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The Church of England successfully resisted proposals to bring decisions about alterations to its churches within the provisions of the Ancient Monuments Act (1913). However, the quid pro quo for the continuation of that ecclesiastical exemption was a strengthening of the operation of the faculty jurisdiction of diocesan chancellors. The First World War brought more urgent concerns for dioceses, but what no-one had foreseen was the huge death toll that war would bring, and the consequent pressure for communal and individual memorials to be created in churches and churchyards. In addition to the greatly increased volume of faculty applications, and the problem of some churches going ahead with commemorative projects without seeking the necessary faculties, some war memorial plans involving crucifixes began to raise the spectre of Ritualistic illegality.

The MinION sequencing platform offers near real-time analysis of DNA sequence; this makes the tool attractive for deployment in fieldwork or clinical settings. We used the MinION platform coupled to the NanoOK RT software package to perform shotgun metagenomic sequencing and profile mock communities and faecal samples from healthy and ill preterm infants. Using Nanopore data, we reliably classified a 20-species mock community and captured the diversity of the immature gut microbiota over time and in response to interventions such as probiotic supplementation, antibiotic treatment or episodes of suspected sepsis. We also performed rapid real-time runs to assess gut-associated microbial communities in critically ill and healthy infants, facilitated by NanoOK RT software package, which analysed sequences as they were generated. Our pipeline reliably identified pathogenic bacteria (that is, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae) and their corresponding antimicrobial resistance gene profiles within as little as 1 h of sequencing. Results were confirmed using pathogen isolation, whole-genome sequencing and antibiotic susceptibility testing, as well as mock communities and clinical samples with known antimicrobial resistance genes. Our results demonstrate that MinION (including cost-effective Flongle flow cells) with NanoOK RT can process metagenomic samples to a rich dataset in < 5 h, which creates a platform for future studies aimed at developing these tools and approaches in clinical settings with a focus on providing tailored patient antimicrobial treatment options., Shotgun metagenomic sequencing (using the MinION platform) of mock microbial communities and faecal samples from healthy and ill preterm infants can be used to identify pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance gene profiles in real time, indicating the potential for translation into clinical settings.

Klebsiella spp. are frequently enriched in the gut microbiota of preterm neonates, and overgrowth is associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), nosocomial infections and late-onset sepsis. Little is known about the genomic and phenotypic characteristics of preterm-associated Klebsiella , as previous studies have focused on the recovery of antimicrobial-resistant isolates or culture-independent molecular analyses. The aim of this study was to better characterize preterm-associated Klebsiella populations using phenotypic and genotypic approaches. Faecal samples from a UK cohort of healthy and sick preterm neonates (n=109) were screened on MacConkey agar to isolate lactose-positive Enterobacteriaceae . Whole-genome sequences were generated for Klebsiella spp., and virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes identified. Antibiotic susceptibility profiling and in vitro macrophage and iron assays were undertaken for the Klebsiella strains. Metapangenome analyses with a manually curated genome dataset were undertaken to examine the diversity of Klebsiella oxytoca and related bacteria in a publicly available shotgun metagenome dataset. Approximately one-tenth of faecal samples harboured Klebsiella spp. ( Klebsiella pneumoniae , 7.3 %; Klebsiella quasipneumoniae , 0.9 %; Klebsiella grimontii , 2.8 %; Klebsiella michiganensis , 1.8 %). Isolates recovered from NEC- and sepsis-affected infants and those showing no signs of clinical infection (i.e. ‘healthy’) encoded multiple β-lactamases. No difference was observed between isolates recovered from healthy and sick infants with respect to in vitro siderophore production (all encoded enterobactin in their genomes). All K. pneumoniae , K. quasipneumoniae , K. grimontii and K. michiganensis faecal isolates tested were able to reside and persist in macrophages, indicating their immune evasion abilities. Metapangenome analyses of published metagenomic data confirmed our findings regarding the presence of K. michiganensis in the preterm gut. There is little difference in the phenotypic and genomic characteristics of Klebsiella isolates recovered from healthy and sick infants. Identification of β-lactamases in all isolates may prove problematic when defining treatment regimens for NEC or sepsis, and suggests that healthy preterm infants contribute to the resistome. Refined analyses with curated sequence databases are required when studying closely related species present in metagenomic data.

Klebsiella spp. are commensals of the human microbiota, and a leading cause of opportunistic nosocomial infections. The incidence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae causing serious infections is increasing, and Klebsiella oxytoca is an emerging pathogen. Alternative strategies to tackle infections caused by these bacteria are required as strains become resistant to last-resort antibiotics such as colistin. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that can infect and kill bacteria. They and their gene products are now being considered as alternatives or adjuncts to antimicrobial therapies. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the potential for lytic phages to combat MDR K. pneumoniae infections. Ready access to cheap sequencing technologies has led to a large increase in the number of genomes available for Klebsiella -infecting phages, with these phages being heterogeneous at the whole-genome level. This review summarizes our current knowledge on phages of Klebsiella spp. and highlights technological and biological issues relevant to the development of phage-based therapies targeting these bacteria.

Here, we describe the draft genome sequence of Raoultella ornithinolytica P079F W, isolated from the feces of an infant residing in a neonatal intensive care unit during an ongoing study to characterize the neonate gut microbiota. P079F W will be used in studies investigating the role of the microbiome in neonatal infections.

Government transparency is widely promoted, yet little is known about transparency’s effects. Survey experiments reported here, made on the streets of Lima, Peru, investigate a simple question: what are the effects of government-sponsored transparency websites, and the information revealed by those efforts, on attitudes about the Peruvian political system? Like many developing countries, Peru lacks much system support, making it more difficult to improve governance and democracy; transparency itself has little impact on political attitudes. However, some dimensions of the information provided by transparency matter: endorsement by a credible third party or framing that associates comparatively good community well-being with government performance. These conditions substantively increase Peruvians’ approval of the national political community, the regime’s performance, institutions, and local government.

We report the fabrication of high performance organic solar cells by spray-coating the photoactive layer in air. The photovoltaic blends consist of a blend of carbazole and benzothiadiazole based donor–acceptor copolymers and the fullerene derivative PC70BM. Here, we formulate a number of photovoltaic inks using a range of solvent systems that we show can all be deposited by spray casting. We use a range of techniques to characterize the structure of such films, and show that spray-cast films have comparable surface roughness to spin-cast films and that vertical stratification that occurs during film drying reduces the concentration of PCBM towards the underlying PEDOT:PSS interface. We also show that the active layer thickness and the drying kinetics can be tuned through control of the substrate temperature. High power conversion efficiencies of 4.3%, 4.5% and 4.6% were obtained for solar cells made from a blend of PC70BM with the carbazole-based co-polymers PCDTBT, P2 and P1. By applying a low temperature anneal after the deposition of the cathode, the efficiency of spray-cast solar-cells based on a P2:PC70BM blend is increased to 5.0%. Spray coating holds significant promise as a technique capable of fabricating large-area, high performance organic solar cells in air.

The antimicrobial responsiveness and function of unconventional human T cells are poorly understood, with only limited access to relevant specimens from sites of infection. Peritonitis is a common and serious complication in individuals with end-stage kidney disease receiving peritoneal dialysis. By analyzing local and systemic immune responses in peritoneal dialysis patients presenting with acute bacterial peritonitis and monitoring individuals before and during defined infectious episodes, our data show that Vγ9/Vδ2(+) γδ T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells accumulate at the site of infection with organisms producing (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate and vitamin B2, respectively. Such unconventional human T cells are major producers of IFN-γ and TNF-α in response to these ligands that are shared by many microbial pathogens and affect the cells lining the peritoneal cavity by triggering local inflammation and inducing tissue remodeling with consequences for peritoneal membrane integrity. Our data uncover a crucial role for Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells in bacterial infection and suggest that they represent a useful predictive marker for important clinical outcomes, which may inform future stratification and patient management. These findings are likely to be applicable to other acute infections where local activation of unconventional T cells contributes to the antimicrobial inflammatory response.

We explore the circumgalactic medium (CGM) of two simulated star-forming galaxies with luminosities L ~ 0.1 and 1 L* generated using the smooth particle hydrodynamic code GASOLINE. These simulations are part of the Making Galaxies In a Cosmological Context (MAGICC) program in which the stellar feedback is tuned to match the stellar mass-halo mass relationship. For comparison, each galaxy was also simulated using a 'lower feedback' (LF) model which has strength comparable to other implementations in the literature. The 'MAGICC feedback' (MF) model has a higher incidence of massive stars and an approximately two times higher energy input per supernova. Apart from the low-mass halo using LF, each galaxy exhibits a metal-enriched CGM that extends to approximately the virial radius. A significant fraction of this gas has been heated in supernova explosions in the disc and subsequently ejected into the CGM where it is predicted to give rise to substantial O VI absorption. The simulations do not yet address the question of what happens to the O VI when the galaxies stop forming stars. Our models also predict a reservoir of cool H I clouds that show strong Ly\alpha absorption to several hundred kpc. Comparing these models to recent surveys with the Hubble Space Telescope, we find that only the MF models have sufficient O VI and H I gas in the CGM to reproduce the observed distributions. In separate analyses, these same MF models also show better agreement with other galaxy observables (e.g. rotation curves, surface brightness profiles and H I gas distribution). We infer that the CGM is the dominant reservoir of baryons for galaxy haloes.

We examine the chemical properties of 5 cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of an M33-like disc galaxy which have been shown to be consistent with the morphological characteristics and bulk scaling relations expected of late-type spirals. These simulations are part of the Making Galaxies In a Cosmological Context (MaGICC) Project, in which stellar feedback is tuned to match the stellar mass -- halo mass relationship. Each realisation employed identical initial conditions and assembly histories, but differed from one another in their underlying baryonic physics prescriptions, including (a) the efficiency with which each supernova energy couples to the ISM, (b) the impact of feedback associated with massive star radiation pressure, (c) the role of the minimum shut-off time for radiative cooling of Type II SNe remnants, (d) the treatment of metal diffusion, and (e) varying the IMF. Our analysis focusses on the resulting stellar metallicity distribution functions (MDFs) in each simulated (analogous) `solar neighbourhood' and central `bulge' region. We compare the simulated MDFs' skewness, kurtosis, and dispersion (inter-quartile, inter-decile, inter-centile, and inter-tenth-percentile regions) with that of the empirical solar neighbourhood MDF and Local Group dwarfs. We find that the MDFs of the simulated discs are more negatively skewed, with higher kurtosis, than those observed locally. We can trace this difference to the simulations' tight and correlated age-metallicity relations (compared with that of the Milky Way), suggesting that these relations within `dwarf' discs might be steeper than in L* discs and/or the degree of stellar orbital re-distribution and migration inferred locally has not been captured in their entirety, at the resolution of our simulations. The important role of metal diffusion in ameliorating the over-production of extremely metal-poor stars is highlighted.

Encoded within the morphological structure of galaxies are clues related to their formation and evolutionary history. Recent advances pertaining to the statistics of galaxy morphology include sophisticated measures of concentration (C), asymmetry (A), and clumpiness (S). In this study, these three parameters (CAS) have been applied to a suite of simulated galaxies and compared with observational results inferred from a sample of nearby galaxies. The simulations span a range of late-type systems, with masses between ~1e10 Msun and ~1e12 Msun, and employ star formation density thresholds between 0.1 cm^-3 and 100 cm^-3. We have found that the simulated galaxies possess comparable concentrations to their real counterparts. However, the results of the CAS analysis revealed that the simulated galaxies are generally more asymmetric, and that the range of clumpiness values extends beyond the range of those observed. Strong correlations were obtained between the three CAS parameters and colour (B-V), consistent with observed galaxies. Furthermore, the simulated galaxies possess strong links between their CAS parameters and Hubble type, mostly in-line with their real counterparts.

We present the McMaster Unbiased Galaxy Simulations (MUGS), the first 9 galaxies of an unbiased selection ranging in total mass from 5$\times10^{11}$ M$_\odot$ to 2$\times10^{12}$ M$_\odot$ simulated using n-body smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) at high resolution. The simulations include a treatment of low temperature metal cooling, UV background radiation, star formation, and physically motivated stellar feedback. Mock images of the simulations show that the simulations lie within the observed range of relations such as that between color and magnitude and that between brightness and circular velocity (Tully-Fisher). The greatest discrepancy between the simulated galaxies and observed galaxies is the high concentration of material at the center of the galaxies as represented by the centrally peaked rotation curves and the high bulge-to-total ratios of the simulations determined both kinematically and photometrically. This central concentration represents the excess of low angular momentum material that long has plagued morphological studies of simulated galaxies and suggests that higher resolutions and a more accurate description of feedback will be required to simulate more realistic galaxies. Even with the excess central mass concentrations, the simulations suggest the important role merger history and halo spin play in the formation of disks.

This article commends Jaakko Hintikka's interrogative model of reasoning as an aid to historiography in relation to historical inquiry and explanation. After an initial discussion of David Hackett Fischer's appeal to the "logic of historical thought" in terms of his overlapping complementary emphases with Hintikka's interrogative model, a critical evaluation is given of Fischer's brief but strong comments regarding the role of why-questions in historical explanation. From there the main part of the article is given over to how the interrogative model provides an account of the nature of explanation in general using Hintikka's recently published work on explanation theory. The theory of explanation that uses the interrogative model is applied to historical explanation and illustrated in the way the interrogative model serves a descriptively-valuable role in historiography by reference to historical inquiry and explanation in Herodotus.

In his biography of Bernard Shaw, Michael Holroyd makes a noteworthy claim about Shaw's relationship with the United States. Assessing a disjointed, antagonistic speech Shaw made to the Academy of Political Science in New York in 1933, Holroyd claims that Shaw's "ringing warfare against the United States sounds like an echo from within his disunited self . . . mak[ing] his objection heard to the feted progress of G.B.S. around the world. Was not the spell of money on G.B.S. an American spell; his trick of overstatement 'an American trick; his gift for monologue, an American gift,' as Blanche Patch was to suggest?"1 Shaw's public bashing of the United States reached its sardonic height in a newsreel he recorded in 1931. In "A Little Talk on America," Shaw calls Americans "dear old boobs" and America "a most awful country," even as he claims immense popularity with American readers.2 He appears, as Holroyd notes, "at his most child-devilish encircled by immense lights like furnaces welcoming Americans into hell."3 That Shaw mocks from a position he imagines he shares with his audience lends support to the claim that the author suffered internal divisions. It also reminds us of Shaw's savvy about the media environment in which he operated. Shaw's relationship to the film industry further illustrates this position. In 1933 he visited Hollywood and pronounced it "the most immoral place in the world."4 At the same time, he actively sought ways to make money through the industry and to increase his fame. Shaw even stayed with William Randolph Hearst, who, though primarily a newspaper owner, represented many of the excesses of the new media Shaw enjoyed mocking. His theatrics were clearly intended to goad his American audience, but in each case they were performed on platforms associated with the United States the well-paid American lecture circuit, the press, and the budding film industry. During these public appearances Shaw inhabited a paradoxical critical posture: on the one hand, he denounced his hosts and audience

The edition of Escanor by Richard Trachsler has made this late verse romance more accessible than hitherto. It was composed by Girart d’Amiens c. 1280 and dedicated to Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward I. The poem consists of some 26000 octosyllabics, and involves basically two separate quests which eventually come together: that of Kay for Andrivete, and that of Gauvain to clear his name in response to a false accusation. This latter motif is not original, but Kay, while retaining his tradi...

In all narrative literature the reader or listener is necessarily an outsider, who is then admitted by the narrator as a spectator of the events described. The reader's emotions, intellect, or moral sense will be affected by the unfolding of the tale and the plight of the characters presented, but a reader can never be part of their fictional lives or engage with them in a two-way sense. It is common, though, for the narrator, or through the narrator one or other of the characters, to address the reader at specific moments, as, for instance, in the case of the well-known intervention and reassurance in Jane Eyre: "Reader, I married him." The narrator's role within the creation of a fictional text has been much explored, as has the autonomy of the created characters who, since they represent a projection of a form of lived reality, will find themselves at times the centre of the action related, and at others on the margins or absent, depending on the narrative focus. This can be true, too, of a principal character or eponymous hero even in a first-person narrative, if the narrator is playing the omniscient role or benefiting from knowledge subsequent to the events being described, as happens in the case of Guillaume de Lorris' Roman de la Rose.

Etude detaillee de la conclusion anonyme apparaissant dans 8 des 250 manuscrits du Roman de la Rose. L'A. s'interroge sur la paternite de ces lignes, sur la maniere dont cette conclusion se rattache au texte et sur ce qu'elle apporte a l'interpretation globale du Roman de la Rose

Through-the-pile ventilation is a common practice for potatoes stored in bulk. Research was initiated in 1986 to study the influence of ventilation rate on the temperature, moisture and market quality of bulk stored chip potatoes. Ventilation rates up to 168 m3 hr−1 t−1 were used. All ventilation rates achieved the required temperature and humidity control. Fan operation time (hours) was not reduced proportional to the increased ventilation rate. The higher ariflow resulted in proportionally less time being spent to correct pile temperature differentials. The Atlantic variety potatoes were utilized for potato chip production in all three seasons studied. Market quality after storage, measured by tuber sugar content, chip color and chip defects, was similar for all ventilation rates. For the last two storage seasons studies, the potatoes were marketed from the storage research bins at high levels of quality following 115 to 142 days of storage. Average weight losses for the airflow rates used were not statistically different. However, potato weight loss uniformity was proportional to increased ventilation rates.

Samples of 28 different potato harvester chain links in seven different configurations were evaluated using the MSU-USDA Instrumented Sphere (IS). During the fall of 1989, 23 potato harvesters in Michigan were evaluated using the IS. Besides the IS impact data, each harvester was measured for chain speed relationships, operating ground speed, chain type and drop height. Testing of the harvesters did provide a range of data that represents what is likely to occur when the IS is used to evaluate individual harvesters. Based on the average peak acceleration and velocity change values (and the computed severity rating), air heads had the most severe impacts. The next most severe impacts were the primary chain, where all impacts were on steel. Next were the transitions to the rear cross and the side elevator, both of which involved a change of direction for the IS and the potatoes. Roller tables had the least severe impacts.

We outline why galactic outflows preferentially remove low angular momentum material, and show that this is a natural result when structure forms in a cold dark matter cosmology. The driving factors are the fact that the mean angular momentum of accreted material increases with time, the existence of an extended reservoir of low angular momentum gas which is not within star forming regions and hence not subjected to being directly blown out and the tendency for outflows to follow the path of least resistance which is perpendicular to the disk.

The combination of Passive Millimeter Wave (PMMW) and Infrared (IR) sensor images could help to improve pilot vision especially in poor weather condition. The performance of common image fusion methods and their fusion rules are evaluated with a view to determine their suitability for helicopter day, night and all weather operation. The major criterion for quantifying a fusion method is its ability to utilize complementary and reverse contrast information as well as reduce noise without introducing artifacts. Both visual inspection and the objective evaluation methods of entropy, mutual information, standard deviation, peak signal to noise ratio, root mean square error and computation time were used. Experimental results show that Laplacian pyramid based on maximum coefficient selection with consistency verification rule gives better performance. This method is applied to simulated PMMW and IR images in both heavy Fog and heavy rain condition and is found to provide images that could assist a pilot operating in poor weather conditions.

‡This paper presents an implementation of an IIMMW simulator for use in developing a multisensory fusion methodology for Helicopter DNAW operations. The functional modeling approach based on power representation of the simulated sensors is adopted in the simulation. The detailed power and attenuation models are described and the received power from the target and background is converted into intensity values and rendered as an image. The effect of various weather conditions including rain, fog, snow and dust are considered. As a result, some examples of simulated MMW and IR images generated by the simulator are shown.

L'utilisation du monologue dans Le Chevalier a la Charette de Godefroi de Leigny et dans Le Roman de la Rose de Jean de Meung dans la perspective de leur role de continuateurs

The common dry onion (Allium cepa) is grown throughout the United States. Most of these are cured (dried) and held in long term storage before being mechanically cleaned, trimmed, sorted, sized, and bagged for marketing. The mechanical operations can cause bruise, cut and puncture damage, due mainly to impacts against hard surfaces. The Instrumented Sphere (IS), an impact recorder, was handled along with onions in packing line operations to record the impacts caused by the lines. In the laboratory, impact tests using the IS and both freshly harvested and cured ‘Spartan Banner 80’ onions were conducted to estimate the impact conditions which initiate bruising. Bruising initiated at a 10 mm (0.39 in.) drop onto steel for the freshly harvested onions compared to 6 mm (0.24 in.) for the cured onions. The IS recorded 85 and 56 peak G for these respective drops. Many impacts on hard surfaces exceeding these G levels were recorded on the packing lines. It is yet unknown what amount of bruising will result in discoloration, decay, or a reduction in shelf life after storage. But, improvements of packing line handling operations would reduce the impact levels and related bruising determined from this research.