Search

Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes are relevant foodborne bacterial pathogens which may cause serious intoxications and infectious diseases in humans. In this study, a sensitive immunochromatographic analysis (ICA) for the simultaneous detection of these two pathogens was developed. For this, test strips containing two test zones with specific monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against lipopolysaccharides of S. typhimurium and L. monocytogenes and one control zone with secondary antibodies were designed, and the double-assay conditions were optimized to ensure high analytical parameters. Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) were used as nanozyme labels and were conjugated with specific MAbs to perform a sandwich format of the ICA. Peroxidase-mimic properties of PBNPs allowed for the catalytic amplification of the colorimetric signal on test strips, enhancing the assay sensitivity. The limits of detection (LODs) of Salmonella and Listeria cells were 2 × 102 and 7 × 103 cells/mL, respectively. LODs were 100-fold less than those achieved due to the ICA based on the traditional gold label. The developed double ICA was approbated for the detection of bacteria in cow milk samples, which were processed by simple dilution by buffer before the assay. For S. typhimurium and L. monocytogenes, the recoveries from milk were 86.3 ± 9.8 and 118.2 ± 10.5% and correlated well with those estimated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a reference method. The proposed approach was characterized by high specificity: no cross-reactivity with other bacteria strains was observed. The assay satisfies the requirements for rapid tests: a full cycle from sample acquisition to result assessment in less than half an hour. The developed ICA has a high application potential for the multiplex detection of other foodborne pathogens.

The etiology of hair loss remains enigmatic, and current remedies remain inadequate. Transcriptome analysis of aging hair follicles uncovered changes in immune pathways, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Our findings demonstrate that the maintenance of hair follicle homeostasis and the regeneration capacity after damage depend on TLR2 in hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). In healthy hair follicles, TLR2 is expressed in a cycle-dependent manner and governs HFSCs activation by countering inhibitory BMP signaling. Hair follicles in aging and obesity exhibit a decrease in both TLR2 and its endogenous ligand carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP), a metabolite of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Administration of CEP stimulates hair regeneration through a TLR2-dependent mechanism. These results establish a novel connection between TLR2-mediated innate immunity and HFSC activation, which is pivotal to hair follicle health and the prevention of hair loss and provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention.

The purpose of these studies was to establish the influence of the microstructural and rheological characteristics of modified bitumen compositions on the strength indicators of asphalt concrete. The effect of additives concentration on the rheological characteristics and microstructure of binary “bitumen–surfactant”, “bitumen-AG-4I”, and ternary “bitumen-AG-4I-AG-4I” systems has been studied. To assess the effect of bitumen dispersion on the physical and mechanical characteristics of modified asphalt concrete samples, the compressive strength value was determined. The following chemicals have been used as additives: the original product AS-1, industrial additive AMDOR-10, and used sealant AG-4I, a product based on polyisobutylene and petroleum oils. At an increased content of AG-4I (C ≥ 1.0 g/dm3) in ternary systems, the contribution of the emerging intermolecular polyisobutylene network to the development of structuring processes increases while the viscous effect of the surfactant AS-1 decreases. It has been established that the minimum size of bee-like bitumen structures (1.66 µm) is recorded with the joint presence of additives in the bitumen, AS-1 at a level of 1.0 g/dm3 and AG-4I at a level of 1.0 g/dm3. Under the same concentration regimes of the ternary bitumen composition, the maximum increase in compressive strength RD was achieved with the smallest size of bee-like structures of modified bitumen.

The purpose of this study was to optimize the processes of wetting fillers by varying the content of such additives as a surfactant and polymer in bitumen–mineral compositions in order to achieve optimal performance. The cosine of the contact angle was used as a criterion for assessing the adhesion of the bitumen binder to the surface of crushed stone. The effect of the additives’ concentration on surface tension and adhesive efficiency in binary and ternary bitumen compositions was studied. The following chemicals were used as additives: the original product AS-1, industrial additive AMDOR-10, and used sealant AG-4I, a product based on polyisobutylene and petroleum oils. AS-1 was obtained from the oil refining waste in the laboratory of M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University. The ternary “bitumen–AG-4I–AS-1” composition provided a maximum decrease in the contact angle by 15.96° (gray crushed stone) and by 14.06° (red crushed stone) relative to original bitumen, providing better wettability of the mineral filler particles with the bitumen, and as a result, maximum adhesion between the bitumen and crushed stone. The optimal performance of the bitumen–mineral composition was recorded with the joint presence of additives in the bitumen: AS-1 at a level of 1.0 g/dm3 and AG-4I at a level of 1.0 g/dm3.

In this study, we developed a sensitive immunochromatographic analysis (ICA) of the Salmonella typhimurium bacterial pathogen contaminating food products and causing foodborne illness. The ICA of S. typhimurium was performed using Au@Pt nanozyme as a label ensuring both colorimetric detection and catalytic amplification of the analytical signal due to nanozyme peroxidase-mimic properties. The enhanced ICA enabled the detection of S. typhimurium cells with the visual limit of detection (LOD) of 2 × 102 CFU/mL, which outperformed the LOD in the ICA with traditional gold nanoparticles by two orders of magnitude. The assay duration was 15 min. The specificity of the developed assay was tested using cells from various Salmonella species as well as other foodborne pathogens; it was shown that the test system detected only S. typhimurium. The applicability of ICA for the determination of Salmonella in food was confirmed in several samples of milk with different fat content, as well as chicken meat. For these real samples, simple pretreatment procedures were proposed. Recoveries of Salmonella in foodstuffs were from 74.8 to 94.5%. Due to rapidity and sensitivity, the proposed test system is a promising tool for the point-of-care control of the Salmonella contamination of different food products on the whole farm-to-table chain.

We proposed a method for the simultaneous rapid determination of four protein cardiomarkers (Câreactive protein, cystatin C, myoglobin, and D-dimer) in the blood plasma of patients with cardiopathologies. A change in the concentration of each of the proteins separately may indicate specific pathological processes in a human body, and a simultaneous increase in the concentration of all four markers indicates the possible development of acute cardiopathology. Rapid analysis is based on the immunomagnetic affinity separation of target proteins from blood samples using a fluorescent label for each protein under study. The proposed method is automated and optimized for determining physiological and pathological concentrations of target blood markers. An automatic bioanalytical platform is developed based on the proposed method; it enables the rapid determination of cardiomarkers in 17 [micro]L of blood plasma within 14 min., Author(s): N. L. Nechaeva [sup.1], O. N. Sorokina [sup.1], T. S. Konstantinova [sup.1], A. D. Vasil'eva [sup.1], L. V. Yurina [sup.1], N. A. Byzova [sup.2], A. E. Bugrova [sup.1], S. [...]

Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes are relevant foodborne bacterial pathogens which may cause serious intoxications and infectious diseases in humans. In this study, a sensitive immunochromatographic analysis (ICA) for the simultaneous detection of these two pathogens was developed. For this, test strips containing two test zones with specific monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against lipopolysaccharides of S. typhimurium and L. monocytogenes and one control zone with secondary antibodies were designed, and the double-assay conditions were optimized to ensure high analytical parameters. Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) were used as nanozyme labels and were conjugated with specific MAbs to perform a sandwich format of the ICA. Peroxidase-mimic properties of PBNPs allowed for the catalytic amplification of the colorimetric signal on test strips, enhancing the assay sensitivity. The limits of detection (LODs) of Salmonella and Listeria cells were 2 × 102 and 7 × 103 cells/mL, respectively. LODs were 100-fold less than those achieved due to the ICA based on the traditional gold label. The developed double ICA was approbated for the detection of bacteria in cow milk samples, which were processed by simple dilution by buffer before the assay. For S. typhimurium and L. monocytogenes, the recoveries from milk were 86.3 ± 9.8 and 118.2 ± 10.5% and correlated well with those estimated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a reference method. The proposed approach was characterized by high specificity: no cross-reactivity with other bacteria strains was observed. The assay satisfies the requirements for rapid tests: a full cycle from sample acquisition to result assessment in less than half an hour. The developed ICA has a high application potential for the multiplex detection of other foodborne pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analytical applications of antibodies are often associated with their immobilization on different carriers, which is accompanied by a loss of antigen-binding activity for a sufficient proportion of the bound antibodies. In contrast to data on plain carriers, minimal data are available on the properties of antibodies on the surfaces of nanoparticles. Protein antigens have been predominantly investigated, for which space restrictions do not allow them to occupy all active sites of immobilized antibodies. This study considered a low-molecular-weight compound, fluorescein, as an antigen. Spherical gold nanoparticles with five different sizes, two differently charged forms of fluorescein, and three different levels of surface coverage by immobilized antibodies were tested. For gold nanoparticles with diameters from 14 to 35.5 nm with monolayers of immobilized antibodies, the percentage of molecules capable of binding carboxyfluorescein varied from 6% to 17%. The binding of aminofluorescein was more efficient; for gold nanoparticles with an average diameter of 21 nm, the percentage of active binding sites for the immobilized antibodies reached 27% compared with 13% for the carboxyfluorescein case. A fourfold reduction in the coverage of the nanoparticles’ surface compared with that of the monolayer did not lead to reliable changes in the percentage of active binding sites. The obtained data demonstrate that an antigen’s binding to immobilized antibodies is limited even for small antigens and depends on the size of the nanoparticles and the electrostatic repulsion near their surface.

Improving the durability of asphalt concrete road surfaces by increasing their moisture resistance is an urgent task. Modified bituminous binders should be compacted into coatings with the lowest possible water saturation. The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of modifiers on the hydrophobicity of bituminous films in order to achieve minimum water saturation and to build a mathematical model of the wetting process with water. As modifiers, we used a product of amination of distillation residues of petrochemistry, waste sealing liquid (a solution of high molecular weight polyisobutylene in mineral oil), and a condensation product of polyamines and higher fatty acids. The water-repellent effect of modifiers was studied by measuring the contact angle of bituminous film with a water drop. The water saturation of asphalt concrete samples was determined by the amount of water absorbed by asphalt concrete at 20 °C. A close correlation was revealed between the hydrophobicity of modified bitumen and the water saturation of asphalt concrete. Generalized equations and a graphical representation of a function of several variables allowed for optimizing compositions by the content of modifiers to achieve the required performance properties of asphalt concrete coatings.

Metacognitive processes are important for the success in the wide range of educational activities of youth and young adults. However, the positive correlations between metacognition and academic achievements are not high enough, and the instruments used in these studies might be the reason. We explored the factor structure of the Russian version of the questionnaire “Metacognitive Awareness Inventory” developed by G. Schraw and R. Dennison and adapted by A.V. Karpov and I.M. Skityaeva into Russian. The participants of our study were 527 residents of St. Petersburg, which were studying at the university at the time. Among them there were 366 students getting their first diploma and 161students getting their second diploma (average age 23.8 ± 8.8). In this article the authors present the results of a confirmatory factor analysis of four models, which are the most frequently used in foreign and Russian literature: unidimensional model; two different two-factor models; eight-factor model. Evaluation of the model fit indices for the four models showed that none of them were a god fit. We reduced the number of items of the questionnaire and re-implemented the factor analysis of these four models. The values of indicators of a good model fit improved. In the short version of the questionnaire “Metacognitive Awareness Inventory” the authors discovered two scales – knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition, which included 8 subscales: declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge, conditional knowledge, planning, information management strategies, comprehension monitoring, debugging strategies, evaluation.

Reliable detection of specific antibodies against pathogens by lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) greatly depends on the composition of the detectable complex and the order of its assembly. We compared three LFIA formats for revealing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in sera with the following detected complexes in the analytical zone of the strip: antigen–antibodies–labeled immunoglobulin-binding protein (Scheme A); antigen–antibodies–labeled antigen (Scheme B); and immunoglobulin-binding protein–antibodies–labeled antigen (Scheme C). The lowest detection limit was observed for Scheme C, and was equal to 10 ng/mL of specific humanized monoclonal antibodies. When working with pooled positive sera, Scheme C had a detection limit 15 times lower than Scheme B and 255 times lower than Scheme A. Due to the high sensitivity of Scheme C, its application for the panel of human sera (n = 22) demonstrated 100% diagnostic specificity and sensitivity. These consistent results be useful for designing the format of LFIA serodiagnosis for other diseases.

The relevance of this research is dictated by the need for solutions in the field of recycling various industrial wastes in order to use them as part of a new product. The object of research is the spent sealant AG-4I, which is used in large volumes at energy facilities, oil and gas production enterprises, machine-building plants, municipal utilities and other industries in heating systems. Recycling saves natural resources, reduces solid waste, air and water pollution, and harmful emissions to the atmosphere. The road construction industry can use recycled materials as part of asphalt pavements. Modification of asphalt concrete mixes with industrial waste is a priority in order to reduce the huge amount of waste generated from various sources. The aim of this work was to study the possibility of recycling the spent sealing liquid AG-4I as part of asphalt concrete compositions for modification. Methods: rheological methods, structural and mechanical methods for evaluating the quality of films and coatings. Results. The authors have determined the physicochemical and rheological characteristics of the spent sealing liquid in the bitumen compositions. As a result of the research, it was found that the preservation of the test sealing liquid in the preferred solid form is impossible, since attempts to polymerize polyisobutylene in the composition of the sealing liquid waste did not lead to changes in the composition. It is established that the test sealing liquid introduction into asphalt concrete compositions allows it to be used as a stabilizing and hydrophobizing additive. As a result, the adhesion to mineral fillers and the strength of coatings are improved.

Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids contributes to different aspects of the inflammatory response due to the variety of products generated. Specifically, the oxidation of DHA produces the end-product, carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP), which forms a covalent adduct with proteins via an ϵ-amino group of lysines. Previously, we found that CEP formation is dramatically increased in inflamed tissue and CEP-modified albumin and fibrinogen became ligands for αDβ2 (CD11d/CD18) and αMβ2 (CD11b/CD18) integrins. In this study, we evaluated the effect of extracellular matrix (ECM) modification with CEP on the adhesive properties of M1-polarized macrophages, particularly during chronic inflammation. Using digested atherosclerotic lesions and in vitro oxidation assays, we demonstrated the ability of ECM proteins to form adducts with CEP, particularly, DHA oxidation leads to the formation of CEP adducts with collagen IV and laminin, but not with collagen I. Using integrin αDβ2-transfected HEK293 cells, WT and αD−/− mouse M1-polarized macrophages, we revealed that CEP-modified proteins support stronger cell adhesion and spreading when compared with natural ECM ligands such as collagen IV, laminin, and fibrinogen. Integrin αDβ2 is critical for M1 macrophage adhesion to CEP. Based on biolayer interferometry results, the isolated αD I-domain demonstrates markedly higher binding affinity to CEP compared to the “natural” αDβ2 ligand fibrinogen. Finally, the presence of CEP-modified proteins in a 3D fibrin matrix significantly increased M1 macrophage retention. Therefore, CEP modification converts ECM proteins to αDβ2-recognition ligands by changing a positively charged lysine to negatively charged CEP, which increases M1 macrophage adhesion to ECM and promotes macrophage retention during detrimental inflammation, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammation.

During development and pathologies of the central nervous system, blood vessels are closely connected with the innate immune cells, microglia. Here, the authors report that microglia adjust their angiogenic program to shape blood vessels and may depend on tissue stiffness.

One type of effective muscular disorders therapy is horseback riding. The main objective of the present study is developing a physiotherapeutic simulator (concept proof) instead of a real horse though employing the Electroencephalography (EEG) amplifier and inertial motion capture system (IMCS). In the experiment, the professional and non-professional rider's body movements and brain-behaviors monitored during the horseback riding simulator. The computational analysis for identifying the alterations of the pelvic area activity among two group riders were considered based on the IMCS. The EEG system was used for investigating the brain signals of the experienced horseback rider who had never experienced using horse simulator. For this purpose, the following experiments were handled, representing body and brain-behavior. As a result, it was concluded, that inexperienced horseback riders tend to make movement mistakes while riding a simulator, which may cause asymmetry shift in external hip and back regions. The study of EEG shows that the frontal lobes, which are responsible for intelligence and concentration were activated. Also, the temporal and the parietal areas of the brain which are responsible for movements and vision were activated significantly, respectively.

The paper presents development and characterization of a new bioanalytical test system for rapid detection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and whole cells of Francisella tularensis, a causative agent of tularemia, in water samples. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated by the obtained anti-LPS monoclonal antibodies were used for the assay. Their contact with antigen in tested samples leads to aggregation with a shift of absorption spectra from red to blue. Photometric measurements at 530 nm indicated the analyte presence. Three preparations of AuNPs with different diameters were compared, and the AuNPs having average diameter of 34 nm were found to be optimal. The assay is implemented in 20 min and is characterized by detection limits equal to 40 ng/mL for LPS and 3 × 104 CFU/mL for whole cells of F. tularensis. Thus, the proposed simple one-step assay integrates sensitivity comparable with other immunoassay of microorganisms and rapidity. Selectivity of the assay for different strains of F. tularensis was tested and the possibility to choose its variants with the use of different antibodies to distinguish virulent and non-virulent strains or to detect both kinds of F. tularensis was found. The test system has been successfully implemented to reveal the analyte in natural and tap water samples without the loss of sensitivity.

In this research, by using the finite element method, the effect of five parameters (density of a liquid mineral fertilizer (ρ), its temperature (T), tank wall thickness (L), spacing of stiffeners (K) and stiffeners height (h)) on the strength of standard polyethylene rotomolded tanks used for storage of liquid mineral fertilizers (LMF) was studied. Using the Taguchi method, it was found that these parameters are ranked according to the degree of their influence (in decreasing order) on: maximum stresses (ρ>L>h>T>K), maximum stresses in the tank walls (ρ>L>K>T>h) and deformations of the tank ( for DX/DY: ρ>L>h>T>K and for DZ: ρ>L>h>K>T). Validation of the FEM strength calculations was carried out, which showed satisfactory convergence of the calculated and experimental values. Generalized equations are derived that describe the effect of all five studied parameters on P, PW and tank deformations (along the X, Y and Z axes). On the basis of the derived equations, a nomogram has been constructed, which makes it possible to choose the optimal wall thickness that will correspond to the LMF density and storage temperature. Applying the optimal wall thickness ensures a guaranteed service life of at least 50 years, minimizing the risk of environmental accidents caused by tank failure and the release of LMF and associated toxic substances into groundwater. This research offers valuable insights for designing safer and more durable storage tanks for liquid mineral fertilizers. As an optimal design of the tank for storing the most common fertilizer UAN-32 (Urea Ammonium Nitrate, 32 % nitrogen), with a density of 1.32 g/cm³ and at storage temperatures up to 40 °C, the following values of structural parameters are recommended: L=10 mm, K=38 mm, and h=4 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Nowadays, the development of national competitiveness depends on many factors, but the quality of human capital is first of all. One of priority tasks of education system in Russian Federation is search and support of gifted children and teenagers: creation of conditions for their productive education, full upbringing and optimum development of their abilities providing further maximum self-realisation of a person. Today, however, the implementation of these requirements is real only in megalopolises, large regional centers, but not in small cities, which have no sufficient resources and environment conditions, cultivating potential of every gifted child, especially in the case of art talent. The shortage of highly skilled teachers and cultural industry, weak involvement into cultural life (inability to attend concerts, theatrical performances, exhibitions, etc.), very limited access to participation in creative competitions, olympiads, competitions – all this negatively affects motivation engage in art activity and can lead to serious personal crises and waste of talent.The aim of the article was to reveal the content of models of work with musically gifted children, who have certain problems that block their creative development.Methodology and research methods. The research was based on personally-oriented and system-based approaches to education of gifted children. The authors considered the ideas of Russian and foreign researchers about the need for pedagogical support of gifted children, who have problems in general and cultural development. The methods of theoretical analysis of scientific and scientific-methodological resources, comparative analysis of the results of practical activity, generalisation, oral and written survey and modeling were employed.Results and scientific novelty. The most common challenges of the development of gifted children, who live in towns, are revealed: lack of motivation for creativity and further development; a low level of general culture; tense atmosphere in family, which is expressed most often in the inattentive relation of parents to interests and abilities of a child. The specialists of Ural Musical College and children’s art schools of the city of Ekaterinburg and Sverdlovsk region developed and approved the models of social and pedagogical support of gifted children to eliminate the causes of their failures in education. According to the classification of problems in the development of gifted children, three types of personally-oriented models are offered: 1) motivation to creative activity, 2) cultural self-enrichment, 3) conditions for creative development of the child in family. The realisation of each model should be based on close cooperation of staff members of specialised centres (e.g. in musical college) for work with musically gifted children, teachers of children’s music schools, teachers of educational institutions of towns, children and their parents. The most effective activities, contributing to the solution of the formulated tasks of each model, are identified: concert-performing, cultural-educational and analytical (fixation and reflection of the results of creative development).Practical significance. The experimental testing of models proved the efficiency and possibility of complete and partial use of their components in Russian schools in order to manage the process of development of musically gifted pupils.

The presence of pathogen-specific antibodies in the blood is widely controlled by a serodiagnostic technique based on the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). However, its common one-stage format with an antigen immobilized in the binding zone of a test strip and a nanodispersed label conjugated with immunoglobulin-binding proteins is associated with risks of very low analytical signals. In this study, the first stage of the immunochromatographic serodiagnosis was carried out in its traditional format using a conjugate of gold nanoparticles with staphylococcal immunoglobulin-binding protein A and an antigen immobilized on a working membrane. At the second stage, a labeled immunoglobulin-binding protein was added, which enhanced the coloration of the bound immune complexes. The use of two separated steps, binding of specific antibodies, and further coloration of the formed complexes, allowed for a significant reduction of the influence of non-specific immunoglobulins on the assay results. The proposed approach was applied for the serodiagnosis using a recombinant RBD protein of SARS-CoV-2. As a result, an increase in the intensity of test zone coloration by more than two orders of magnitude was demonstrated, which enabled the significant reduction of false-negative results. The diagnostic sensitivity of the LFIA was 62.5% for the common format and 100% for the enhanced format. Moreover, the diagnostic specificity of both variants was 100%.

Rapid non-laboratory screening of plants for pathogenic viruses crucially influences crop yields in modern agricultural technologies. The aim of this study was to develop a highly-sensitive lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for rapid detection of potato leafroll virus (PLRV), an infectious agent of one of the most widespread potato diseases. The proposed LFIA combines the formation of sandwich immune complexes with gold nanoparticles (GNP) as labels and silver enhancement. The enhancement stage was realized using mixture of silver lactate and hydroquinone and subsequent addition of chloride-containing buffer to stop silver reduction. LFIA with silver enhancement was 15 times more sensitive (detection limit 0.2 ng/mL; 15 min) compared with conventional LFIA (detection limit 3 ng/mL; 10 min). The enhanced LFIA detected PLRV in leaves’ extracts of infected potato in dilutions higher than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The current COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demand for pathogen detection methods that combine low detection limits with rapid results. Despite the significant progress in methods and devices for nucleic acid amplification, immunochemical methods are still preferred for mass testing without specialized laboratories and highly qualified personnel. The most widely used immunoassays are microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with photometric detection and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) with visual results assessment. However, the disadvantage of ELISA is its considerable duration, and that of LFIA is its low sensitivity. In this study, the modified LFIA of a specific antigen of the causative agent of COVID-19, spike receptor-binding domain, was developed and characterized. This modified LFIA includes the use of gold nanoparticles with immobilized antibodies and 4-mercaptobenzoic acid as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanotag and registration of the nanotag binding by SERS spectrometry. To enhance the sensitivity of LFIA-SERS analysis, we determined the optimal compositions of SERS nanotags and membranes used in LFIA. For benchmark comparison, ELISA and conventional colorimetric LFIA were used with the same immune reagents. The proposed method combines a low detection limit of 0.1 ng/mL (at 0.4 ng/mL for ELISA and 1 ng/mL for qualitative LFIA) with a short assay time equal to 20 min (at 3.5 h for ELISA and 15 min for LFIA). The results obtained demonstrate the promise of using the SERS effects in membrane immuno-analytical systems.