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IntroductionScaevola taccada and Scaevola plumieri co-occur on shorelines of the Caribbean. Scaevola taccada is introduced in this habitat and directly competes with native dune vegetation, including S. plumieri, a species listed as locally endangered and threatened in Caribbean locations. This study addresses whether the invasive S. taccada also impacts the native S. plumieri indirectly by competing for pollinators and represents the first comparative study of insect visitation between these species.MethodsInsect visitation rates were measured at sites where species co-occur and where only the native occurs. Where species cooccur, insect visitors were captured, identified and analyzed for the pollen they carry. Pollen found on open-pollinated flowers was analyzed to assess pollen movement between the two species. We also compared floral nectar from each species by measuring volume, sugar content, and presence and proportions of amine group containing constituents (AGCCs).ResultsOur results demonstrate that both species share insect visitors providing the context for possible pollinator competition, yet significant differences in visitation frequency were not found. We found evidence of asymmetrical heterospecific pollen deposition in the native species, suggesting a possible reproductive impact. Insect visitation rates for the native were not significantly different between invaded and uninvaded sites, suggesting that the invasive S. taccada does not limit pollinator visits to S. plumieri. Comparisons of nectar rewards from the invasive and the native reveal similar volumes and sugar concentrations, but significant differences in some amine group containing constituents that may enhance pollinator attraction.ConclusionOur analysis finds no evidence for pollination competition and therefore S. taccada’s main impacts on S. plumieri are through competitive displacement and possibly through reproductive impacts as a consequence of heterospecific pollen deposition.

Objective. To calculate the economic impact of violence across Mexico in 2021 and project costs for 2021–2030. Methods. Incidence data was obtained from the Executive Secretariat of the National Public Security System, (SESNSP), National Population Council (CONAPO), National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), and the National Survey of Victimization and Perception of Public Safety (ENVIPE). Our model incorporates incidence estimates of the costs of events associated with violence (e.g., homicides, hospitalizations, rapes, extortions, robbery, etc). Results. The economic impact of crime and violence in Mexico for the year 2021 has been estimated at about $192 billion US dollars, which corresponds to 14.6% of the national GDP. By reducing violence 50% by 2030, we estimate savings of at least US$110 billion dollars. This represents a saving of US$1 376 372 for each company and more than US$66 771 for each Mexican. Conclusion. Violence and homicides have become one of the most pressing public health and economic concerns for their effect on health, development, and economic growth. Due to low cost and high impact, prevention is the most efficient way to respond to crime and violence while also being an essential component of sustainable strategies aimed at improving citizen security

Migratory tracking of genetically distinct populations can be used to develop conservation strategies that prioritize the protection of unique genetic lineages across the annual cycle. In North America, the island of Newfoundland harbors populations of numerous species that are genetically differentiated from populations in mainland North America. The American Redstart (Setophaga rulicilla) is a widespread Neotropical migratory songbird that breeds across North America and has a mitochondrial haplogroup unique to the Newfoundland breeding population. Stable-hydrogen isotope analyses have broadly identified the Caribbean islands as the nonbreeding locations for American Redstarts breeding in northeastern North America, but the specific nonbreeding sites for the Newfoundland breeding population remain unclear. The objective of this study was to use mitochondrial haplogroups to elucidate nonbreeding locations of the Newfoundland population of the American Redstart. We sampled 180 individuals from 9 locations across the Caribbean and sequenced the mitochondrial control region. We identified 4 individuals with the Newfoundland haplogroup in Puerto Rico (n = 3) and the Dominican Republic (n = 1). However, we primarily detected individuals with other haplogroups at these 2 nonbreeding sites. Our results suggest that the Newfoundland breeding population of the American Redstart has a restricted nonbreeding range (Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic) and mixes with individuals from other breeding populations at these sites. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how American Redstart populations are connected across the annual cycle, improving our understanding of population ecology and evolution. Received 31 December 2021. Accepted 24 May 2022. Key words: annual cycle, conservation genetics, mitochondrial DNA, molecular genetics, Neotropical-Nearctic migrant. El rastreo migratorio dc poblaciones gencticamente diferenciadas puede scr usado para dcsarrollar estrategias de conscrvaeion que prioricen la protcccion de linajes geneticos linicos a lo largo del ciclo anual. En America del Norte, la isla de Tenanova alberga poblaciones de numerosas especies que se diferencian geneticameme de la tierra firme de America del Norte. La candelita nortena (Setophaga ruticilla) es un ave canora migratoria neotropical que se reproduce a lo largo de Norteamerica y tiene un haplotipo mitoeondrial unico para la poblacion reproductive de Terranova. Analisis de isotopos estables dc hidrogeno ban identifieado arnpliamente las islas del Caribe como sitios no reproductivos para poblaciones de candelita nortena que se reproduccn en America del Norte, pcro los sitios no reproductivos especificos para las poblaciones que se reproduccn en Terranova lodavia no se conocen. El objetivo de este estudio era usar el haplotipo mitoeondrial para dilueidar sitios de no reproduction para las poblaciones de candelita nortena que se reproduccn en Terranova. Se muestrearon I K0 individuos de 9 localidades a lo largo del Caribe y secuenciamos la region control de sus mitocondrias. Identiticamos 4 individuos con el haplotipo Terranova en Puerto Rico (n=3) y Rcpublica Dominicana (n=l). Sin embargo, identiticamos principalmente individuos dc otros haplotipos en estos 2 sitios no reproductivos. Nuestros resultados sugiercn que la poblacion reproductiva de Terranova dc candelita nortena tiene un rango restringido no reproductive (Puerto Rico y Repiiblica Dominicana) y se mezcla con individuos de otras poblaciones reproductivas en esos sitios. Estos hallazgos contribuyen a entender mcjor como las poblaciones de candelita nortena se concctan durante su ciclo anual, mcjorando nuestra comprension de la ecologia dc poblaciones y evolucion. Palabras clave: ADN mitoeondrial, ciclo anual, genetica de la conscrvacion, genctica molecular, migrante neotropico-ncartico., Migratory connectivity, the degree to which different geographical locations throughout the full annual cycle are linked by migrating populations, influences how bird populations are affected by regional stressors (Webster et [...]

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the resistance to fatigue fracture of conventional nickel–titanium files after undergoing shot peening. Forty NITIFLEX endodontic files, number 30, were divided into two groups; one was submitted to shot peening treatment and the other was not. All instruments were tested for fatigue fracture in simulated canals with a TRI-AUTO ZX endodontic motor. One file of each group was subjected to a residual stress analysis by XRD. Finally, the fractured surface was observed and elemental analysis performed by means of SEM and EDX. Roughness analysis was made by focal variation microscope. The shot peening group showed greater resistance to fatigue fracture; there was no difference in the length of the fractured fragments. XRD results showed the presence of residual compression stresses in the file submitted to shot peening, a decrease in the interplanar spacing, and an increase in the full-width-at-half-maximum and the microstrains. SEM and EDX showed a ductile fracture with zones of fatigue and an equiatomic ratio between the nickel and titanium. Surface roughness increased after the file was subjected to the shot peening procedure. In conclusion, shot peening increases the resistance to fatigue fracture due to the presence of residual compression stresses in files manufactured from a conventional nickel–titanium alloy.

moleculARweb (https://molecularweb.epfl.ch) began as a website for education and outreach in chemistry and structural biology through augmented reality (AR) content that runs in the web browsers of regular devices like smartphones, tablets, and computers. Here we present two evolutions of moleculARweb’s Virtual Modeling Kits (VMK), tools where users can build and view molecules, and explore their mechanics, in 3D AR by handling the molecules in full 3D with custom-printed cube markers (VMK 2.0) or by moving around a simulated scene with mouse or touch gestures (VMK 3.0). Upon simulation the molecules experience visually realistic torsions, clashes, and hydrogen-bonding interactions that the user can manually switch on and off to explore their effects. Moreover, by manually tuning a fictitious temperature the users can accelerate conformational transitions or 'freeze' specific conformations for careful inspection in 3D. Even some phase transitions and separations can be simulated. We here showcase these and other features of the new VMKs connecting them to possible specific applications to teaching and self-learning of concepts from general, organic, biological and physical chemistry; and in assisting with small tasks in molecular modelling for research. Last, in a short discussion section we overview what future developments are needed for the 'dream tool' for the future of chemistry education and work.

Genetic and genomic data are increasingly used to aid conservation management of endangered species by providing insights into evolutionary histories, factors associated with extinction risks, and potential for future adaptation. For the 'Alalā, or Hawaiian crow (Corvus hawaiiensis), genetic concerns include negative correlations between inbreeding and hatching success. However, it is unclear if low genetic diversity and inbreeding depression are consequences of a historical population bottleneck, or if 'Alalā had historically low genetic diversity that predated human influence, perhaps as a result of earlier declines or founding events. In this study, we applied a hybridization-based sequence capture to generate a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) dataset for comparing historical specimens collected in the 1890s, when 'Alalā were more numerous, to samples taken between 1973 and 1998, when 'Alalā population densities were near the lowest documented levels in the wild, prior to all individuals being collected for captive rearing. We found low genome-wide diversity in both sample groups, however, the modern sample group (1973 to 1998 cohort) exhibited relatively fewer polymorphic alleles, a lower proportion of polymorphic loci, and lower observed heterozygosity, consistent with a population decline and potential bottleneck effects. These results combined with a current low population size highlight the importance of continued efforts by conservation managers to mitigate inbreeding and maintain founder representation to preserve what genetic diversity remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Calcifediol has been proposed as a potential treatment for COVID-19 patients. Objective: To compare the administration or not of oral calcifediol on mortality risk of patients hospitalized because of COVID-19. Design: Retrospective, multicenter, open, non-randomized cohort study. Settings: Hospitalized care. Patients: Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 between 5 February and 5 May 2020 in five hospitals in the South of Spain. Intervention: Patients received calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) treatment (0.266 mg/capsule, 2 capsules on entry and then one capsule on day 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28) or not. Main Outcome Measure: In-hospital mortality during the first 30 days after admission. Results: A total of 537 patients were hospitalized with COVID-19 (317 males (59%), median age, 70 years), and 79 (14.7%) received calcifediol treatment. Overall, in-hospital mortality during the first 30 days was 17.5%. The OR of death for patients receiving calcifediol (mortality rate of 5%) was 0.22 (95% CI, 0.08 to 0.61) compared to patients not receiving such treatment (mortality rate of 20%; p < 0.01). Patients who received calcifediol after admission were more likely than those not receiving treatment to have comorbidity and a lower rate of CURB-65 score for pneumonia severity ≥ 3 (one point for each of confusion, urea > 7 mmol/L, respiratory rate ≥ 30/min, systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≤ 60 mm Hg, and age ≥ 65 years), acute respiratory distress syndrome (moderate or severe), c-reactive protein, chronic kidney disease, and blood urea nitrogen. In a multivariable logistic regression model, adjusting for confounders, there were significant differences in mortality for patients receiving calcifediol compared with patients not receiving it (OR = 0.16 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.80). Conclusion: Among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, treatment with calcifediol, compared with those not receiving calcifediol, was significantly associated with lower in-hospital mortality during the first 30 days. The observational design and sample size may limit the interpretation of these findings.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) plays a central role in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Several studies have shown the beneficial effects of dietary CoQ10 supplementation, particularly in relation to cardiovascular health. CoQ10 biosynthesis decreases in the elderly, and consequently, the beneficial effects of dietary supplementation in this population are of greater significance. However, most pharmacokinetic studies have been conducted on younger populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the single-dose bioavailability of different formulations of CoQ10 in a healthy geriatric population. A randomized, three-period, crossover bioavailability study was conducted on 21 healthy older adults (aged 65−74). The treatment was a single dose with a one-week washout period. Three different formulations containing the equivalent of 100 mg of CoQ10 were used: Q10Vital® water-soluble CoQ10 syrup (the investigational product—IP); ubiquinol capsules (the comparative product—CP); and ubiquinone capsules (the standard product—SP). Ubiquinone/ubiquinol was followed in the plasma for 48 h. An analysis of the ratio of the area under the baseline-corrected concentration curve (ΔAUC48) for total CoQ10 and a comparison to SP yielded the following: The bioavailability of CoQ10 in the IP was 2.4-fold higher (95% CI: 1.3−4.5; p = 0.002), while the bioavailability of ubiquinol (CP) was not significantly increased (1.7-fold; 95% CI: 0.9−3.1, p = 0.129). No differences in the redox status of the absorbed coenzyme Q10 were observed between formulations, showing that CoQ10 appeared in the blood mostly as ubiquinol, even if consumed as ubiquinone.

Background: Colombia is the fifth largest producer of avocado and its agribusiness chain lacks value-added diversified products; therefore, at the governmental level, there has been promotion of internationalization policies aimed at opening up new markets and innovation with improved technology and food consumption patterns. The spray drying is an alternative conservation for avocado, a highly perishable fruit. Objectives: the aim of this study was to optimize the spray drying process for obtaining Hass avocado powder with better physicochemical properties and processing. Methods: an experimental design “Optimal” was used in the response surface methodology based on four factors: (A) maltodextrin (MD) concentration (2.81 to 11.25% w/w), (B) air inlet temperature (140-160°C), (C) outlet air temperature (80-90°C) and (D) atomizer disk speed (20000-26000 rpm). Results: the response variables where statistically significant differences (p