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1. Stratospheric aerosol characteristics from SCIAMACHY limb observations: two-parameter retrieval

Author

C. Pohl, F. Wrana, A. Rozanov, T. Deshler, E. Malinina, C. von Savigny, L. A. Rieger, A. E. Bourassa, and J. P. Burrows

Subjects
Environmental engineering, TA170-171, Earthwork. Foundations, TA715-787
Abstract

Stratospheric aerosols play a key role in atmospheric chemistry and climate. Their particle size is a crucial factor controlling the microphysical, radiative, and chemical aerosol processes in the stratosphere. Despite its importance, available observations on aerosol particle size are rather sparse. This limits our understanding and knowledge about the mechanisms and importance of chemical and climate aerosol feedbacks. The retrieval described by Malinina et al. (2018) provides the stratospheric particle size distribution (PSD) from SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) limb observations in the tropics. This algorithm has now been improved and extended to work on the entire globe. Two PSD parameters of a unimodal lognormal PSD, the median radius and the geometric standard deviation, are retrieved between 18 and 35 km altitude from SCIAMACHY limb observations by a multiwavelength nonlinear regularized inversion. The approach assumes an aerosol particle number density profile that does not change during the retrieval. The effective Lambertian surface albedo pre-retrieved from coinciding SCIAMACHY nadir observations is integrated into the retrieval algorithm to mitigate the influence of the surface albedo on the retrieval results. The extinction coefficient and the effective radius are calculated from the PSD parameters. The aerosol characteristics from SCIAMACHY are compared with in situ balloon-borne measurements from Laramie, Wyoming, and retrievals from the satellite instruments of the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment series (SAGE II and SAGE III) and Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System (OSIRIS). In the Northern Hemisphere, the median radius differs by less than 27 % and the geometric standard deviation by less than 11 % from both balloon-borne and SAGE III data. Differences are mainly attributed to errors in the assumed a priori number density profile. Globally, the SCIAMACHY extinction coefficient at 750 nm deviates by less than 35 % from SAGE II, SAGE III, and OSIRIS data. The effective radii from SCIAMACHY, balloon-borne measurements, and SAGE III agree within about 18 %, while the effective radius based on SAGE II measurements is systematically larger. The novel data set containing the PSD parameters, the effective radius, and the aerosol extinction coefficients at 525, 750, and 1020 nm from SCIAMACHY observations is publicly available.

Published
2024
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2. Multi-wavelength dataset of aerosol extinction profiles retrieved from GOMOS stellar occultation measurements

Author

V. F. Sofieva, M. Szelag, J. Tamminen, D. Fussen, C. Bingen, F. Vanhellemont, N. Mateshvili, A. Rozanov, and C. Pohl

Subjects
Environmental engineering, TA170-171, Earthwork. Foundations, TA715-787
Abstract

In this paper, we present the new multi-wavelength dataset of aerosol extinction profiles, which are retrieved from the averaged transmittance spectra by the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars instrument aboard the Envisat satellite. Using monthly and zonally averaged transmittances as a starting point for the retrievals enables us to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and eliminate possible modulation of transmittance spectra by uncorrected scintillations. The two-step retrieval method is used: the spectral inversion is followed by the vertical inversion. The spectral inversion relies on the removal of contributions from ozone, NO2, NO3 and Rayleigh scattering from the optical depth spectra for each ray perigee altitude. In the vertical inversion, the profiles of aerosol extinction coefficients at several wavelengths are retrieved from the collection of slant aerosol optical depth profiles. The retrieved aerosol extinction profiles (FMI-GOMOSaero dataset v1) are provided in the altitude range 10–40 km at wavelengths of 400, 440, 452, 470, 500, 525, 550, 672 and 750 nm for the whole GOMOS operating period from August 2002 to March 2012. Extensive intercomparisons of the retrieved FMI-GOMOSaero aerosol profiles with aerosol profile data from other satellite instruments at several wavelengths have been performed. It is found that the average difference between FMI-GOMOSaero and other datasets is within 20 %–40 % in the lower and middle stratosphere, the standard deviation is ∼ 20 %–50 %, and the correlation coefficient of the time series is 0.65–0.85. The created FMI-GOMOSaero dataset can be used in merged datasets of stratospheric aerosols. It might be also used as a priori information for satellite retrievals during 2002–2012.

Published
2024
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4. The retrieval of snow properties from SLSTR Sentinel-3 – Part 1: Method description and sensitivity study

Author

L. Mei, V. Rozanov, C. Pohl, M. Vountas, and J. P. Burrows

Subjects
Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

The eXtensible Bremen Aerosol/cloud and surfacE parameters Retrieval (XBAER) algorithm has been designed for the top-of-atmosphere reflectance measured by the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) instrument on board Sentinel-3 to derive snow properties: snow grain size (SGS), snow particle shape (SPS) and specific surface area (SSA) under cloud-free conditions. This is the first part of the paper, to describe the retrieval method and the sensitivity study. Nine pre-defined SPSs (aggregate of 8 columns, droxtal, hollow bullet rosette, hollow column, plate, aggregate of 5 plates, aggregate of 10 plates, solid bullet rosette, column) are used to describe the snow optical properties. The optimal SGS and SPS are estimated iteratively utilizing a look-up-table (LUT) approach. The SSA is then calculated using another pre-calculated LUT for the retrieved SGS and SPS. The optical properties (e.g., phase function) of the ice crystals can reproduce the wavelength-dependent and angular-dependent snow reflectance features, compared to laboratory measurements. A comprehensive study to understand the impact of aerosols, SPS, ice crystal surface roughness, cloud contamination, instrument spectral response function, the snow habit mixture model and snow vertical inhomogeneity in the retrieval accuracy of snow properties has been performed based on SCIATRAN radiative transfer simulations. The main findings are (1) snow angular and spectral reflectance features can be described by the predefined ice crystal properties only when both SGS and SPS can be optimally and iteratively obtained; (2) the impact of ice crystal surface roughness on the retrieval results is minor; (3) SGS and SSA show an inverse linear relationship; (4) the retrieval of SSA assuming a non-convex particle shape, compared to a convex particle shape (e.g., sphere), shows larger retrieval results; (5) aerosol/cloud contamination due to unperfected atmospheric correction and cloud screening introduces underestimation of SGS, “inaccurate” SPS and overestimation of SSA; (6) the impact of the instrument spectral response function introduces an overestimation into retrieved SGS, introduces an underestimation into retrieved SSA and has no impact on retrieved SPS; and (7) the investigation, by taking an ice crystal particle size distribution and habit mixture into account, reveals that XBAER-retrieved SGS agrees better with the mean size, rather than with the mode size, for a given particle size distribution.

Published
2021
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5. Broadband albedo of Arctic sea ice from MERIS optical data

Author

C. Pohl, L. Istomina, S. Tietsche, E. Jäkel, J. Stapf, G. Spreen, and G. Heygster

Subjects
Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Arctic summer sea ice experiences rapid changes in its sea-ice concentration, surface albedo, and the melt pond fraction. This affects the energy balance of the region and demands an accurate knowledge of those surface characteristics in climate models. In this paper, the broadband albedo (300–3000 nm) of Arctic sea ice is derived from MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) optical swath data by transforming the spectral albedo as an output from the Melt Pond Detector (MPD) algorithm with a newly developed spectral-to-broadband conversion (STBC). The new STBC replaces the previously applied spectral averaging method to provide a more accurate broadband albedo product, which approaches the accuracy of 0.02–0.05 required in climate simulations and allows a direct comparison to broadband albedo values from climate models. The STBC is derived empirically from spectral and broadband albedo measurements over landfast ice. It is validated on a variety of simultaneous spectral and broadband field measurements over Arctic sea ice, is compared to existing conversion techniques, and performs better than the currently published algorithms. The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) between broadband albedo that was measured and converted by the STBC is 0.02. Other conversion techniques, the spectral averaging method and the linear combination of albedo values from four MERIS channels, result in higher RMSDs of 0.09 and 0.05, respectively. The improved MERIS-derived broadband albedo values are validated with airborne measurements. Results show a smaller RMSD of 0.04 for landfast ice than the RMSD of 0.07 for drifting ice. The MERIS-derived broadband albedo is compared to broadband albedo from ERA5 reanalysis to examine the albedo parameterization used in ERA5. Both albedo products agree over large scales and in temporal patterns. However, consistency in point-to-point comparison is rather poor, with differences up to 0.20, correlations between 0.69 and 0.79, and RMSDs in excess of 0.10. Differences in sea-ice concentration and cloud-masking uncertainties play a role, but most discrepancies can be attributed to climatological sea-ice albedo values used in ERA5. They are not adequate and need revising, in order to better simulate surface heat fluxes in the Arctic. The advantage of the resulting broadband albedo data set from MERIS over other published data sets is the accompanied data set of available melt pond fraction. Melt ponds are the main reason for the sea-ice albedo change in summer but are currently not represented in climate models and atmospheric reanalysis. Additional information about melt evolution, together with accurate albedo retrievals, can aid the challenging representation of sea-ice optical properties in those models in summer.

Published
2020
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7. Characterization of Oral Microbiota in Cats: Novel Insights on the Potential Role of Fungi in Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis

Author

Janina A. Krumbeck, Alexander M. Reiter, James C. Pohl, Shuiquan Tang, Young J. Kim, Annika Linde, Aishani Prem, and Tonatiuh Melgarejo

Subjects
next-generation DNA sequencing, oral microbiota, microbiome, mycobiota, 16S rRNA, fungal ITS, Medicine
Abstract

Previous studies have suggested the involvement of viral and bacterial components in the initiation and progression of feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS), but the role of fungi remains entirely unknown. This pilot study aimed to investigate the bacteriome and mycobiome in feline oral health and disease. Physical exams, including oral health assessment, of privately owned, clinically healthy (CH) cats (n = 14) and cats affected by FCGS (n = 14) were performed. Using a sterile swab, oral tissue surfaces of CH and FCGS cats were sampled and submitted for 16S rRNA and ITS-2 next-generation DNA sequencing. A high number of fungal species (n = 186) was detected, with Malassezia restricta, Malassezia arunalokei, Cladosporium penidielloides/salinae, and Aspergillaceae sp. being significantly enriched in FCGS samples, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in CH samples. The bacteriome was significantly distinct between groups, and significant inter-kingdom interactions were documented. Bergeyella zoohelcum was identified as a potential biomarker of a healthy feline oral microbiome. These data suggest that fungi might play a role in the etiology and pathogenesis of FCGS, and that oral health should not simply be regarded as the absence of microbial infections. Instead, it may be viewed as the biological interactions between bacterial and fungal populations that coexist to preserve a complex equilibrium in the microenvironment of the mouth. Additional investigations are needed to improve our understanding of the feline oral ecosystem and the potential interactions between viruses, bacteria, and fungi in FCGS.

Published
2021
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8. STANDARDIZING QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF FUSED REMOTELY SENSED IMAGES

Author

C. Pohl, J. Moellmann, and K. Fries

Subjects
Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Applied optics. Photonics, TA1501-1820
Abstract

The multitude of available operational remote sensing satellites led to the development of many image fusion techniques to provide high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution images. The comparison of different techniques is necessary to obtain an optimized image for the different applications of remote sensing. There are two approaches in assessing image quality: 1. Quantitatively by visual interpretation and 2. Quantitatively using image quality indices. However an objective comparison is difficult due to the fact that a visual assessment is always subject and a quantitative assessment is done by different criteria. Depending on the criteria and indices the result varies. Therefore it is necessary to standardize both processes (qualitative and quantitative assessment) in order to allow an objective image fusion quality evaluation. Various studies have been conducted at the University of Osnabrueck (UOS) to establish a standardized process to objectively compare fused image quality. First established image fusion quality assessment protocols, i.e. Quality with No Reference (QNR) and Khan's protocol, were compared on varies fusion experiments. Second the process of visual quality assessment was structured and standardized with the aim to provide an evaluation protocol. This manuscript reports on the results of the comparison and provides recommendations for future research.

Published
2017
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12. Praktiken mit K-. Ein terminologischer Vorschlag zur Kanonforschung am Beispiel von Gerhard Henschels Martin-Schlosser-Romanen

Author

Peter C. Pohl

Abstract

Gerhard Henschels autofiktionaler Romanzyklus um Martin Schlosser stellt ein besonders geeignetes Objekt für die kulturwissenschaftliche Kanonforschung dar. Die neun Romane erzählen die Geschichte Martin Schlossers von seiner Geburt bis zu seiner Etablierung als Satiriker und Schriftsteller, wobei sie nicht nur das deutsche literarische Feld in der Art von Literaturbetriebsromanen skizzieren und karikieren; sie verwenden auch literarische Verfahren, die den Präferenzen Schlossers entsprechen – und von Autoren wie Walter Kempowski stammen. Der Beitrag orientiert sich an Pierre Bourdieus Kultursoziologie und Andreas Reckwitz’ Studien zur Akademikerklasse und entwickelt anhand von Henschels Romanen einen terminologischen Vorschlag für die Kanonforschung. Er differenziert vier Praktiken aus ethologischen, kultursoziologischen, literaturwissenschaftlichen, theologischen Provenienzen – Kooperieren, Kuratieren, Kritisieren, Konsekrieren – und zeigt, dass sie Bestandteile kultureller Präferenzbildung und damit auch des Kanonisierens sind.

Published
2022

13. Der west-östliche Bildungsroman der Gegenwart. Ein Vergleich von Judith Schalanskys Der Hals der Giraffe. Bildungsroman (2012) und Gerhard Henschels Bildungsroman (2014)

Author

Peter C. Pohl

Abstract

Gerhard Henschels autofiktionaler Romanzyklus um Martin Schlosser weist neben diversen anderen Texten auch einen Bildungsroman auf; allerdings stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit der Titel auch als Gattungsbezeichnung ernst zu nehmen ist. Die Gründe, die dagegen sprechen, sind zahlreich und gewichtig. Der vorliegende Aufsatz versucht nicht erst, diese Gründe zu entfalten, sondern verfolgt einen anderen Weg: Ausgehend von Goethes Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre und einer Gattungsdiskussion und -neubestimmung des Bildungsromans liest er Henschels Text als einen Bildungsroman der Gegenwart und fundiert seine Lektüre im Vergleich mit einem anderen zeitgenössischen Text, der sich zwar auch Bildungsroman nennt, gleichfalls aber am ehesten noch als Genre-Parodie für die Bildungsromanforschung brauchbar scheint: Judith Schalanskys Der Hals der Giraffe. Bildungsroman. Das Ziel ist es, einerseits die Bildungsromanforschung an die Gegenwart heranzuführen, andererseits die Notwendigkeit des Genres für die Reflexion der gesamtdeutschen Gegenwart mit ihren ästhetisch-medial-kulturellen Spezifika aufzuzeigen. Dabei fällt auf: Wie der Bildungsroman Goethes bildet(e) sich die deutsche Gegenwart weder nur integrativ und harmonisch noch nur desintegrativ und disharmonisch.

Published
2022

14. Development of a fusion approach selection tool

Author

C. Pohl and Y. Zeng

Subjects
Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Applied optics. Photonics, TA1501-1820
Abstract

During the last decades number and quality of available remote sensing satellite sensors for Earth observation has grown significantly. The amount of available multi-sensor images along with their increased spatial and spectral resolution provides new challenges to Earth scientists. With a Fusion Approach Selection Tool (FAST) the remote sensing community would obtain access to an optimized and improved image processing technology. Remote sensing image fusion is a mean to produce images containing information that is not inherent in the single image alone. In the meantime the user has access to sophisticated commercialized image fusion techniques plus the option to tune the parameters of each individual technique to match the anticipated application. This leaves the operator with an uncountable number of options to combine remote sensing images, not talking about the selection of the appropriate images, resolution and bands. Image fusion can be a machine and time-consuming endeavour. In addition it requires knowledge about remote sensing, image fusion, digital image processing and the application. FAST shall provide the user with a quick overview of processing flows to choose from to reach the target. FAST will ask for available images, application parameters and desired information to process this input to come out with a workflow to quickly obtain the best results. It will optimize data and image fusion techniques. It provides an overview on the possible results from which the user can choose the best. FAST will enable even inexperienced users to use advanced processing methods to maximize the benefit of multi-sensor image exploitation.

Published
2015
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15. Monitoring human serum albumin cell cultures using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy

Author

A. Henseleit, C. Pohl, Th. Bley, and E. Boschke

Subjects
Technology
Abstract

Continuously monitoring cell cultures is essential for both controlling critical parameters and improving understanding of key processes. An ideal technique in this context is surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, which essentially exploits changes in the angle of incident light that occur when molecules bind to a surface. It provides the ability to monitor real-time changes in small concentrations of various molecules, with no need for additional labels or sample preparation. Here we present an SPR-based immunoassay for monitoring concentrations of human serum albumin (HSA), and compare its sensitivity when used in conjunction with a Biacore platform and the cheaper, smaller liSPR system. In conjunction with either system, the immunoassay can detect HSA (a hepatocyte viability marker) at concentrations typically present in three-dimensional hepatocyte cultures mimicking the liver used to evaluate effects of drug candidates before exposure to humans or animals. Furthermore, in conjunction with the liSPR system, it is sufficiently sensitive to measure the much lower HSA levels present in skin–hepatocyte co-cultures.

Published
2015
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17. The Inheritance of (Wicked) Speech: A Reconsideration of Job 20.29

Author

IV William C. Pohl

Subjects
Lament, Inheritance (object-oriented programming), Religious studies, Parallelism (grammar), Textual criticism, Sociology, Word (computer architecture), Linguistics
Abstract

In his commentary on Job, David Clines, while outlining different possibilities for understanding the unique use of אֵמֶר‎ in Job 20.29, suggests that the word is out of place and that no convincing emendation has been proposed. This article explores this lexeme, showing that there are good reasons for reading אִמְרוֹ‎ as ‘his speech’ or ‘his word’, rather than the stunning consensus that reads the lexeme as ‘decreed to him’ or other minority positions that propose various emendations. This article first outlines the various readings found in both major translations and interpreters, also showing two problems with the current understanding. Then this article validates my own proposal by considering how the ancient versions rendered אִמְרוֹ‎, by examining the parallelism of Job 20.29, and by demonstrating how my proposal coheres with the narrow context of Job 20, the broader context of the second speech cycle, and the virtual quotation in 27.13.

Published
2021

18. Isotope fractionation between dissolved and suspended particulate Fe in the oxic and anoxic water column of the Baltic Sea

Author

M. Staubwasser, R. Schoenberg, F. von Blanckenburg, S. Krüger, and C. Pohl

Subjects
Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Fe isotope ratios and concentrations of dissolved Fe (Fedis, < 0.45 μm) and of suspended particulate Fe (FeSPM) were analyzed from a depth profile through the anoxic Eastern Gotland Basin water column, Baltic Sea. Results show a sharp gradient in δ56Fedis across the ferruginous layer with δ56Fedis = −0.4‰ in the euxinic deep basin and δ56Fedis = &plus;0.3‰ in the oxic upper water column. The isotopic gradient overlaps with a strong concentration gradient of Fedis, a concentration maximum in FeSPM and lower δ56FeSPM values than δ56Fedis. These features indicate preferential loss of light Fe isotopes from solution to suspended iron-oxyhydroxides (FeIOH) during typical oxidative precipitation across the redox interface. The sign of the overall fractionation, Δ56FeIOH-Fe(II)(aq) < 0‰, is in contrast to similar, mostly non-marine redox environments, where Δ56FeIOH-Fe(II)(aq) > 0‰. The difference appears to be the result of isotope exchange dominated by reaction kinetics in the marine water column, rather than equilibrium fractionation generally inferred for oxidative Fe precipitation elsewhere. High residual δ56Fedis immediately above the oxic–ferruginous interface and throughout the oxic water column suggests that any potential dissolved Fe export from marine reducing waters into the oxic open water column is enriched in the heavy isotopes. In the deep, mildly euxinic water column above the level of Fe sulfide saturation, a decreasing δ56FeSPM trend with depth and a generally low δ56Fedis are comparable to trends generally observed in marine anoxic sediment profiles where microbial reductive Fe dissolution occurs. The isotope composition of the redox-cycled Fe inventory in anoxic marine basins mainly reflects the balance between external fluxes, driving the composition towards crustal δ56Fe values, and intensity of internal recycling, driving δ56Fe towards negative values.

Published
2013
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20. Comprehensive profiling of myxopapillary ependymomas identifies a distinct molecular subtype with relapsing disease

Author

Michael Bockmayr, Kim Harnisch, Lara C Pohl, Leonille Schweizer, Theresa Mohme, Meik Körner, Malik Alawi, Abigail K Suwala, Mario M Dorostkar, Camelia M Monoranu, Martin Hasselblatt, Annika K Wefers, David Capper, Jürgen Hench, Stephan Frank, Timothy E Richardson, Ivy Tran, Elisa Liu, Matija Snuderl, Lara Engertsberger, Martin Benesch, Andreas von Deimling, Denise Obrecht, Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, Markus Glatzel, Julia E Neumann, and Ulrich Schüller

Subjects
Adult, Cancer Research, DNA methylation, pathology [Spinal Cord Neoplasms], pathology [Ependymoma], Myxopapillary ependymoma, RNA sequencing, DNA Methylation, Middle Aged, Cohort Studies, histology, Oncology, Ependymoma, Recurrence, Basic and Translational Investigations, outcome, Humans, Neurology (clinical), Spinal Cord Neoplasms, ddc:610
Abstract

Background Myxopapillary ependymoma (MPE) is a heterogeneous disease regarding histopathology and outcome. The underlying molecular biology is poorly understood, and markers that reliably predict the patients’ clinical course are unknown. Methods We assembled a cohort of 185 tumors classified as MPE based on DNA methylation. Methylation patterns, copy number profiles, and MGMT promoter methylation were analyzed for all tumors, 106 tumors were evaluated histomorphologically, and RNA sequencing was performed for 37 cases. Based on methylation profiling, we defined two subtypes MPE-A and MPE-B, and explored associations with epidemiological, clinical, pathological, and molecular characteristics of these tumors. Results MPE-A occurred at a median age of 27 years and were enriched with tumors demonstrating papillary morphology and MGMT promoter hypermethylation. Half of these tumors could not be totally resected, and 85% relapsed within 10 years. Copy number alterations were more common in MPE-A. RNA sequencing revealed an enrichment for extracellular matrix and immune system-related signatures in MPE-A. MPE-B occurred at a median age of 45 years and included many tumors with a histological diagnosis of WHO grade II and tanycytic morphology. Patients within this subtype had a significantly better outcome with a relapse rate of 33% in 10 years (P = 3.4e-06). Conclusions We unraveled the morphological and clinical heterogeneity of MPE by identifying two molecularly distinct subtypes. These subtypes significantly differed in progression-free survival and will likely need different protocols for surveillance and treatment.

Published
2022

21. Analysis of air ingress scenario in GEMINI+ plant

Author

M.M. Stempniewicz, E.A.R. de Geus, F. Roelofs, M. Skrzypek, E. Skrzypek, J. Malesa, P. Vacha, J. Pokorny, N. Kohtz, and C. Pohl

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, General Materials Science, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, Waste Management and Disposal
Published
2022

22. POS1213 SAFETY AND EFFICACY ASSESSMENT OF COVID-19 IMMUNIZATIONS / VACCINATIONS IN PATIENTS OF A GERMAN GENERAL RHEUMATOLOGICAL PRACTICE

Author

C. Pohl

Subjects
Rheumatology, Immunology, Immunology and Allergy, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Abstract

BackgroundGerman Covid-19 pandemic immunization program started Dec 26th, 2020 without population representative standardized real world data efficacy study protocols(1). Safety assessment: side effect panel of the Paul-Ehrlich Institute reporting system of suspected side effects (analogue and digital): Comparison of reported side effects against 100000 immunization doses vs historical known medical events against 100000 patient years. Not much is known how long side effect reporting periode after MRNA / Vector immunization is appropiate for the different immunization drugs (Biontech/Pfizer-Comirnaty(2), AstraZeneca-Vaxzevria, Moderna-Spikevax, Johnson&Johnson–Covid-19 vaccine Janssen) because for these no pharmacokinetic and –dynamic data (2,3) are available on spike protein biodistribution and how long it lasts in the human body. EMA / WHO guidelines declare these data not as essential for approval of vaccines, only for drugs (4).ObjectivesReal world safety and efficacy of Covid-19 immunizations.MethodsIn 664 patients (612 patients with rheumatic diseases) planned standardized assessment: Safety parameters before and 3-7 days after immunization (organ, hematology, myositis, thrombosis, inflammatory, autoimmunity parameters), after 5-6 months (before booster decision) d-dimer-levels, routine lab assessment (routine surveillance of rheumatic patients under therapy) and Covid-19-antibody levels (AbL).ResultsMost patients (94.5%) developed Covid19-AbL (except a few under Abatacept and Rituximab). After 5-6 months most patients (77%) still had Covid19 sufficient AbL above 128 BAU/ml (87% above 64 BAU/ml) (1). 37% of all patients developed relevant elevated d-dimers (still 5-6 months after immunization). In most of these patients the suspicion of inflammation of the microvascular system was a reasonable explanation (large vessel or pulmonary thromboembolism was ruled out in 98 %).ConclusionInflammation of the microvascular system as an underestimated side effect of MRNA / Vector immunization should be taken into account if (booster)-immunization decisions in patients with rheumatic diseases (maybe general) are to be made. Most patients with rheumatic diseases under (DMARD) therapy developed Covid-19 AbL (94.5%) (1) 5-6 months after MRNA / Vector immunization. All immunization decisions should also made dependent on AbL, because in case 5.5 % of immunized people do not react with AbL response, high numbers of breakthrough infection rates and hospitalization of immunized patients could be explained. Microvascular inflammation after MRNA / Vector immunization as a side effect in 37 % of rheumatologic patients could cause medical problems later on. Therefore also for safety reasons MRNA / Vector (booster) immunizations should also depend on the amount of already existing humoral response reflected by AbL.References[1]Antibody titers and protection against a SARS-CoV-2 infection, C. Dimeglio et al, J Infect 2021 Sep 21, doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.09.013 [Epub ahead of print][2]Assessment-report BioNTech-immunization drug: https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/assessment-report/comirnaty-epar-public-assessment-report_en.pdf[3]Assessment of the potential integration of the DNA plasmid vaccine CLYNAV into the salmon genome, R. Houston et al, EFSA Journal 21 December 2016, doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4689[4]Email answer of the EMA December 6th 2021: „Please note that pharmacokinetic studies are usually not required for authorisation of vaccines either in humans or in animals, and this is in line with the EMA and WHO guidelines on clinical development of vaccines which provide guidance to vaccine developers on regulatory requirements when developing their products“: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-clinical-evaluation-new-vaccines_en.pdf and https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/clinical-evaluation-of-vaccinesAcknowledgementsMy family, my staff, my collegues and all of my patientsDisclosure of InterestsNone declared

Published
2022

23. Biogeochemical controls on the bacterial populations in the eastern Atlantic Ocean

Author

S. B. Neogi, B. P. Koch, P. Schmitt-Kopplin, C. Pohl, G. Kattner, S. Yamasaki, and R. J. Lara

Subjects
Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Little is known about bacterial dynamics in the oligotrophic ocean, particularly about cultivable bacteria. We examined the abundance of total and cultivable bacteria in relation to changes in biogeochemical conditions in the eastern Atlantic Ocean with special regard to Vibrio spp., a group of bacteria that can cause diseases in human and aquatic organisms. Surface, deep water and plankton (55 μm) samples were collected between 50° N and 24° S. Chlorophyll-a was very low (−1) in most areas of the nutrient-poor Atlantic, except at a few locations near upwelling regions. In surface water, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) concentrations were 64–95 μM C and 2–10 μM N accounting for ≥90 % and ≥76 % of total organic C and N, respectively. DOC and DON gradually decreased to ~45 μM C and 7 and 108 cells l−1, while cultivable bacterial counts (CBC) and Vibrio spp. were found at concentrations of 104–107 and 102–105 colony forming units (CFU) l−1, respectively. Most bacteria (>99 %) were found in the nanoplankton fraction (a, particulate organic C [POC] and N [PON]). Instead, we found a highly significant correlation between bacterial abundance and temperature (p < 0.001) and a significant correlation with DOC and DON (p < 0.005 and Vibrio showed a stronger and highly significant correlation with DOC and DON (p < 0.0005 and p < 0.005, respectively). In cold waters of the mesopelagic and abyssal zones, CBC was 50 to 100-times lower than in the surface layer; however, cultivable Vibrio spp. could be isolated from the bathypelagic zone and even near the seafloor (average ~10 CFU l−1). The depth-wise decrease in CBC and Vibrio coincided with the decrease in both DOC and POC. Our study indicates that Vibrio and other bacteria may largely depend on dissolved organic matter to survive in nutrient-poor oceanic habitats.

Published
2011
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24. ATP Binding Cassette Transporter Mediates Both Heme and Pesticide Detoxification in Tick Midgut Cells.

Author

Flavio Alves Lara, Paula C Pohl, Ana Caroline Gandara, Jessica da Silva Ferreira, Maria Clara Nascimento-Silva, Gervásio Henrique Bechara, Marcos H F Sorgine, Igor C Almeida, Itabajara da Silva Vaz, and Pedro L Oliveira

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

In ticks, the digestion of blood occurs intracellularly and proteolytic digestion of hemoglobin takes place in a dedicated type of lysosome, the digest vesicle, followed by transfer of the heme moiety of hemoglobin to a specialized organelle that accumulates large heme aggregates, called hemosomes. In the present work, we studied the uptake of fluorescent metalloporphyrins, used as heme analogs, and amitraz, one of the most regularly used acaricides to control cattle tick infestations, by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus midgut cells. Both compounds were taken up by midgut cells in vitro and accumulated inside the hemosomes. Transport of both molecules was sensitive to cyclosporine A (CsA), a well-known inhibitor of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Rhodamine 123, a fluorescent probe that is also a recognized ABC substrate, was similarly directed to the hemosome in a CsA-sensitive manner. Using an antibody against conserved domain of PgP-1-type ABC transporter, we were able to immunolocalize PgP-1 in the digest vesicle membranes. Comparison between two R. microplus strains that were resistant and susceptible to amitraz revealed that the resistant strain detoxified both amitraz and Sn-Pp IX more efficiently than the susceptible strain, a process that was also sensitive to CsA. A transcript containing an ABC transporter signature exhibited 2.5-fold increased expression in the amitraz-resistant strain when compared with the susceptible strain. RNAi-induced down-regulation of this ABC transporter led to the accumulation of metalloporphyrin in the digestive vacuole, interrupting heme traffic to the hemosome. This evidence further confirms that this transcript codes for a heme transporter. This is the first report of heme transport in a blood-feeding organism. While the primary physiological function of the hemosome is to detoxify heme and attenuate its toxicity, we suggest that the use of this acaricide detoxification pathway by ticks may represent a new molecular mechanism of resistance to pesticides.

Published
2015
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25. Creating a bottleneck: Robust LC3B lipidation analysis by adjusting autophagic flux with low concentrations of Bafilomycin A1

Author

C. Pohl, S. C. Meister, K. Hendrich, A. Klemmer, M. P. Liebl, V. Lakics, and L. Frey

Subjects
Autophagosome, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Chloroquine, Acetyltransferase, Autophagy, medicine, Bafilomycin, Stimulation, Lipid-anchored protein, Flux (metabolism), medicine.drug, Cell biology
Abstract

Autophagic flux can be quantified based on the accumulation of lipidated LC3B in the presence of late-stage autophagy inhibitors. This method has been widely applied to identify novel compounds that activate autophagy. Here we scrutinize this approach and show that bafilomycin A1 (BafA) but not chloroquine is suitable for flux quantification due to the stimulating effect of chloroquine on non-canonical LC3B-lipidation. Significant autophagic flux increase by rapamycin could only be observed when combining it with BafA concentrations not affecting basal flux, a condition which created a bottleneck, rather than fully blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion, concomitant with autophagy stimulation. When rapamycin was combined with saturating concentrations of BafA, no significant further increase of LC3B lipidation could be detected over the levels induced by the late-stage inhibitor. The large assay window obtained by this approach enables an effective discrimination of autophagy activators based on their cellular potency. To demonstrate the validity of this approach, we show that a novel inhibitor of the acetyltransferase EP300 activates autophagy in a mTORC1-dependent manner. We propose that the creation of a sensitized background rather than a full block of autophagosome progression is required to quantitatively capture changes in autophagic flux.

Published
2021

26. Characterization of Oral Microbiota in Cats: Novel Insights on the Potential Role of Fungi in Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis

Author

Shuiquan Tang, Alexander M. Reiter, Janina A Krumbeck, Young Joo Kim, Aishani Prem, Tonatiuh Melgarejo, Annika Linde, and James C Pohl

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), 040301 veterinary sciences, microbiome, Disease, Bergeyella zoohelcum, Article, Microbiology, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, fungal ITS, Immunology and Allergy, Microbiome, feline stomatitis, 16S rRNA, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, CATS, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, Bacteriome, next-generation DNA sequencing, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, biology.organism_classification, oral microbiota, Infectious Diseases, Medicine, Malassezia, Oral Microbiome, mycobiota, Cladosporium
Abstract

Previous studies have suggested the involvement of viral and bacterial components in the initiation and progression of feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS), but the role of fungi remains entirely unknown. This pilot study aimed to investigate the bacteriome and mycobiome in feline oral health and disease. Physical exams, including oral health assessment, of privately owned, clinically healthy (CH) cats (n = 14) and cats affected by FCGS (n = 14) were performed. Using a sterile swab, oral tissue surfaces of CH and FCGS cats were sampled and submitted for 16S rRNA and ITS-2 next-generation DNA sequencing. A high number of fungal species (n = 186) was detected, with Malassezia restricta, Malassezia arunalokei, Cladosporium penidielloides/salinae, and Aspergillaceae sp. being significantly enriched in FCGS samples, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in CH samples. The bacteriome was significantly distinct between groups, and significant inter-kingdom interactions were documented. Bergeyella zoohelcum was identified as a potential biomarker of a healthy feline oral microbiome. These data suggest that fungi might play a role in the etiology and pathogenesis of FCGS, and that oral health should not simply be regarded as the absence of microbial infections. Instead, it may be viewed as the biological interactions between bacterial and fungal populations that coexist to preserve a complex equilibrium in the microenvironment of the mouth. Additional investigations are needed to improve our understanding of the feline oral ecosystem and the potential interactions between viruses, bacteria, and fungi in FCGS.

Published
2021

31. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

Author

D. KLIONSKY, A. ABDEL-AZIZ, S. ABDELFATAH, M. ABDELLATIF, A. ABDOLI, S. ABEL, H. ABELIOVICH, M. ABILDGAARD, Y. ABUDU, A. ACEVEDO-AROZENA, I. ADAMOPOULOS, K. ADELI, T. ADOLPH, A. ADORNETTO, E. AFLAKI, G. AGAM, A. AGARWAL, B. AGGARWAL, M. AGNELLO, P. AGOSTINIS, J. AGREWALA, A. AGROTIS, P. AGUILAR, S. AHMAD, Z. AHMED, U. AHUMADA-CASTRO, S. AITS, S. AIZAWA, Y. AKKOC, T. AKOUMIANAKI, H. AKPINAR, A. AL-ABD, L. AL-AKRA, A. AL-GHARAIBEH, M. ALAOUI-JAMALI, S. ALBERTI, E. ALCOCER-GOMEZ, C. ALESSANDRI, M. ALI, M. AL-BARI, S. ALIWAINI, J. ALIZADEH, E. ALMACELLAS, A. ALMASAN, A. ALONSO, G. ALONSO, N. ALTAN-BONNET, D. ALTIERI, S. ALVES, C. DA COSTA, M. ALZAHARNA, M. AMADIO, C. AMANTINI, C. AMARAL, S. AMBROSIO, A. AMER, V. AMMANATHAN, Z. AN, S. ANDERSEN, S. ANDRABI, M. ANDRADE-SILVA, A. ANDRES, S. ANGELINI, D. ANN, U. ANOZIE, M. ANSARI, P. ANTAS, A. ANTEBI, Z. ANTON, T. ANWAR, L. APETOH, N. APOSTOLOVA, T. ARAKI, Y. ARAKI, K. ARASAKI, W. ARAUJO, J. ARAYA, C. ARDEN, M. AREVALO, S. ARGUELLES, E. ARIAS, J. ARIKKATH, H. ARIMOTO, A. ARIOSA, D. ARMSTRONG-JAMES, L. ARNAUNE-PELLOQUIN, A. AROCA, D. ARROYO, I. ARSOV, R. ARTERO, D. ASARO, M. ASCHNER, M. ASHRAFIZADEH, O. ASHUR-FABIAN, A. ATANASOV, A. AU, P. AUBERGER, H. AUNER, L. AURELIAN, R. AUTELLI, L. AVAGLIANO, Y. AVALOS, S. AVEIC, C. AVELEIRA, T. AVINWITTENBERG, Y. AYDIN, S. AYTON, S. AYYADEVARA, M. AZZOPARDI, M. BABA, J. BACKER, S. BACKUES, D. BAE, O. BAE, S. BAE, E. BAEHRECKE, A. BAEK, S. BAEK, G. BAGETTA, A. BAGNIEWSKA-ZADWORNA, H. BAI, J. BAI, X. BAI, Y. BAI, N. BAIRAGI, S. BAKSI, T. BALBI, C. BALDARI, W. BALDUINI, A. BALLABIO, M. BALLESTER, S. BALAZADEH, R. BALZAN, R. BANDOPADHYAY, S. BANERJEE, Y. BAO, M. BAPTISTA, A. BARACCA, C. BARBATI, A. BARGIELA, D. BARILA, P. BARLOW, S. BARMADA, E. BARREIRO, G. BARRETO, J. BARTEK, B. BARTEL, A. BARTOLOME, G. BARVE, S. BASAGOUDANAVAR, D. BASSHAM, R. JR, A. BASU, H. BATOKO, I. BATTEN, E. BAULIEU, B. BAUMGARNER, J. BAYRY, R. BEALE, I. BEAU, F. BEAUMATIN, L. BECHARA, G. BECK, M. BEERS, J. BEGUN, C. BEHRENDS, G. BEHRENS, R. BEI, E. BEJARANO, S. BEL, C. BEHL, A. BELAID, N. BELGAREH-TOUZE, C. BELLAROSA, F. BELLEUDI, M. PEREZ, R. BELLO-MORALES, J. BELTRAN, S. BELTRAN, D. BENBROOK, M. BENDORIUS, B. BENITEZ, I. BENITO-CUESTA, J. BENSALEM, M. BERCHTOLD, S. BEREZOWSKA, D. BERGAMASCHI, M. BERGAMI, A. BERGMANN, L. BERLIOCCHI, C. BERLIOZ-TORRENT, A. BERNARD, L. BERTHOUX, C. BESIRLI, S. BESTEIRO, V. BETIN, R. BEYAERT, J. BEZBRADICA, K. BHASKAR, I. BHATIA-KISSOVA, R. BHATTACHARYA, S. BHATTACHARYA, S. BHATTACHARYYA, M. BHUIYAN, S. BHUTIA, L. BI, X. BI, T. BIDEN, K. BIJIAN, V. BILLES, N. BINART, C. BINCOLETTO, A. BIRGISDOTTIR, G. BJORKOY, G. BLANCO, A. BLAS-GARCIA, J. BLASIAK, R. BLOMGRAN, K. BLOMGREN, J. BLUM, E. BOADA-ROMERO, M. BOBAN, K. BOESZEBATTAGLIA, P. BOEUF, B. BOLAND, P. BOMONT, P. BONALDO, S. BONAM, L. BONFILI, J. BONIFACINO, B. BOONE, M. BOOTMAN, M. BORDI, C. BORNER, B. BORNHAUSER, G. BORTHAKUR, J. BOSCH, S. BOSE, L. BOTANA, J. BOTAS, C. BOULANGER, M. BOULTON, M. BOURDENX, B. BOURGEOIS, N. BOURKE, G. BOUSQUET, P. BOYA, P. BOZHKOV, L. BOZI, T. BOZKURT, D. BRACKNEY, C. BRANDTS, R. BRAUN, G. BRAUS, R. BRAVO-SAGUA, J. BRAVO-SAN PEDRO, P. BREST, M. BRINGER, A. BRIONES-HERRERA, V. BROADDUS, P. BRODERSEN, E. ALVAREZ, J. BRODSKY, S. BRODY, P. BRONSON, J. BRONSTEIN, C. BROWN, R. BROWN, P. BRUM, J. BRUMELL, N. BRUNETTI-PIERRI, D. BRUNO, R. BRYSON-RICHARDSON, C. BUCCI, C. BUCHRIESER, M. BUENO, L. BUITRAGO-MOLINA, S. BURASCHI, S. BUCH, J. BUCHAN, E. BUCKINGHAM, H. BUDAK, M. BUDINI, G. BULTYNCK, F. BURADA, J. BURGOYNE, M. BURON, V. BUSTOS, S. BUTTNER, E. BUTTURINI, A. BYRD, I. CABAS, S. CABRERA-BENITEZ, K. CADWELL, J. CAI, L. CAI, Q. CAI, M. CAIRO, J. CALBET, G. CALDWELL, K. CALDWELL, J. CALL, R. CALVANI, A. CALVO, M. BARRERA, N. CAMARA, J. CAMONIS, N. CAMOUGRAND, M. CAMPANELLA, E. CAMPBELL, F. CAMPBELL-VALOIS, S. CAMPELLO, I. CAMPESI, J. CAMPOS, O. CAMUZARD, J. CANCINO, D. DE ALMEIDA, L. CANESI, I. CANIGGIA, B. CANONICO, C. CANTI, B. CAO, M. CARAGLIA, B. CARAMES, E. CARCHMAN, E. CARDENAL-MUNOZ, C. CARDENAS, L. CARDENAS, S. CARDOSO, J. CAREW, G. CARLE, G. CARLETON, S. CARLONI, D. CARMONA-GUTIERREZ, L. CARNEIRO, O. CARNEVALI, J. CAROSI, S. CARRA, A. CARRIER, L. CARRIER, B. CARROLL, A. CARTER, A. CARVALHO, M. CASANOVA, C. CASAS, J. CASAS, C. CASSIOLI, E. CASTILLO, K. CASTILLO, S. CASTILLO-LLUVA, F. CASTOLDI, M. CASTORI, A. CASTRO, M. CASTRO-CALDAS, J. CASTRO-HERNANDEZ, S. CASTRO-OBREGON, S. CATZ, C. CAVADAS, F. CAVALIERE, G. CAVALLINI, M. CAVINATO, M. CAYUELA, P. RICA, V. CECARINI, F. CECCONI, M. CECHOWSKA-PASKO, S. CENCI, V. CEPERUELO-MALLAFRE, J. CERQUEIRA, J. CERUTTI, D. CERVIA, V. CETINTAS, S. CETRULLO, H. CHAE, A. CHAGIN, C. CHAI, G. CHAKRABARTI, O. CHAKRABARTI, T. CHAKRABORTY, M. CHAMI, G. CHAMILOS, D. CHAN, E. CHAN, H. CHAN, M. CHAN, Y. CHAN, P. CHANDRA, C. CHANG, H. CHANG, K. CHANG, J. CHAO, T. CHAPMAN, N. CHARLET-BERGUERAND, S. CHATTERJEE, S. CHAUBE, A. CHAUDHARY, S. CHAUHAN, E. CHAUM, F. CHECLER, M. CHEETHAM, C. CHEN, G. CHEN, J. CHEN, L. CHEN, M. CHEN, N. CHEN, Q. CHEN, R. CHEN, S. CHEN, W. CHEN, X. CHEN, Y. CHEN, Z. CHEN, H. CHENG, J. CHENG, S. CHENG, W. CHENG, X. CHENG, Y. CHENG, Z. CHENG, H. CHEONG, J. CHEONG, B. CHERNYAK, S. CHERRY, C. CHEUNG, K. CHEUNG, E. CHEVET, R. CHI, A. CHIANG, F. CHIARADONNA, R. CHIARELLI, M. CHIARIELLO, N. CHICA, S. CHIOCCA, M. CHIONG, S. CHIOU, A. CHIRAMEL, V. CHIURCHIU, D. CHO, S. CHOE, A. CHOI, M. CHOI, K. CHOUDHURY, N. CHOW, C. CHU, J. CHUA, H. CHUNG, K. CHUNG, S. CHUNG, Y. CHUNG, V. CIANFANELLI, I. CIECHOMSKA, M. CIFUENTES, L. CINQUE, S. CIRAK, M. CIRONE, M. CLAGUE, R. CLARKE, E. CLEMENTI, E. COCCIA, P. CODOGNO, E. COHEN, M. COHEN, T. COLASANTI, F. COLASUONNO, R. COLBERT, A. COLELL, N. COLL, M. COLLINS, M. COLOMBO, D. COLON-RAMOS, L. COMBARET, S. COMINCINI, M. COMINETTI, A. CONSIGLIO, A. CONTE, F. CONTI, V. CONTU, M. COOKSON, K. COOMBS, I. COPPENS, M. CORASANITI, D. CORKERY, N. CORDES, K. CORTESE, M. COSTA, S. COSTANTINO, P. COSTELLI, A. COTO-MONTES, P. CRACK, J. CRESPO, A. CRIOLLO, V. CRIPPA, R. CRISTOFANI, T. CSIZMADIA, A. CUADRADO, B. CUI, J. CUI, Y. CUI, E. CULETTO, A. CUMINO, A. CYBULSKY, M. CZAJA, S. CZUCZWAR, S. D'ADAMO, M. D'AMELIO, D. D'ARCANGELO, A. D'LUGOS, G. D'ORAZI, J. DA SILVA, H. DAFSARI, R. DAGDA, Y. DAGDAS, M. DAGLIA, X. DAI, Y. DAI, J. DAL COL, P. DALHAIMER, L. DALLA VALLE, T. DALLENGA, G. DALMASSO, M. DAMME, I. DANDO, N. DANTUMA, A. DARLING, H. DAS, S. DASARATHY, S. DASARI, S. DASH, O. DAUMKE, A. DAUPHINEE, J. DAVIES, V. DAVILA, R. DAVIS, T. DAVIS, S. NAIDU, F. DE AMICIS, K. DE BOSSCHER, F. DE FELICE, L. DE FRANCESCHI, C. DE LEONIBUS, M. BARBOSA, G. DE MEYER, A. DE MILITO, C. DE NUNZIO, C. DE PALMA, M. DE SANTI, C. DE VIRGILIO, D. DE ZIO, J. DEBNATH, B. DEBOSCH, J. DECUYPERE, M. DEEHAN, G. DEFLORIAN, J. DEGREGORI, B. DEHAY, G. DEL RIO, J. DELANEY, L. DELBRIDGE, E. DELORME-AXFORD, M. DELPINO, F. DEMARCHI, V. DEMBITZ, N. DEMERS, H. DENG, Z. DENG, J. DENGJEL, P. DENT, D. DENTON, M. DEPAMPHILIS, C. DER, V. DERETIC, A. DESCOTEAUX, L. DEVIS, S. DEVKOTA, O. DEVUYST, G. DEWSON, M. DHARMASIVAM, R. DHIMAN, D. DI BERNARDO, M. DI CRISTINA, F. DI DOMENICO, P. DI FAZIO, A. DI FONZO, G. DI GUARDO, G. DI GUGLIELMO, L. DI LEO, C. DI MALTA, A. DI NARDO, M. DI RIENZO, F. DI SANO, G. DIALLINAS, J. DIAO, G. DIAZ-ARAYA, I. DIAZ-LAVIADA, J. DICKINSON, M. DIEDERICH, M. DIEUDE, I. DIKIC, S. DING, W. DING, L. DINI, M. DINIC, A. DINKOVA-KOSTOVA, M. DIONNE, J. DISTLER, A. DIWAN, I. DIXON, M. DJAVAHERI-MERGNY, I. DOBRINSKI, O. DOBROVINSKAYA, R. DOBROWOLSKI, R. DOBSON, S. EMRE, M. DONADELLI, B. DONG, X. DONG, Z. DONG, G. II, V. DOTSCH, H. DOU, J. DOU, M. DOWAIDAR, S. DRIDI, L. DRUCKER, A. DU, C. DU, G. DU, H. DU, L. DU, A. DU TOIT, S. DUAN, X. DUAN, S. DUARTE, A. DUBROVSKA, E. DUNLOP, N. DUPONT, R. DURAN, B. DWARAKANATH, S. DYSHLOVOY, D. EBRAHIMI-FAKHARI, L. ECKHART, C. EDELSTEIN, T. EFFERTH, E. EFTEKHARPOUR, L. EICHINGER, N. EID, T. EISENBERG, N. EISSA, S. EISSA, M. EJARQUE, A. EL ANDALOUSSI, N. EL-HAGE, S. EL-NAGGAR, A. 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PINTON, K. PIRCS, S. PIYA, P. PIZZO, T. PLANTINGA, H. PLATTA, A. PLAZA-ZABALA, M. PLOMANN, E. PLOTNIKOV, H. PLUN-FAVREAU, R. PLUTA, R. POCOCK, S. POGGELER, C. POHL, M. POIROT, A. POLETTI, M. PONPUAK, H. POPELKA, B. POPOVA, H. PORTA, S. ALCON, E. PORTILLA-FERNANDEZ, M. POST, M. POTTS, J. POULTON, T. POWERS, V. PRAHLAD, T. PRAJSNAR, D. PRATICO, R. PRENCIPE, M. PRIAULT, T. PROIKASCEZANNE, V. PROMPONAS, C. PROUD, R. PUERTOLLANO, L. PUGLIELLI, T. PULINILKUNNIL, D. PURI, R. PURI, J. PUYAL, X. QI, Y. QI, W. QIAN, L. QIANG, Y. QIU, J. QUADRILATERO, J. QUARLERI, N. RABEN, H. RABINOWICH, D. RAGONA, M. RAGUSA, N. RAHIMI, M. RAHMATI, V. RAIA, N. RAIMUNDO, N. RAJASEKARAN, S. RAO, A. RAMI, I. RAMIREZ-PARDO, D. RAMSDEN, F. RANDOW, P. RANGARAJAN, D. RANIERI, H. RAO, L. RAO, R. RAO, S. RATHORE, J. RATNAYAKA, E. RATOVITSKI, P. RAVANAN, G. RAVEGNINI, S. RAY, B. RAZANI, V. REBECCA, F. REGGIORI, A. REGNIER-VIGOUROUX, A. REICHERT, D. REIGADA, J. REILING, T. REIN, S. REIPERT, R. REKHA, H. REN, J. REN, W. REN, T. RENAULT, G. RENGA, K. REUE, K. REWITZ, B. RAMOS, S. RIAZUDDIN, T. RIBEIRO-RODRIGUES, J. RICCI, R. RICCI, V. RICCIO, D. RICHARDSON, Y. RIKIHISA, M. RISBUD, R. RISUENO, K. RITIS, S. RIZZA, R. RIZZUTO, H. ROBERTS, L. ROBERTS, K. ROBINSON, M. ROCCHERI, S. ROCCHI, G. RODNEY, T. RODRIGUES, V. SILVA, A. RODRIGUEZ, R. RODRIGUEZ-BARRUECO, N. RODRIGUEZ-HENCHE, H. RODRIGUEZ-ROCHA, J. ROELOFS, R. ROGERS, V. ROGOV, A. ROJO, K. ROLKA, V. ROMANELLO, L. ROMANI, A. ROMANO, P. ROMANO, D. ROMEO-GUITART, L. ROMERO, M. ROMERO, J. RONEY, C. RONGO, S. ROPERTO, M. ROSENFELDT, P. ROSENSTIEL, A. ROSENWALD, K. ROTH, L. ROTH, S. ROTH, K. ROUSCHOP, B. ROUSSEL, S. ROUX, P. ROVERE-QUERINI, A. ROY, A. ROZIERES, D. RUANO, D. RUBINSZTEIN, M. RUBTSOVA, K. RUCKDESCHEL, C. RUCKENSTUHL, E. RUDOLF, R. RUDOLF, A. RUGGIERI, A. RUPARELIA, P. RUSMINI, R. RUSSELL, G. RUSSO, M. RUSSO, R. RUSSO, O. RYABAYA, K. RYAN, K. RYU, M. SABATER-ARCIS, U. SACHDEV, M. SACHER, C. SACHSE, A. SADHU, J. SADOSHIMA, N. SAFREN, P. SAFTIG, A. SAGONA, G. SAHAY, A. SAHEBKAR, M. SAHIN, O. SAHIN, S. SAHNI, N. SAITO, S. SAITO, T. SAITO, R. SAKAI, Y. SAKAI, J. SAKAMAKI, K. SAKSELA, G. SALAZAR, A. SALAZAR-DEGRACIA, G. SALEKDEH, A. SALUJA, B. SAMPAIO-MARQUES, M. SANCHEZ, J. SANCHEZ-ALCAZAR, V. SANCHEZ-VERA, V. SANCHO-SHIMIZU, J. SANDERSON, M. SANDRI, S. SANTAGUIDA, L. SANTAMBROGIO, M. SANTANA, G. SANTONI, A. SANZ, P. SANZ, S. SARAN, M. SARDIELLO, T. SARGEANT, A. SARIN, C. SARKAR, S. SARKAR, M. SARRIAS, D. SARMAH, J. SARPARANTA, A. SATHYANARAYAN, R. SATHYANARAYANAN, K. SCAGLIONE, F. SCATOZZA, L. SCHAEFER, Z. SCHAFER, U. SCHAIBLE, A. SCHAPIRA, M. SCHARL, H. SCHATZL, C. SCHEIN, W. SCHEPER, D. SCHEURING, M. SCHIAFFINO, M. SCHIAPPACASSI, R. SCHINDL, U. SCHLATTNER, O. SCHMIDT, R. SCHMITT, S. SCHMIDT, I. SCHMITZ, E. SCHMUKLER, A. SCHNEIDER, B. SCHNEIDER, R. SCHOBER, A. SCHOIJET, M. SCHOTT, M. SCHRAMM, B. SCHRODER, K. SCHUH, C. SCHULLER, R. SCHULZE, L. SCHURMANNS, J. SCHWAMBORN, M. SCHWARTEN, F. SCIALO, S. SCIARRETTA, M. SCOTT, K. SCOTTO, A. SCOVASSI, A. SCRIMA, A. SCRIVO, D. SEBASTIAN, S. SEBTI, S. SEDEJ, L. SEGATORI, N. SEGEV, P. SEGLEN, I. SEILIEZ, E. SEKI, S. SELLECK, F. SELLKE, A. PEREZ-LARA, J. SELSBY, M. SENDTNER, S. SENTURK, E. SERANOVA, C. SERGI, R. SERRA-MORENO, H. SESAKI, C. SETTEMBRE, S. SETTY, G. SGARBI, O. SHA, J. SHACKA, J. SHAH, D. SHANG, C. SHAO, F. SHAO, S. SHARBATI, L. SHARKEY, D. SHARMA, G. SHARMA, K. SHARMA, P. SHARMA, S. SHARMA, H. SHEN, J. SHEN, M. SHEN, W. SHEN, Z. SHEN, R. SHENG, Z. SHENG, J. SHI, X. SHI, Y. SHI, K. SHIBA-FUKUSHIMA, J. SHIEH, Y. SHIMADA, S. SHIMIZU, M. SHIMOZAWA, T. SHINTANI, C. SHOEMAKER, S. SHOJAEI, I. SHOJI, B. SHRAVAGE, V. SHRIDHAR, C. SHU, H. SHU, K. SHUI, A. SHUKLA, T. SHUTT, V. SICA, A. SIDDIQUI, A. SIERRA, V. SIERRA-TORRE, S. SIGNORELLI, P. SIL, B. SILVA, J. SILVA, E. SILVA-PAVEZ, S. SILVENTE-POIROT, R. SIMMONDS, A. SIMON, H. SIMON, M. SIMONS, A. SINGH, L. SINGH, R. SINGH, S. SINGH, D. SINHA, R. SINHA, S. SINHA, A. SIRKO, K. SIROHI, E. SIVRIDIS, P. SKENDROS, A. SKIRYCZ, I. SLANINOVA, S. SMAILI, A. SMERTENKO, M. SMITH, S. SOENEN, E. SOHN, S. SOK, G. SOLAINI, T. SOLDATI, S. SOLEIMANPOUR, R. SOLER, A. SOLOVCHENKO, J. SOMARELLI, A. SONAWANE, F. SONG, H. SONG, J. SONG, K. SONG, Z. SONG, L. SORIA, M. SORICE, A. SOUKAS, S. SOUKUP, D. SOUSA, N. SOUSA, P. SPAGNUOLO, S. SPECTOR, M. BHARATH, D. ST CLAIR, V. STAGNI, L. STAIANO, C. STALNECKER, M. STANKOV, P. STATHOPULOS, K. STEFAN, S. STEFAN, L. STEFANIS, J. STEFFAN, A. STEINKASSERER, H. STENMARK, J. STERNECKERT, C. STEVENS, V. STOKA, S. STORCH, B. STORK, F. STRAPPAZZON, A. STROHECKER, D. STUPACK, H. SU, L. SU, A. SUAREZFONTES, C. SUBAUSTE, S. SUBBIAN, P. SUBIRADA, G. SUDHANDIRAN, C. SUE, X. SUI, C. SUMMERS, G. SUN, J. SUN, K. SUN, M. SUN, Q. SUN, Y. SUN, Z. SUN, K. SUNAHARA, E. SUNDBERG, K. SUSZTAK, P. SUTOVSKY, H. SUZUKI, G. SWEENEY, J. SYMONS, S. SZE, N. SZEWCZYK, C. TABOLACCI, F. TACKE, H. TAEGTMEYER, M. TAFANI, M. TAGAYA, H. TAI, S. TAIT, Y. TAKAHASHI, S. TAKATS, P. TALWAR, C. TAM, S. TAM, D. TAMPELLINI, A. TAMURA, C. TAN, E. TAN, Y. TAN, M. TANAKA, D. TANG, J. TANG, T. TANG, I. TANIDA, Z. TAO, M. TAOUIS, L. TATENHORST, N. TAVERNARAKIS, A. TAYLOR, G. TAYLOR, J. TAYLOR, E. TCHETINA, A. TEE, I. TEGEDER, D. TEIS, N. TEIXEIRA, F. TEIXEIRA-CLERC, K. TEKIRDAG, T. TENCOMNAO, S. TENREIRO, A. TEPIKIN, P. TESTILLANO, G. TETTAMANTI, P. THARAUX, K. THEDIECK, A. THEKKINGHAT, S. THELLUNG, J. THINWA, V. THIRUMALAIKUMAR, S. THOMAS, P. THOMES, A. THORBURN, L. THUKRAL, T. THUM, M. THUMM, L. TIAN, A. TICHY, A. TILL, V. TIMMERMAN, V. TITORENKO, S. TODI, K. TODOROVA, J. TOIVONEN, L. TOMAIPITINCA, D. TOMAR, C. TOMAS-ZAPICO, B. TONG, C. TONG, X. TONG, S. TOOZE, M. TORGERSEN, S. TORII, L. TORRES-LOPEZ, A. TORRIGLIA, C. TOWERS, R. TOWNS, S. TOYOKUNI, V. TRAJKOVIC, D. TRAMONTANO, Q. TRAN, L. TRAVASSOS, C. TRELFORD, S. TREMEL, I. TROUGAKOS, B. TSAO, M. TSCHAN, H. TSE, T. TSE, H. TSUGAWA, A. TSVETKOV, D. TUMBARELLO, Y. TUMTAS, M. TUNON, S. TURCOTTE, B. TURK, V. TURK, B. TURNER, R. TUXWORTH, J. TYLER, E. TYUTEREVA, Y. UCHIYAMA, A. UGUNKLUSEK, H. UHLIG, I. ULASOV, M. UMEKAWA, C. UNGERMANN, R. UNNO, S. URBE, E. URIBE-CARRETERO, S. USTUN, V. UVERSKY, T. VACCARI, M. VACCARO, B. VAHSEN, H. VAKIFAHMETOGLU-NORBERG, R. VALDOR, M. VALENTE, A. VALKO, R. VALLEE, A. VALVERDE, G. VAN DEN BERGHE, S. VAN DER VEEN, L. VAN KAER, J. VAN LOOSDREGT, S. VAN WIJK, W. VANDENBERGHE, I. VANHOREBEEK, M. VANNIER-SANTOS, N. VANNINI, M. VANRELL, C. VANTAGGIATO, G. VARANO, I. VARELA-NIETO, M. VARGA, M. VASCONCELOS, S. VATS, D. VAVVAS, I. VEGANAREDO, S. VEGA-RUBIN-DE-CELIS, G. VELASCO, A. VELAZQUEZ, T. VELLAI, E. VELLENGA, F. VELOTTI, M. VERDIER, P. VERGINIS, I. VERGNE, P. VERKADE, M. VERMA, P. VERSTREKEN, T. VERVLIET, J. VERVOORTS, A. VESSONI, V. VICTOR, M. VIDAL, C. VIDONI, O. VIEIRA, R. VIERSTRA, S. VIGANO, H. VIHINEN, V. VIJAYAN, M. VILA, M. VILAR, J. VILLALBA, A. VILLALOBO, B. VILLAREJO-ZORI, F. VILLARROYA, J. VILLARROYA, O. VINCENT, C. VINDIS, C. VIRET, M. VISCOMI, D. VISNJIC, I. VITALE, D. VOCADLO, O. VOITSEKHOVSKAJA, C. VOLONTE, M. VOLTA, M. VOMERO, C. VON HAEFEN, M. VOOIJS, W. VOOS, L. VUCICEVIC, R. WADE-MARTINS, S. WAGURI, K. WAITE, S. WAKATSUKI, D. WALKER, M. WALKER, S. WALKER, J. WALTER, F. WANDOSELL, B. WANG, C. WANG, D. WANG, F. WANG, G. WANG, H. WANG, J. WANG, K. WANG, L. WANG, M. WANG, N. WANG, P. WANG, Q. WANG, W. WANG, X. WANG, Y. WANG, Z. WANG, G. WARNES, V. WARNSMANN, H. WATADA, E. WATANABE, M. WATCHON, T. WEAVER, G. WEGRZYN, A. WEHMAN, H. WEI, L. WEI, T. WEI, Y. WEI, O. WEIERGRABER, C. WEIHL, G. WEINDL, R. WEISKIRCHEN, A. WELLS, R. WEN, X. WEN, A. WERNER, B. WEYKOPF, S. WHEATLEY, J. WHITTON, A. WHITWORTH, K. WIKTORSKA, M. WILDENBERG, T. WILEMAN, S. WILKINSON, D. WILLBOLD, B. WILLIAMS, R. WILLIAMS, P. WILLIAMSON, R. WILSON, B. WINNER, N. WINSOR, S. WITKIN, H. WODRICH, U. WOEHLBIER, T. WOLLERT, E. WONG, J. WONG, R. WONG, V. WONG, W. WONG, A. WU, C. WU, J. WU, K. WU, M. WU, S. WU, W. WU, X. WU, Y. WU, R. XAVIER, H. XIA, L. XIA, Z. XIA, G. XIANG, J. XIANG, M. XIANG, W. XIANG, B. XIAO, G. XIAO, H. XIAO, J. XIAO, L. XIAO, S. XIAO, Y. XIAO, B. XIE, C. XIE, M. XIE, Y. XIE, Z. XIE, M. XILOURI, C. XU, E. XU, H. XU, J. XU, L. XU, W. XU, X. XU, Y. XUE, S. YAKHINE-DIOP, M. YAMAGUCHI, O. YAMAGUCHI, A. YAMAMOTO, S. YAMASHINA, S. YAN, Z. YAN, Y. YANAGI, C. YANG, D. YANG, H. YANG, J. YANG, L. YANG, M. YANG, P. YANG, Q. YANG, S. YANG, W. YANG, X. YANG, Y. YANG, H. YAO, S. YAO, X. YAO, Y. YAO, T. YASUI, M. YAZDANKHAH, P. YEN, C. YI, X. YIN, Y. YIN, Z. YIN, M. YING, Z. YING, C. YIP, S. YIU, Y. YOO, K. YOSHIDA, S. YOSHII, T. YOSHIMORI, B. YOUSEFI, B. YU, H. YU, J. YU, L. YU, M. YU, S. YU, V. YU, W. YU, Z. YU, J. YUAN, L. YUAN, S. YUAN, Y. YUAN, Z. YUAN, J. YUE, Z. YUE, J. YUN, R. YUNG, D. ZACKS, G. ZAFFAGNINI, V. ZAMBELLI, I. ZANELLA, Q. ZANG, S. ZANIVAN, S. ZAPPAVIGNA, P. ZARAGOZA, K. ZARBALIS, A. ZAREBKOHAN, A. ZARROUK, S. ZEITLIN, J. ZENG, E. ZEROVNIK, L. ZHAN, B. ZHANG, D. ZHANG, H. ZHANG, J. ZHANG, K. ZHANG, L. ZHANG, M. ZHANG, P. ZHANG, S. ZHANG, W. ZHANG, X. ZHANG, Y. ZHANG, Z. ZHANG, H. ZHAO, L. ZHAO, S. ZHAO, T. ZHAO, X. ZHAO, Y. ZHAO, G. ZHENG, K. ZHENG, L. ZHENG, S. ZHENG, X. ZHENG, Y. ZHENG, Z. ZHENG, B. ZHIVOTOVSKY, Q. ZHONG, A. ZHOU, B. ZHOU, C. ZHOU, G. ZHOU, H. ZHOU, J. ZHOU, K. ZHOU, R. ZHOU, X. ZHOU, Y. ZHOU, Z. ZHOU, B. ZHU, C. ZHU, G. ZHU, H. ZHU, W. ZHU, Y. ZHU, H. ZHUANG, X. ZHUANG, K. ZIENTARA-RYTTER, C. ZIMMERMANN, E. ZIVIANI, T. ZOLADEK, W. ZONG, D. ZOROV, A. ZORZANO, W. ZOU, Z. ZOU, S. ZURYN, W. ZWERSCHKE, B. BRAND-SABERI, C. KENCHAPPA, S. OSHIMA, Y. RONG, J. SLUIMER, and C. STALLINGS

Subjects
flux, macroautophagy, phagophore, stress, vacuole, Autophagosome, LC3, lysosome, neurodegeneration, cancer
Abstract

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

Published
2021

36. Neutron noise experiments in the AKR-2 and CROCUS reactors for the CORTEX European project

Author

V. Lamirand, A. Rais, S. Hubner, C. Lange, J. Pohlus, U. Paquee, C. Pohl, O. Pakali, P. Frajtag, D. Godat, M. Hursin, A. Laureau, G. Perret, C. Fiorina, and A. Pautz

Subjects
Quantitative Biology::Neurons and Cognition, CORTEX, neutron noise, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Presentation ofNeutron noise experiments in CORTEX at ANIMMA 2019.

Published
2019
Full Text
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42. List of Contributors

Author

R.R.M. Abarca, S. Ahuja, J.L.A. Andit, H. Aris, J. Bartram, L. Blaney, M.D.G. de Luna, A.M. Dhalla, K.A. Gibson, R. Gupta, A. Hassan, K.D. Hristovski, M.A. Islam, S.L. Islam, R.B. Labad, M.C. Larsen, M.-C. Lu, A.S. Ludtke, J. Luh, J.W. Macharia, J. Markovski, D.N. Myers, S. Ngigi Mbugua, L.W. Olson, M.A. Otieno, J.R. Peller, C. Pohl, R.S. Pusta, J. Real, C.M. Rejas, J.K. Schoer, J.N. Seiber, R.K. Sharma, U. Shashvatt, Y. Shevah, L. Smith, K. Srinivasan, V. Tiangco, S. Tongesayi, T. Tongesayi, S.O. Wandiga, R.L. Whitman, and M. Yadav

Published
2017

43. Use of Ion Chromatography for Monitoring Ionic Contaminants in Water

Author

C. Pohl

Subjects
Chromatography, Column chromatography, Ion exchange, Water contaminants, Chemistry, Ion chromatography, Ionic bonding, Context (language use), Contamination
Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of ion chromatography and its application to many of the most common drinking water contaminants. Included are a review of ion chromatography hardware considerations and a detailed discussion of many of the most common elements of an ion chromatography system, including the suppressor and the eluent generator. Also discussed are the various columns commonly used for such applications, including their design and the evolution of column technology as the technique has developed over the course of multiple decades. Columns most commonly used for the analysis of various classes of ionic contaminants are identified and discussed in the context of various standardized methods.

Published
2017

46. Isotope fractionation between dissolved and suspended particulate Fe in the oxic and anoxic water column of the Baltic Sea

Author

Michael Staubwasser, F. von Blanckenburg, S. Krüger, Ronny Schoenberg, and C. Pohl

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Sulfide, lcsh:QE1-996.5, lcsh:Life, Sediment, 550 - Earth sciences, Fractionation, Anoxic waters, Equilibrium fractionation, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Isotope fractionation, Water column, chemistry, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Environmental chemistry, lcsh:Ecology, Dissolution, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Geology, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

Fe isotope ratios and concentrations of dissolved Fe (Fedis, < 0.45 μm) and of suspended particulate Fe (FeSPM) were analyzed from a depth profile through the anoxic Eastern Gotland Basin water column, Baltic Sea. Results show a sharp gradient in δ56Fedis across the ferruginous layer with δ56Fedis = −0.4‰ in the euxinic deep basin and δ56Fedis = &plus;0.3‰ in the oxic upper water column. The isotopic gradient overlaps with a strong concentration gradient of Fedis, a concentration maximum in FeSPM and lower δ56FeSPM values than δ56Fedis. These features indicate preferential loss of light Fe isotopes from solution to suspended iron-oxyhydroxides (FeIOH) during typical oxidative precipitation across the redox interface. The sign of the overall fractionation, Δ56FeIOH-Fe(II)(aq) < 0‰, is in contrast to similar, mostly non-marine redox environments, where Δ56FeIOH-Fe(II)(aq) > 0‰. The difference appears to be the result of isotope exchange dominated by reaction kinetics in the marine water column, rather than equilibrium fractionation generally inferred for oxidative Fe precipitation elsewhere. High residual δ56Fedis immediately above the oxic–ferruginous interface and throughout the oxic water column suggests that any potential dissolved Fe export from marine reducing waters into the oxic open water column is enriched in the heavy isotopes. In the deep, mildly euxinic water column above the level of Fe sulfide saturation, a decreasing δ56FeSPM trend with depth and a generally low δ56Fedis are comparable to trends generally observed in marine anoxic sediment profiles where microbial reductive Fe dissolution occurs. The isotope composition of the redox-cycled Fe inventory in anoxic marine basins mainly reflects the balance between external fluxes, driving the composition towards crustal δ56Fe values, and intensity of internal recycling, driving δ56Fe towards negative values.

Published
2013

48. Romantik als Bildungsstufe

Author

Peter C. Pohl

Subjects
German, History, Literature and Literary Theory, media_common.quotation_subject, language, Art history, Art, language.human_language, Realism, media_common
Abstract

The article focuses on Gustav Freytag’s novel Soll und Haben (1855). It assesses how the programmatic ideas of early German Literary Realism are applied in rewriting the genre of the “Bildungsroman” by drawing attention to new contents of knowledge and new functions of individual, social, and aesthetical formation.

Published
2016

49. Hyperbare Oxygenation bei nekrotisierenden Weichteilinfektionen: Pro

Author

M. Schmale, E. John, M. Bucher, C. Pohl, and A. Fichtner

Subjects
Gynecology, medicine.medical_specialty, Transplant surgery, Patient care team, business.industry, Hyperbaric oxygenation, Treatment outcome, medicine, Surgery, business, FASCIITIS NECROTIZING
Abstract

Die nekrotisierende Weichteilinfektion ist ein komplexes Krankheitsbild. In Abhangigkeit von der Ausbreitung und der zugrunde liegenden bakteriellen Infektion besteht ein erhebliches Letalitatsrisiko. Neben der chirurgischen, intensivmedizinischen und pharmakologischen Behandlung kann eine Therapie mit hyperbarer Oxygenation (HBO) die Effektivitat der Kombinationsbehandlung signifikant verbessern. HBO selbst kann durch bakterizide und bakteriostatische Wirkung sowie durch eine substanzielle Erganzung die O2-verbrauchenden Stoffwechselprozesse auf Zellebene optimieren und eine solide Wundheilung herbeifuhren. In einem Zentrum mit den kooperierenden Fachabteilungen Chirurgie, Gefaschirurgie, Angiologie und Hyperbarmedizin kann somit die Behandlung optimiert werden. Ein Ausschluss der HBO-Therapie bei gegebener Verfugbarkeit und vertretbar logistischem Aufwand stellt die Unterlassung einer Behandlungsform zum Nachteil des Patienten dar.

Published
2012

50. BHPR: Research [278-290]: 278. What does the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Measure? Evidence of a Bifactor Structure and Item Bias

Author

S. Norton, J. Done, A. Sacker, A. Young, N. Cox, G. J. Treharne, Z. C. McGavock, A. Tonks, S. A. Kafka, E. D. Hale, G. D. Kitas, D. Fletcher, T. Sanderson, G. Baker, P. Street, S. Hewlett, S. Stynes, G. Peat, H. Myers, P. Croft, A. M. Bosworth, D. Crake, M. Hurley, A. Patel, N. Walsh, H. Mitchell, K. Kumar, C. Gordhan, D. Situnayake, K. Raza, P. Bacon, J. May, C. O. Bingham, L. March, R. Alten, C. Pohl, T. Woodworth, S. Bartlett, K. Stevenson, E. Roddy, K. Jordan, N. Waldron, S. Brown, C. McCabe, N. McHugh, J. Shelmerdine, A. Ferenkeh-Koroma, A. Breslin, S. Sawyer, M. Haas, B. Elliott, R.-J. Law, E. Oliver, L. Mawn, D. Markland, M. Peter, J. Thom, A. Cliss, M. Morris, N. Ambler, B. Knops, A. Hammond, and C. Almeida

Subjects
Radio communications, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine.disease, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Rheumatology, Illness length, Internal medicine, Rheumatoid arthritis, medicine, Physical therapy, Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence, Anxiety, Pharmacology (medical), medicine.symptom, business, Psychiatry
Abstract

Law, R.-J., Breslin, A., Oliver, E., Mawn, L., Markland, D., Maddison, P., Thom, J. (2010). Exercise and rheumatoid arthritis: what's in it for us? Poster 288 in: Abstracts of the Rheumatology BSR and BHPR Conference, 21-23 April 2010, Rheumatology, 49(suppl 1), i139-i143.

Published
2010

Catalog

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