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Aim: to evaluate whether the current surveillance programs (ultrasonography and alpha-fetoprotein testing every six months) are successful in detecting patients in the early stages. Material and methods: the health records of all patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma in Donostia Hospital between 2003 and 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. Eighty-five patients (11 women and 74 men) were included in the study and demographic data, risk factors and clinical data were obtained. Patients were split into two groups according to whether or not they had been included in a surveillance program. Results: seventy per cent of patients of the surveillance group is diagnosed in early stage opposite to 26.7% of patients in no surveillance group (p < 0.05). Thirteen patients cannot receive curative treatment in spite of the diagnosis in early stage (9 in the surveillance group and 4 in the no surveillance group. The global sensibility of the surveillance program in our series is 95%. Conclusions: current hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance programs, which comprise six-monthly ultrasonography and alpha-fetoprotein tests, are highly sensitive and effective. These programs result in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in its early-stages, when potentially curative treatment may be offered.Objetivo: determinar si la utilización en nuestro medio del programa de cribado de HCC establecido -alfa-fetoproteína (AFP) y ecografia semestral- en pacientes con hepatopatía crónica permite detectar pacientes en estadios precoces de la enfermedad. Material y métodos: Diseño experimental: estudio retrospectivo. Criterios diagnósticos de HCC: 2 o más técnicas de imagen con lesión hipervascular mayor de 2 cm o 1 técnica de imagen con lesión hipervascular mayor de 2 cm asociado a AFP mayor de 400 ng/ml. Pacientes: 85 pacientes diagnosticados de HCC en el Hospital Donostia entre los años 2003 y 2005. Datos analizados: información demográfica (sexo, edad), factores de riesgo (alcohol, virus de hepatitis, hemocromatosis, otras enfermedades asociadas), e información clínica (etiología de la hepatopatía, estadio de Child-Pugh, determinación de AFP, hallazgos radiológicos, criterios de resecabilidad, tratamiento recibido, evolución). Se divide la muestra en dos grupos según hubieran seguido o no un programa de cribado. Resultados: el 70% de los pacientes del grupo de cribado se diagnostican en estadio precoz frente al 26,7% del grupo de no cribado (p < 0,05). Trece pacientes no pueden recibir tratamiento curativo a pesar del diagnóstico en fase precoz (9 en el grupo de cribado y 4 en el de no cribado). La sensibilidad global del cribado en nuestra serie es del 95%. Conclusiones: en nuestro medio, el programa de cribado de hepatocarcinoma es eficaz en términos de aplicación de tratamientos curativos.

Objetivo: estudiar la frecuencia de las mutaciones en el gen HFE (C282Y, H63D, S65C) en un grupo de 54 pacientes con porfiria cutánea tarda (PCT) y en un grupo de controles sanos (donantes de sangre) en Guipúzcoa. También analizar su relación con los virus de la hepatitis B y C (VHB, VHC), alcohol y otros factores de riesgo reconocidos. Métodos: el análisis de las mutaciones se hizo mediante PCR. Se compararon las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas. Se determinaron la probabilidad y el test de Chi cuadrado. Resultados: no encontramos asociación entre C282Y y PCT (5,76 vs. 5% controles). Se observó una alta frecuencia alélica en la mutación H63D en PCT (34,25%), pero sin ser estadísticamente significativa (controles 29,31%), debido a la alta prevalencia de esta mutación en la población vasca. La mutación S65C fue menor en PCT que en controles. Encontramos una idéntica presencia de H63D en heterocigosis en ambos grupos (38,8 vs. 38,8%). La asociación con el VHC se objetivó en el 35,18% de los pacientes y la infección por VHB en el 7,4%. Un 55,55% de los pacientes tenía un hábito alcohólico de más de 60 g etanol día. Todos eran negativos para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y 1 de las 5 mujeres con PCT tomaba estrógenos. Conclusión: las mutaciones C282Y y H63D no tienen un papel relevante en los pacientes con PCT en Guipúzcoa. Los factores externos (consumo importante de alcohol y VHC) parecen jugar un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de la PCT en nuestra población.Aim: to study the frequency of HFE gene mutations (C282Y, H63D, S65C) in a group of 54 sporadic PCT patients and in a group of healthy controls (blood donors) from Guipúzcoa, Spain. We studied the association of PCT with HCV, HBV, alcohol abuse, and other established risk factors. Methods: the analysis of mutations was made by PCR. Allelic and genotypic frequencies were compared. Probability was determined and a Chi-squared test was performed. Results: no association was observed between C282Y mutation and PCT (5.76 vs. 5% in controls). A high H63D mutation frequency was observed in PCT (34.25%) but was not statistically significant (controls 29.31%) because of the high prevalence of this mutation in the Basque general population. The S65C mutation was lower in PCT than in controls. There is a similar presence for H63D heterozygosis in PCT (38.8 vs. 38.8%). HCV association was observed in 35.18% of patients with PCT. HBV infected 7.4% of patients. Heavy alcohol intake (> 60 g/day) was present in 55.55% of patients. No HIV-infected patients were detected. The study of other risk factors revealed only one of the five women with PCT taking estrogens. Conclusion: our results found no relevant role for C282Y and H63D mutations. External factors such as HCV and alcohol could be determinant in the development of PCT in the Basque population.

Objetivo: determinar si el producto de la edad por la concentración de hierro hepático (índice de fibrosis) y los valores de plaquetas, ferritina y transaminasas están relacionados con el riesgo de padecer fibrosis avanzada (F ≥ 3) en hemocromatosis. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo de 32 pacientes con hemocromatosis hereditaria con expresión fenotípica. Todos los pacientes fueron biopsiados obteniéndose la concentración de hierro hepático. Resultados: en 7 pacientes se realizó RM (1,5T) con obtención de concentración de hierro hepático (protocolo de Alustiza). Biopsia hepática: en 23 pacientes fibrosis 0-2; en 9 fibrosis 3-4. El índice de fibrosis mostró una especificidad del 68%, sensibilidad del 85,7%, VPP del 42,8% y VPN del 94,4% para fibrosis avanzada. La cifra de plaquetas (< 200.000) reveló un VPN 94,4%, ferritina (> 1.000) VPN 75% y el índice de fibrosis por RMN (punto corte 480.000) VPN 80%. La combinación de los mismos, el índice de fibrosis (por biopsia o por RM) con las transaminasas y las plaquetas con las transaminasas, reveló un VPN del 100%. Conclusiones: el índice de fibrosis (> 480.000) y las plaquetas (< 200.000) tienen la mayor sensibilidad para predecir fibrosis de alto grado. Un resultado negativo en ambos permite descartar fibrosis significativa en el 94% de los casos. La RM permite una buena predicción de fibrosis.Objective: to determine whether the product of multiplying age by liver iron concentration (LIC) (fibrosis index; cut-off, 480,000), platelets, transaminases, and ferritin values are related to the risk of high grade fibrosis. Methods: a retrospective study of 32 patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) with phenotypic expression. All patients had a liver biopsy with LIC. Results: in 7 patients a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan (1.5 T) was obtained with LIC following Alustiza's protocol. Liver biopsy: fibrosis grade (F) 0-2 in 23 patients; F 3-4 in 9. Fibrosis index (FI) showed a specificity of 68%, sensitivity of 85.7%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 42.8%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 94.4% for high-grade fibrosis. Platelet count (< 200,000) revealed a NPV of 94.7% for F3-4. Aspartate transaminase (AST) levels above the upper limit of normal showed a NPV of 94.4%; ferritin levels (> 1,000) a NPV of 75%, and MRI-derived LIC x age (> 480,000) a NPV of 80%. The combination of FI (either by biopsy or MRI) with transaminases, and of platelets with transaminases revealed a NPV of 100%. Conclusions: FI > 480,000 and platelets < 200,000 have the highest sensitivity for high-degree fibrosis prediction. A negative result allows to discard significant fibrosis in 94% of cases. MRI allows a good fibrosis prediction.

Introduction and Objectives: Different patterns of liver injury have been reported in association with the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The aim of this study was to describe a nationwide cohort of patients with SARS CoV-2 vaccine-induced liver injury, focusing on treatment and the evolution after further booster administration. Patients and Methods: multicentre, retrospective-prospective study, including subjects who developed abnormal liver tests within 90 days after administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Results: 47 cases were collected: 17 after prime dose and 30 after booster. Age was 57 years, 30 (63.8 %) were female, and 7 (14.9 %) had a history of prior autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Most cases were non-severe, though 9 (19.1 %) developed acute liver injury or failure (ALF). Liver injury tended to be more severe in those presenting after a booster (p=0.084). Pattern of liver injury was hepatocellular (80.9 %), mixed (12.8 %) and 3 (6.4 %) cholestatic. Liver biopsy was performed on 33 patients; 29 showed findings of AIH. Forty-one (87.2 %) patients received immunosuppressants, mostly corticosteroids (35/41). One required liver transplantation and another died due to ALF. Immunosuppression was discontinued in 6/41 patients without later rebound. Twenty-five subjects received at least one booster and 7 (28.0 %) relapsed from the liver injury, but all were non-severe. Recurrence was less frequent among patients on immunosuppressants at booster administration (28.6 % vs. 88.9 %, p=0.007). Conclusions: SARS CoV-2 vaccine-induced liver injury is heterogeneous but mostly immune-mediated. Relapse of liver injury after re-exposure to vaccine is frequent (28.0 %) but mild. Immunosuppression at booster administration is associated with a lower risk of liver injury.

This paper takes up concepts from John Henry Newman's work to support contemporary educational personalism. Newman's ideas are developed in light of his sharp critique of the pragmatic educational model. This essay focuses on the transcendence assigned to the theological and philosophical foundations of Newman's pedagogical ideas, as well as on the value of the educator's example and of trust as key factors in the educational process. Notional assent and real assent in the formation of the person are addressed as relevant educational factors, in conjunction with the gratuity of knowledge, the power of mystery, and the importance of the illative sense.

Aim: to evaluate whether the current surveillance programs (ultrasonography and alpha-fetoprotein testing every six months) are successful in detecting patients in the early stages. Material and methods: the health records of all patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma in Donostia Hospital between 2003 and 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. Eighty-five patients (11 women and 74 men) were included in the study and demographic data, risk factors and clinical data were obtained. Patients were split into two groups according to whether or not they had been included in a surveillance program. Results: seventy per cent of patients of the surveillance group is diagnosed in early stage opposite to 26.7% of patients in no surveillance group (p < 0.05). Thirteen patients cannot receive curative treatment in spite of the diagnosis in early stage (9 in the surveillance group and 4 in the no surveillance group. The global sensibility of the surveillance program in our series is 95%. Conclusions: current hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance programs, which comprise six-monthly ultrasonography and alpha-fetoprotein tests, are highly sensitive and effective. These programs result in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in its early-stages, when potentially curative treatment may be offered.

Determination of liver iron concentration by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is becoming the new technique of choice for the diagnosis of iron overload in hereditary haemochromatosis and other liver iron surcharge diseases. Determination of hepatic iron concentration obtained by liver biopsy has been the gold standard for years. The development of MRI techniques, via signal intensity ratio methods or relaxometry, has provided a non-invasive and more accurate approach to the diagnosis of liver iron overload. This article reviews the available MRI methods for the determination of liver iron concentration and also evaluates the technique for the diagnosis and quantification of iron overload in different clinical practice scenarios.