °C. In contrast, the three damselfishes retained over half their aerobic scope at 33 °C. Such differences in thermal tolerance between species, and possibly families, suggest that the community structure of reef fish assemblages might change significantly as ocean temperatures increase. Populations of thermally tolerant species are likely to persist at higher temperatures, but populations of thermally sensitive species could decline on low-latitude reefs if individual performance falls below levels needed to sustain viable populations.

This research is a quantitative content analysis of agricultural biotechnology coverage appearing in a collection of community newspapers in Northern California and Missouri between 1992 and 2004. It examines the similarities and differences in news media frames used to focus the debate at the local level, and evaluates the frequency and range of dominant political and social actors as news sources. Newspaper coverage in some community newspapers frames the story in more complex and diverse ways and includes a wider range of voices than has been reported in studies of coverage in the national, elite press. Oppositional viewpoints exist in some local newspapers, perhaps more so than in national news.

Ipsilateral clavicle and sternoclavicular (SC) physeal fractures or dislocations are rare injuries. Only 10 cases of double clavicle fractures have been previously reported in the literature. We report two additional patients with this complex injury, each with the characteristic vertical displacement of the medial clavicle demonstrated by three-dimensional computed tomographic (CT) reconstructive imaging. A novel approach to treat these uncommon injuries and review of the literature is also presented.

Background: Hospital admission rates for asthma in Britain rose during the 1980s and fell during the 1990s, but less is known about recent trends in the prevalence of asthma. Methods: In 1991 and 2002 the same questionnaire was distributed to parents of all school pupils in year 3 (aged 7–8 years) in the London borough of Croydon. Parents of currently wheezy children were then invited for home interview (100% targeted in 1991, 66% in 2002). Results: The prevalence of wheeze during the previous year increased from 12.9% in 1991 to 17.8% in 2002 (prevalence ratio 1.39 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.56)). Increases were observed in frequent (1.54 (95% CI 1.16 to 2.03)) and infrequent attacks, severe speech limiting episodes (2.25 (95% CI 1.34 to 3.77)), and night waking (1.36 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.72)), and in the reported use of steroids (19.9% v 64.1% of currently wheezy children). Nevertheless, the proportions reporting a visit to the GP at his/her surgery for wheeze in the previous year (prevalence ratio 1.15 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.45)) or an outpatient visit (0.98 (95% CI 0.49 to 1.94)) changed little and an increase in reported casualty attendance (1.66 (95% CI 0.89 to 3.07)) was non-significant. Conclusions: There is evidence of an increase in the prevalence of asthma among British primary school children between 1991 and 2002. The absence of a corresponding increase in health service utilisation data may reflect more widespread prophylactic treatment and/or changes in the use and provision of medical services.

This experiment examined the viewpoint and other phenomenal characteristics of childhood memories based on both personal recollections and self-knowledge. Participants were asked to provide examples of remember, know, and uncertain memories, and to rate each memory on a number of dimensions. Remembered events were generally viewed from a field perspective, while known-about events were generally viewed from an observer perspective. In line with earlier research, remembered events received the highest ratings for sensory and contextual detail, emotional content, and memory accuracy, while known-about events were given the lowest ratings. The results are discussed with reference to their possible implications for memory recovery or enhancement techniques that ask people to adopt a different viewpoint. Consideration is given as to whether a switch to a field perspective might encourage the acceptance of suggested details or events.

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the resurgence of infectious syphilis in the United Kingdom between 1997 and 2003. Study: The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of routine surveillance data from genitourinary medicine clinics and data collected through enhanced surveillance. Results: Between 1997 and 2002, diagnoses of primary, secondary, and early latent syphilis made at genitourinary medicine clinics increased by 213% in heterosexual males, 1412% in men who have sex with men (MSM), and 22% in females. These increases have been driven by a series of outbreaks, the largest of which were seen in Manchester (528) and London (1222) up to the end of October 2003. All the outbreaks have been geographically localized and the majority of cases occurred in MSM. A high percentage of concurrent HIV infection was reported, and oral sex was often reported as a route of transmission. Conclusions: Syphilis has re-emerged in response to behavior change, probably driven by changes in the HIV epidemic. The future course of the epidemic is difficult to predict and control remains elusive.

Transliminality is “a hypothesized tendency for psychological material to cross thresholds into or out of consciousness,” which has been proposed to derive from hyperconnectivity between temporal-limbic structures and sensory association cortices. Accordingly, it might be expected that transliminality would positively correlate with temporal lobe lability. To test this hypothesis, 135 undergraduate psychology students at an Australian and a British university completed the Revised Transliminality Scale (Lange et al., 2000) and the Personal Philosophy Inventory (Persinger, 1984a), a validated measure of temporal lobe lability. As predicted, scores on transliminality showed a strong association with the general temporal lobe scale (r=0.72), as well as moderate correlations with a number of other scalar variables and individual items. The findings are consistent with the idea that transliminality is related to more ungated processing related to temporal lobe functioning, and furthermore that temporal lobe phenomenology promotes transliminal experiences with mystical or religious overtones.

Analogies have been argued to be central in the process of establishing conceptual growth, making overt connections and carryover into an intended cognitive domain, and providing a generative venue for developing conceptual understanding inherent in constructivist learning. However, students' specific uses of analogies for constructing arguments are not well understood. Specifically, the results of preservice teachers' knowledge gains are not widely studied. Although we would hope that engaging preservice science teachers in exemplary lessons would assist them in using and generating analogies more expertly, it is not clear whether or how such curricula would affect their learning or teaching. This study presents an existence proof of how preservice science teachers used analogies embedded in their course materials Physics by Inquiry. This fine-grained analysis of small group discourse revealed three distinct roles of analogies including the development of: (a) cognitive process skills, (b) scientific conceptual understanding, and (c) social contexts for problem solving. Results suggest that preservice teachers tend to overgeneralize the analogies inserted by curriculum materials, map irrelevant features of analogies into collaborative problem solving, and generate personal analogies, which counter scientific concept development. Although the authors agree with the importance of collaborative problem solving and the insertion of analogies for preservice teachers' conceptual development, we believe much more needs to be understood before teachers can be expected to construct and sustain effective learning environments that rely on using analogies expertly. Implications for teacher preparation are also discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 443–463, 2003

To assess the effects of human confidence levels on horse behavior, 40 veterinary students led the same mare around a fixed course. Multivariate analysis of human attitudes and behavior and horse behavior showed that a positive attitude towards horses related to infrequent ear movement in that horse (accounting for 46% of variance); positive attitude, together with low lead tension, related to a horse's forward ear position (47%); loose lead tension related to both a horse's low resistance (66%) and low head position (11%). Human attitudes towards at least one horse is shown to be associated with changes in human behavior, which leads to altered behavior in that horse.

Manic-depressiveness is the name here given to a hypothesized personality continuum that has, at one extreme, manic-depressive psychosis. A Manic-Depressiveness Scale is described, which comprises three scales, Manic Experience, Depressive Experience, and the sum of the two, since they are correlated. 250 undergraduate psychology students at the University of Adelaide and at Goldsmiths' College, London, were administered the Manic-Depressiveness Scale along with 12 measures including the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Revised). Scores on the total Manic-Depressiveness Scale tended (in order of size of association) to be correlated with Schizotypal Personality (and three subscales), Neuroticism, Magical Ideation, Mystical Experience, Belief in the Paranormal, absence of Social Naïveté, and Psychoticism. Manic Experience showed a pattern of relationships with the above variables broadly similar to that of Depressive Experience but included Creative Personality, while Depressive Experience included introversion. The relationship between manicdepressiveness and schizotypy is discussed.

The purpose of this study was to compare the worldview of Native American students of the Traditional Kickapoo Band with the worldview encountered in the science classroom. The qualitative study investigated the worldview expressed in science instruction by conducting periodic observations in two classrooms over an 18-month period, teacher interviews, and text evaluations. StudentsO worldviews were investigated during individual and group interviews, classroom observations, science activities, and social interaction. Twenty-eight Kickapoo students, two teachers, and eight nonteaching members of the community participated in the study. Adult members of the Kickapoo Band were interviewed and asked to reflect on the educational and cultural norms of the students. A variable-oriented analysis revealed differences in epistemology, preferred methods of teaching/learning, values, spatial/temporal orientation, cultural rules for behavior, and perspective of the place of humans in the natural world. The study revealed significant worldview differences, none of which would prevent Kickapoo students from being full participants in the scientific community, but many of which may be preventing them from being successful in the science classroom. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 111–132, 1998.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome or Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) in children is characterized by persistent or recurrent debilitating fatigue which results in a substantial reduction in activity. There is a growing interest in the use of questionnaires, or patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), to assess how patients function and feel in relation to their health and associated healthcare. However, guidance for PROM selection for children with CFS/ME does not exist. We reviewed the quality and acceptability of PROMs used with children with CFS/ME to inform recommendations for practice. We conducted a systematic review of PROMs completed by children with CFS/ME. The quality of the evaluative studies and the reviewed measures were assessed against recommended criteria using an appraisal framework and the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. We sought evidence of measurement (reliability, validity, responsiveness, interpretability, data quality) and practical properties (acceptability, relevance, feasibility). Sixteen articles were included in the review, providing evidence of reliability and/or validity for 13 PROMs. Of these, five were child-specific (one health-related quality-of-life; four emotional well-being) and eight were not (four emotional well-being, three fatigue-specific; and one generic). All measures had limited evidence of measurement properties and no evidence of practical properties. Recommendations for patient-reported assessment are difficult to make because of limited evidence of the quality and acceptability of PROMs for children with CFS/ME. The appraisal method highlighted significant methodological and quality issues which must be addressed in future research. There is a lack of qualitative evidence describing the outcomes of healthcare that are important to children with CFS/ME, and the relevance or appropriateness of available measures. Future PROM development and evaluation in this group must seek to involve children collaboratively to ensure that the outcomes that children care about are assessed in an acceptable way.

This study explores the beliefs about reform of life science teachers in central Texas who were retained to teach Coordinated Thematic Science I. In particular, we were interested in identifying the beliefs that serve as the foundation for the grade 7 life science teachers' intentions to introduce physical science activities in the life science classes they teach. To accomplish this purpose, we selected four teachers, using purposeful sampling procedures. We also adapted an empirical model for investigating rational decisionmaking, the Theory of Planned Behavior, for use in an interview format. Two additional data sources were used to triangulate our findings set out in seven assertions developed from the 52 pages of transcribed interviews. Our results call attention to the need for all three levels of education—state, district, and school—to cooperate in implementing science curriculum reform in Texas. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

On 22 September 2012, a novel coronavirus, very closely related to that from a fatal case in Saudi Arabia three months previously, was detected in a previously well adult transferred to intensive care in London from Qatar with severe respiratory illness. Strict respiratory isolation was instituted. Ten days after last exposure, none of 64 close contacts had developed severe disease, with 13 of 64 reporting mild respiratory symptoms. The novel coronavirus was not detected in 10 of 10 symptomatic contacts tested.

The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, we set out to describe a context for understanding events that fuel the need to reform secondary science education in Texas. Next, we present the results of a survey of the knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes of a group of central Texas science teachers related to implementing Coordinated Thematic Science (CTS) instruction, who were surveyed after field testing preliminary CTS instructional materials. Last, we argue that caution must be exercised in the design of inservice programs to prepare life science teachers in Texas to teach a coordinated thematic Science I course to rising Grade 7 students by the target date of Fall, 1994.

Paediatric chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalopathy (CFS/ME) is relatively common and children can be severely affected attending little or no school for extended periods. There are no studies quantifying the financial impact of having a child with CFS/ME and there is little information of the impact on parental mood.Forty mothers of children with CFS/ME from a regional specialist CFS/ME service completed inventories to assess their psychological well-being (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, General Health Questionnaire-12) loss of earnings and increased expenditure. In addition, eight mothers took part in a semi-structured qualitative interview.Most parents of children with CFS/ME experience loss of monthly income (mean = £247) and increase in monthly expenditure (mean = £206). Twenty-eight (72%) mothers were above the cut-off for the General Health Questionnaire-12 compared with 20% in the healthy population (95% CI 55, 85, P0.001) suggesting they probably have a mental health problem. This may be explained by the qualitative interviews where mothers described five areas contributing to poor parental health: lack of understanding from others; marital tension; concern about their child's distress; concern about the impact on siblings and emotional distress causing physical symptoms.The majority of families of children with CFS/ME experience decreased income and increased expenditure with a marked impact on maternal psychological health. Clinicians need to be aware of this to provide appropriate support to families who care for children with CFS/ME.

In the past few years there has been a reawakening of interest in the systems that underly pulmonary vascular control and an increased awareness of the clinical potential of pharmacological manipulation of the pulmonary circulation. Nevertheless, although so much has been learned about the physiological role of the endothelium, vasoactive substances, and neural modulation of the pulmonary vasculature; how these disparate influences interact to control the matching of ventilation to perfusion remains uncertain. Consequently, even less is known of the way in which lung injury influences these regulatory processes. It is likely that the response to hypoxia may involve a system with many pathways and much redundancy, such that blockade of the production of a single agent has only a minor effect on HPV. We speculate that the products of arachidonic acid metabolism, PAF, adenosine and EDRF, may act in concert with neural pathways in a 'microenvironment' bounded by the alveolus and endothelium to modify pulmonary vascular tone during both normoxic and hypoxic conditions.

BACKGROUND--Endogenous vasodilators such as endothelially derived relaxant factor have been shown to modulate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Sensory peptides such as substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) are also potent pulmonary vasodilators in both animals and humans. Their possible role in the modulation of the normal hypoxic pressor response has been examined in an isolated, ventilated, and blood perfused rat lung preparation. METHODS--Animals (n = 7) were pretreated with 50 mg/kg capsaicin administered subcutaneously to deplete nerve endings of sensory neuropeptides. A control group (n = 7) received a subcutaneous dose of capsaicin vehicle. One week later the rats were killed and the rise in pulmonary artery pressure was measured during four successive periods of hypoxic ventilation (FIO2 0.03), and after four injections of angiotensin II (1.0 microgram). RESULTS--A 60% depletion of SP levels was measured in the sciatic nerves of animals treated with capsaicin. The hypoxic pressor response was not significantly altered in capsaicin treated animals compared with controls, except during the fourth hypoxic episode when it was augmented. The angiotensin II pressor response was the same in both groups during each of the injections. CONCLUSION--The sensory neuropeptide SP (and possibly CGRP) does not have a major role in modulating the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia.

The theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) was used to predict and understand Korean high school students' track choice for college entrance. First-year high school students (N = 665) from four representative regions of Korea participated in the study. The survey instruments were questionnaires developed according to the guidelines of the TRA. The target behavior of interest in this study was Korean students' choice of the science track when they completed the track application forms during the first year of high school. Predictors included TRA model and external variables. Multiple regression and the structural equation modeling with LISREL (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1986) were used to analyze the data. The TRA was found to be applicable for understanding and predicting track choice, with minor modifications. Subjective norm was found to exert a direct influence on personal beliefs and the target behavior.

We have investigated the role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in modulating hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by inhibiting its synthesis with the false substrate NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) in the isolated blood-perfused lungs of Wistar rats after chronic hypoxia (CH, fractional inspiratory O2 concentration 10%) for 15 h, 2 days, and 7 days. Lungs were perfused with blood of normal hematocrit at constant flow (18 ml/min) ventilated with 1) 95% air-5% CO2 (normoxia) and 2) 2% O2–5% CO2-93% N2 (hypoxia) and were studied in the absence and presence of L-NMMA (30 and 300 microM) or L-arginine (L-Arg, 1 and 6 mM) in separate groups. Pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) rose incrementally with hypoxic exposure (all P < 0.05 vs. normoxic control group). Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) was markedly reduced after 15 h and 2 days of CH: the mean increases in Ppa (delta Ppa) in hypoxia were 15.3, 3.5, 3.8, and 13.6 mmHg in control rats and rats exposed to 15 h (P < 0.05 vs. control and 7 days of CH), 2 days (P < 0.001 vs. control and 7 days of CH), and 7 days of CH, respectively. Ppa in control rats and rats exposed to 15 h, 2 days, and 7 days of CH were 137, 179, 184, and 166% of control, respectively, after 30 microM L-NMMA (all P < 0.05 when expressed as percent change vs. no L-NMMA). Similar augmentation in HPV was seen after 30 microM L-NMMA, with all hypoxic groups having a greater response than control groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A stereoselective [2,3]-sigmatropic (Wittig) rearrangement of prop-2-ynyl 2-silyl allyl ethers 22 leading to E-vinyl silanes, e.g.23 is described. Stereospecific protiodesilylation of 23, via26, next produces the Z-alkene 27. sp-sp and sp-sp2 Coupling reactions between the acetylenic alcohol 5 produced from 27, and 3-bromoprop-2-ynol or 3-bromoprop-2-enol THP ether, then leads to the key intermediates 3 and 31 in leukotriene B41 synthesis.

1. Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) nerves mediate vasodilatation in guinea-pig pulmonary artery (PA) by both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent mechanisms. The transmitter(s) involved in the endothelium-independent pathway have not yet been identified. We have therefore investigated the possibility that nitric oxide (NO) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) may mediate this neural vasodilator response in guinea-pig branch PA rings denuded of endothelium. 2. Electric field stimulation (EFS, 50 V, 0.2 ms) induced a frequency-dependent (1-24 Hz), tetrodotoxin-sensitive relaxation of the U44069-precontracted PA rings in the presence of adrenergic and cholinergic blockade. 3. The NO synthase inhibitors NG-monomethyl L-arginine (L-NMMA, 100 microM) and NG-nitro L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 30 microM), and the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor methylene blue (5 microM) inhibited the EFS (16 Hz)-induced relaxation by 53 +/- 5, 74 +/- 9 and 82 +/- 9% respectively (n = 5-7, P < 0.01, compared with control rings). 4. Excess concentrations of L-, but not D-arginine (300 microM) completely reversed the inhibitory effect of L-NMMA. 5. The EFS-elicited relaxation (4 Hz) was potentiated by 1 microM zaprinast, a type V phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) degradation, but was unaffected by 0.1 microM zardaverine, a type III/IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits cyclic AMP degradation. 6. EFS (50 V, 0.2 ms, 16 Hz) induced a 3 fold increase in tissue cyclic GMP content, an action which was inhibited by L-NMMA (100 microM). 7. Pyrogallol (100microM), a superoxide anion generator, also inhibited the EFS-induced relaxation by 53 +/- 9%, and this effect was prevented by superoxide dismutase.8. Chemical sympathetic denervation with 6-hydroxydopamine had no effect on the relaxant response to EFS in the endothelium-denuded PA rings.9. In endothelium-denuded branch PA rings at resting tone, L-NMMA (100 microM) significantly augmented the adrenergic contractile response, an effect which was completely reversed by L-arginine,but not by D-arginine. In the same groups of vessel rings, L-NMMA had no significant effect on the matched contractile response to exogenous noradrenaline.10. These results suggest that NO may be released from intramural nerve endings other than adrenergic nerves (probably NANC nerves), and this leads to vasodilatation via activation of guanylyl cyclase.

This study sought to (a) identify the determinants that motivate Hispanic-American students to enroll in high school chemistry and (b) determine if providing belief-based information to students and their parentslguardians increases chemistry registration. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) and elaboration likelihood model (ELM) guided the study. Belief-based information about chemistry enrollment was collected from students (n = 69) and was content analyzed. Once identified, the modal salient beliefs and referents were used to develop the Chemistry Interest Questionnaire (CIQ) and audiotaped messages with accompanying information sheets. Messages were presented to one control and three experimental groups (questionnaire as message, student-only message, and student and parent/guardian message). One week later, students (N = 598) completed the CIQ. Shortly thereafter they registered for fall 1990 courses. Findings supported use of the TPB and ELM models to bring about behavior change. Chemistry enrollment for students in the student-only message group exceeded chance expectation.

The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of the theory of planned behavior model developed by social psychologists for understanding and predicting the behavioral intentions of secondary science students regarding enrolling in physics. In particular, the study used a three-stage causal model to investigate the links from external variables to behavioral, normative, and control beliefs; from beliefs to attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control; and from attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control to behavioral intentions. The causal modeling method was employed to verify the underlying causes of secondary science students' interest in enrolling physics as predicted in the theory of planned behavior. Data were collected from secondary science students (N = 264) residing in a central Texas city who were enrolled in earth science (8th grade), biology (9th grade), physical science (10th grade), or chemistry (11th grade) courses. Cause-and-effect relationships were analyzed using path analysis to test the direct effects of model variables specified in the theory of planned behavior. Results of this study indicated that students' intention to enroll in a high school physics course was determined by their attitude toward enrollment and their degree of perceived behavioral control. Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were, in turn, formed as a result of specific beliefs that students held about enrolling in physics. Grade level and career goals were found to be instrumental in shaping students' attitude. Immediate family members were identified as major referents in the social support system for enrolling in physics. Course and extracurricular conflicts and the fear of failure were shown to be the primary beliefs obstructing students' perception of control over physics enrollment. Specific recommendations are offered to researchers and practitioners for strengthening secondary school students' intentions to study physics.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the intratracheal and iv administration of bleomycin on the contraction and endothelially dependent vasodilation of rat pulmonary arteries in vitro. DESIGN Prospective pharmacologic study. SETTING National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK. INTERVENTIONS Intratracheal saline, intratracheal and iv bleomycin. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Rats treated with intratracheal bleomycin developed a significant increase in mean lung wet/dry weight ratio (5.6 +/- 0.4 [SEM] vs. 3.9 +/- 0.1, p less than .05) when compared with saline-treated control animals, confirming the development of pulmonary edema. However, these rats displayed normal relaxant responses to the endothelially dependent vasodilator acetylcholine and a normal contractile response to phenylephrine in vitro. Intravenous bleomycin had no effect on either wet/dry weight ratio or the response to either drug. CONCLUSIONS Despite evidence for the loss of endothelial integrity that characterizes lung injury after intratracheal bleomycin, isolated pulmonary artery rings in vitro showed no loss of endothelial cell function. The role of the endothelium in modulating pulmonary ventilation/perfusion matching after lung injury is unclear.

1. The role of platelet-activating factor in the attenuated hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction associated with lung injury was evaluated using specific platelet-activating factor antagonists and an isolated perfused lung preparation. 2. Intratracheal bleomycin was administered to rats to produce acute lung injury. Animals received intratracheal saline (control), intratracheal bleomycin or the platelet-activating factor anatagonists BN 52021, WEB 2170 or WEB 2086 before and after bleomycin treatment. Forty-eight hours after intratracheal administration of bleomycin or saline the animals were killed. 3. The increases in pulmonary artery pressure during two periods of hypoxic ventilation and in response to 0.2 μg of angiotensin II were measured. Acetylcholine-induced vasodilatation after pre-constriction with prostaglandin F2α was also measured. To quantify lung injury, the wet/ dry ratio of lung weight was determined. 4. Bleomycin treatment attenuated the first and second hypoxic pressor responses by 93% and 77%, respectively, but not the pressor response to angiotensin II nor the vasodilator response to acetylcholine. BN 52021 plus bleomycin augmented the first hypoxic pressor response compared with bleomycin treatment alone, but the structurally unrelated platelet-activating factor antagonists WEB 2170 and WEB 2086 had no significant effect on the bleomycin-induced attenuation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. None of the platelet-activating factor antagonists blocked the increase in the wet/dry lung weight ratio induced by bleomycin. 5. Bleomycin-induced lung injury selectively attenuates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, an effect that does not appear to be mediated by platelet-activating factor. The mechanism remains to be elucidated, but may involve destruction of the hypoxic ‘sensor’ within the respiratory tract.

The hypothesis that endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) modulates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) was tested in isolated, blood-perfused rat lungs ventilated with gas mixtures of 21% O2-5% CO2-74% N2 (normoxia) or of 3% O2-5% CO2-92% N2 (hypoxia); 30 microM NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), an inhibitor of EDRF production, caused a reduction in the endothelium-dependent relaxant response to acetylcholine (ACh) from 62 +/- 7, 88 +/- 4, and 100 +/- 4% to 26 +/- 8, 49 +/- 12, and 75 +/- 7% at ACh concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 microM, respectively (p less than 0.05 at all concentrations), indicating that L-NMMA acts via the inhibition of EDRF production. L-NMMA induced a concentration-related augmentation in HPV of 20 +/- 5, 32 +/- 8, and 34 +/- 8% at concentrations of 30, 300, and 1,000 microM (p less than 0.05, compared with a vehicle control group at all concentrations). The pressor response to a dose of angiotensin II (A-II), which produced the same increase in pulmonary artery pressure as that induced by hypoxia, was also significantly augmented (2 +/- 0.6%), but to a lesser extent. The augmentation of HPV by 30 microM L-NMMA was completely reversed by 1 mM L-arginine (a precursor of EDRF), but not by D-arginine (an isomer of L-arginine). One and 6 mM L-arginine, but not 6 mM D-arginine caused a significant inhibition of HPV by 20 +/- 2 and 47 +/- 12% (p less than 0.05, compared with the vehicle control group) and a small but not significant reduction in A-II-mediated contraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of the theory of planned behavior for predicting the behavioral intentions of teachers enrolled in the Institute in Physical Science, an EESA, Title II program funded by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. In particular, the study investigated three determinants of teachers' behavioral intentions (BI) set forth in the theory of planned behavior, namely, attitude toward the behavior (AB), subjective norm (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC). The behavior of interest in this study was the intention of teachers in grades 5/6 or 9/10 who were enrolled in the Institute to use 50% of the activities and investigations completed in the program with students they would teach during the next school year. Data were collected from 50 elementary and secondary teachers. Simple and hierarchical regression analyses were used to determine the relative contributions of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control (and their interactions) to the prediction of behavioral intention. Results of this study indicated that attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control made significant contributions to the prediction of behavioral intention. Examination of the data blocked on external variables revealed attitude toward the behavior to be the single most important predictor of behavioral intention. Intent to perform the behavior appears to be totally under the control of most teachers, with little need for social support and with ample resources and sufficient opportunities available to perform the behavior.

The determinants of intentions to enroll in a high school science course were investigated, using the theory of reasoned action, among earth science students enrolled in a middle school located in a middle-income, suburban community in central Texas. The sample consisted of 5 of 14 eighth-grade earth science classes, randomly selected for this study. Classes contained Caucasian and minority students, male and female, of differing science abilities who were grouped according to general academic abilities—basic, average, and gifted and talented. The prediction of behavioral intention of sample participants was tested using four external variables, attitude, and subjective norm (Direct-Full Effects Model), attitude and subjective norm alone (Direct-Reduced Effects Model), and disaggregated data on attitude and subjective norm (Indirect Effects Model). Results of the study revealed attitude and subjective norm to be the sole predictors of behavioral intention for the aggregated data, but to be differentially effective for groups formed on the basis of sex, ethnicity, general ability, and science ability. Evidence is presented to show that the relative contributions of attitude and subjective norm to the prediction of behavioral intention varies among students depending upon their sex, ethnicity, general ability, and science ability. Results of the study are discussed in terms of increasing the enrollment of all students in elective science courses.

Commercial activities frequently take place against a background of the ownership of intellectual property, for example patents or know-how. This is particularly true of human health care companies and companies operating in the field of biotechnology, where the high cost and long time frames of research and development demand a degree of exclusivity in order to achieve an acceptable return on the investment. It follows that any company with an interest in using biotechnology to generate human health care products will have a strong interest in the ownership of property, much of which will have its origins in knowledge of the human genome. Claims to the ownership of portions of the human genome have been made public in recent times and these have been treated with everything from disgust to derision. However, a more considered analysis of this question will be found to turn on the relationship between discovery and invention in this field. This paper examines this question in relation to current commercial activities where information from the human genome is being used and attempts to draw some conclusions about what may be the impact of knowledge of the genome on commercial activities in the future.

Sprague-Dawley rats with intact (SHAM) and bilaterally transected chorda tympani nerves (CTX) received conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) to the free fatty acids (FFAs), linoleic and oleic acid, at micromolar quantities. Two-bottle preference tests showed that CTX eliminated avoidance of 88 muM linoleic acid but did not affect CTA avoidance of corn oil or 250 mM sucrose. Short-duration stimulus tests following single-pairing CTAs revealed that 8-s stimulus durations resulted in higher detection thresholds for linoleic acid than 30-s trials. In these short-duration tests, CTX rats showed 2-fold elevations in threshold for linoleic acid compared to the SHAM rats. A single-pairing CTA did not produce avoidance of oleic acid during the short-duration tests; however, 3 consecutive days of CTA pairings did produce avoidance of oleic acid in both male and female rats. Finally, both male and female rats received SHAM or CTX surgery after demonstrating successful CTAs to either 100 microM linoleic or oleic acid. The ability to detect and avoid linoleic and oleic acid was eliminated by CTX for both sexes. Differences in the ability of rats to form CTAs to linoleic and oleic acid suggest that linoleic acid is a more salient stimulus than oleic acid. Our results suggest that FFAs stimulate afferent taste signals in the chorda tympani nerve of male and female rats and that these signals play an important role in the gustatory behavior of accepting or avoiding taste stimuli following a conditioned taste aversion.

Previous theoretical and empirical work leads to a prediction that the developmental sequelae of childhood trauma may be risk factors in the development of transliminality. 106 undergraduate students completed the Revised Transliminality Scale and the Survey of Traumatic Childhood Events. In support of the prediction, scores on the Revised Transliminality Scale correlated .39 ( p < .001) with the total scores on the index of childhood trauma. Follow-up analyses suggested that various sorts of childhood trauma could be interpreted for this group as related to transliminality: having one's house destroyed, robbed, or vandalized; being struck by someone within or outside the family; being yelled and screamed at by a caregiver; witnessing the physical abuse of a parent; and sexual abuse. Longitudinal study is required to sharpen evidence.