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Abstract Introduction For most people, gender identity is consistent with biological sex and such people are called cisgender. People in whom such a relationship does not occur or occurs to a lesser extent are referred to as gender non-conforming—and these include transgender, non-binary, agender and gender-fluid people. These individuals are usually affected by minority stress, which, combined with the circumstances of the pandemic and Russian aggression against Ukraine, may have led to mental disorders and sleep disorders in this population. The aim of the study was to analyze the symptoms of anxiety, depression and insomnia in a group of Polish youth during the Covid-19 pandemic and the outbreak of the war in Ukraine, taking into consideration gender differences, including non-binary gender. Methods The study involved 1621 secondary school students aged 14 to 19, the average age was 16.73 ± 1.35, including 857 girls, 690 boys and 74 people who defined their gender as non-binary. A set of questionnaires for the Diagnosis of Depression in Children (CDI 2), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the X-1 subscale, The Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and an original questionnaire of sociodemographic data were used in research. Results Analyzing the results obtained in the study group, the respondents scored an average of 17.99 ± 9.55 points in the assessment of depressive symptoms. After division into groups taking into account gender, the corresponding score was 19.69 ± 9.40 points for girls, 15.03 ± 8.68 for boys and 25.86 ± 9.91 for non-binary people. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.000) in all three study groups. In the anxiety symptoms assessment, the respondents scored an average of 46.92 ± 11.67 points. After division into gender groups, the corresponding score was 49.21 ± 11.12 points for girls, 43.39 ± 11.47 for boys and 53.39 ± 10.41 for non-binary people. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.000) in all three study groups. Analyzing the results obtained in The Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), the average score was 8.31 ± 4.58 points, which allows to evaluate sleep onset as a norm. After dividing into groups, the results were 8.95 ± 4.55 points, respectively for girls, 7.19 ± 4.21 points for boys and 11.35 ± 5.43 for non-binary people, the difference was significant in terms of comparisons between all statistically tested groups. The analysis of the relationships between the studied variables was presented for each gender separately. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the results obtained on the scale assessing depressive symptoms (CDI-2) and anxiety symptoms (STAI-X1) and the results obtained on the AIS scale. Conclusions Among the studied group of teenagers, the highest intensity of depressive symptoms is demonstrated by non-binary people, followed by females, and finally by males. Similar results were obtained in the assessment of anxiety symptoms. The non-binary group achieved results indicating sleep disorders, while the cisgender group's results of sleep onset were borderline normal. Whatsmore, the greater the severity of depressive and anxiety disorders, the greater the sleep disorders in all study groups, regardless of gender.

We use a wide range of models (time series, semi-structural and structural) to estimate, project and explain the evolution of the natural rate of interest (NRI) in Poland (PL) and in the euro area (EA). Our findings are as follows: (i) the NRIs declined significantly in both PL and the EA over the last two decades, (ii) our most recent short-term estimates point towards a mildly negative NRI in PL and appreciably more negative NRI in the EA, (iii) our most recent medium-term estimates point towards a mildly positive NRI in PL and a slightly negative NRI in the EA, (iv) the NRI in PL remained consistently above the NRI in the EA by an average of 2–3 pp, (v) the main drivers of the declining NRIs were demographics and the worldwide productivity slowdown, (vi) the main driver of the higher NRI in PL than in the EA was the productivity catch-up in PL, (vii) we expect the NRI in PL to significantly converge to the EA level by the mid-2030s.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between ego-resiliency and the intensity of health behaviors among Polish health sciences students. Methods The study involved 483 students from health-related faculties in southern Poland, consisting of 314 women (63.7%) and 179 men (36.3%). The average age of the participants was 21.7 ± 2.5 years. To assess resiliency (ER), the Ego-Resiliency Scale (ER89-R12) by Block and Kremen was used in its Polish adaptation. The intensity of health behaviors was examined using the Health Behavior Inventory (HBI) developed by Z. Juczyński. Results The results revealed a positive correlation between the intensity of health behaviors and ER (r = 0.43, p

The kinetics of phase transformations in the nitriding process α-Fe → γ’-Fe4N → ε-Fe3-2N of the pre-reduced iron ammonia synthesis catalyst was investigated under in situ conditions (atmospheric pressure, 350 °C) by measuring changes of mass, gas phase composition, and magnetic permeability in a differential tubular reactor. The iron nanocrystallite size distribution according to their specific active surface areas was measured, and it was found that the catalyst is bimodal as the sum of two Gaussian distributions, also differing in the value of the relative magnetic permeability. Relative magnetic permeability of small α-Fe crystals in relation to large crystals is higher by 0.02. In the area of α → γ’ transformation, the magnetic permeability dependencies change, proving the existence of two mechanisms of the α-Fe structure change in the α-Fe → γ’-Fe4N transformation. In the first area, a solution of α-Fe (N) is formed with a continuous and insignificant change of the crystal lattice parameters of the iron lattice. In the second area, there is a step, oscillatory change in the parameters of the iron crystal lattice in FexN (x = 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 mol/mol). In the range of γ’-Fe4N → ε-Fe3-2N transformation, a solution is formed, with nitrogen concentration varying from 0.25–0.45 mol/mol. During the final stage of the nitriding process, at a constant value of the relative magnetic permeability, only the concentration of nitrogen in the solution εr increases. The rate of the phenomenon studied is limited by a diffusion rate through the top layer of atoms on the surface of iron nanocrystallite. The estimated value of the nitrogen diffusion coefficient varied exponentially with the degree of nitriding. In the area of the solution, the diffusion coefficient is approximately constant and amounts to 5 nm2/s. In the area of oscillatory changes, the average diffusion coefficient changes in the range of 3–11 nm2/s, and is inversely proportional to the nitrogen content degree. The advantage of the research method proposed in this paper is the possibility of simultaneously recording, under reaction conditions, changes in the values of several process parameters necessary to describe the process. The research results obtained in this way can be used to develop such fields of knowledge as heterogeneous catalysis, materials engineering, sensorics, etc.

Teaching English as a foreign language in an English for Specific Purposes (ESP) context requires certain particular skills from teachers. The usual group comprises students with different proficiency levels, learning experiences, and diverse course expectations. Thus, ESP teachers need to achieve broad goals because they need to both develop students' general language proficiency and teach highly specialized technical vocabulary. This article provides accounts of students' concerns and expectations from ESP courses as captured in a small-scale survey. This explanation is followed by practical guidelines for teachers in this particularly demanding educational area. Lastly, this article discusses didactic implications based on classroom observations in Poland.

Objective. The aim of the study was to assess some psychological factors that may be related to the attitude towards vaccination against COVID-19. Methods. The study involved 419 responders, including 317 people aged 36.10 ± 13.41 years who received vaccination against COVID-19 and 102 people aged 38.16 ± 12.33 years who decided not to be vaccinated. The study was conducted online in January-June 2022 in the Polish population. The following methods were used for the study: the generic conspiracist beliefs scale (GCBS), the perceived stress scale (PSS-10), and the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI-X2). Results. In the conspiracy beliefs questionnaire, an average score of 34.41 ± 12.95 points was obtained in the vaccinated group and in the unvaccinated group 48.67 ± 13.62 points. The difference was statistically significant (P

Abstract Summary Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder in the adolescent population. Resulting from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, social, and environmental factors, it affects disturbances in everyday functioning in many aspects of life. The aim of the study was to analyze the factors related to the occurrence of insomnia among high school students. Material The study was conducted among 2364 high school students aged between 14 and 19 years old (the average age 17.92 ± 1.10), of which there were 2068 girls and 295 boys. Method Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and authorial demographic data questionnaire involved questions about physical activity during the day, smoking, frequency of upper respiratory tract infections, problems with concentration and memory, school achievements, and the use of mobile devices at bedtime were used to assess examined parameters. The scale and questionnaires were shared on-line via social media. Results Analyzing the results obtained in the study group, the average score of 8.42 ± 4.16 was obtained in the AIS, which allows the assessment of sleep disorders bordering on normal. After division into groups of girls and boys, 8.38 ± 4.56 points were obtained, respectively for girls and 8.43 ± 4.27pts. for boys - the difference was not statistically significant. Similarly, statistically significant differences were not found when dividing the groups into the one in which adolescents used the phone just before bedtime and the one that did not use it. The act of sleeping alone or with another person in the room also did not differentiate the groups statistically, as well as the place of residence. Statistically significant worse results in the AIS scale were obtained by people who declared worse physical activity during the day and smoking cigarettes, as well as those who reported more frequent problems with concentration and memory, had worse school performance and suffered from upper respiratory infections more often. Conclusions 1). Sleep disorders may be related to factors such as smoking cigarettes or lack of physical activity, as well as difficulties in concentrating attention, memory disorders or worse academic performance and a tendency to contract upper respiratory tract infections. 2). Elimination of factors that may adversely affect the quality of sleep is particularly important in the group of adolescents, in whom the developing structures of the central nervous system may be particularly sensitive to deficiencies in this area. 3). Exploration of the interplay of study duration, screen time, and semester-specific stressors on sleep quality could yield further insights.

Celem prowadzonych analiz jest pokazanie, jak ukazywano macierzyństwo w czterech polskich tygodnikach opinii: Gazecie Polskiej, Newsweeku Polsce, Polityce i Wprost, w wyselekcjonowanych okresach, na przestrzeni lat 2000–2019, oraz jak rola matki rzutowała na wizerunki medialne kobiet świata polityki. Przyjęto wstępne założenia, że macierzyństwo jest w badanych publikacjach upolitycznione, a linia redakcyjna analizowanych tygodników wpływa na sposób pisania o nim. Ponadto starano się sprawdzić słuszność twierdzenia, że częściej w roli matki ukazywano żony polityków niż polityczki, a rolę matki mocniej eksponowano w obrazie polityczki polskiej niż zagranicznej. Wykorzystaną metodą badawczą była analiza zawartości wybranych publikacji pochodzących z tygodników opinii, którą przeprowadzono autorskim kluczem kategoryzacyjnym i przy wsparciu programu IBM SPSS. W toku prowadzonych analiz osiągnięto cele badawcze i potwierdzono przyjęte hipotezy. Motherhood as a Topic of Publication and an Element of Media Images of Women of the Political World in Selected Polish Opinion Weeklies The aim of the analysis conducted is to show how motherhood was portrayed in four Polish weekly opinion magazines Gazeta Polska, Newsweek Polska, Polityka and Wprost, during selected periods, over the years 2000-2019, and how the role of the mother projected media images of women in the world of politics. Preliminary assumptions were made that motherhood is politicised in the publications and that the editorial line of the surveyed weeklies influences the way they write about it. In addition, an attempt was made to test the validity of the claim that wives of politicians were more often portrayed in the role of the mother than female politicians, and the role of the mother was more strongly exposed in the portrayal of Polish female politicians than foreign ones. The research method used was a content analysis of selected publications, sourced from weekly opinion magazines, which was carried out based on the author’s categorisation key and with the support of the IBM SPSS program. In the course of the conducted analyses, the research objectives were achieved and the adopted research hypotheses were confirmed.

Road dust should be considered as a secondary source of contamination in the environment, especially when re-suspended. In our study road dust samples were collected from 8 high-capacity urban roads in two districts of Kraków (Krowodrza and Nowa Huta). Total concentration of toxic elements, such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, Pb, Ni, Ba and Se were determined using ICP –MS ELAN 6100 Perkin Elmer. A fractionation study were performed using VI step sequential extraction, according to the modified method provided by Salomons and Fӧrstner. Appropriate quality control was ensured by using reagent blanks and analysing certified reference material BCR 723 and SRM 1848a. Concentration of metals in the road dust varied as follows [mg/kg]: Cd 1.02-1.78, Cr 34.4-90.3, Cu 65-224, Mn 232-760, Zn 261-365, Co 4.32-6.46, Pb 85.6-132, Ni 32.2-43.9, Ba 98.9-104 and Se 78.3-132. Degree of contamination of road dust from Nowa Huta was very high (Cdeg 54) and considerable for road dust from Krowodrza (Cdeg 25). Results revealed that road dust samples were heavily contaminated with Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, Pb, Ni, Ba and Se, in amounts exceeding multiple times geochemical background values. The chemical speciation study using VI step sequential extraction, followed by assessing risk assessment code (RAC) revealed that elements in road dust are mostly bound with mobile and easy bioavailable fractions such as carbonates and exchangeable cations, with the exception for Cr and Cu being mostly associated and fixed with residual and organic matter fraction.

Objective. The aim of the study was to assess some psychological factors that may be related to the attitude towards vaccination against COVID‐19. Methods. The study involved 419 responders, including 317 people aged 36.10 ± 13.41 years who received vaccination against COVID‐19 and 102 people aged 38.16 ± 12.33 years who decided not to be vaccinated. The study was conducted online in January‐June 2022 in the Polish population. The following methods were used for the study: the generic conspiracist beliefs scale (GCBS), the perceived stress scale (PSS‐10), and the state‐trait anxiety inventory (STAI‐X2). Results. In the conspiracy beliefs questionnaire, an average score of 34.41 ± 12.95 points was obtained in the vaccinated group and in the unvaccinated group 48.67 ± 13.62 points. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). In the PSS‐10 questionnaire, the vaccinated respondents obtained an average score of 19.55 ± 6.75 points, and in the unvaccinated group, the mean score was 18.44 ± 7 points. When comparing the two groups, no statistically significant differences were found. In the vaccinated group, the mean score was 46.96 ± 7.69 points in the state anxiety questionnaire (X2), and 45.85 ± 8.18 points in the unvaccinated group. There were no statistically significant differences between the study groups. Significant positive correlations were found in the results obtained in the conspiracy thinking scale (GCBS), the PSS‐10 stress scale, and the anxiety scale as a personality trait (STAI‐X2) in both study groups. Conclusions. People presenting conspiracy thinking may be more likely to show antivaccine attitudes compared to people not showing a tendency to this kind of thinking. Conspiracy thinking may not only be associated with a high level of anxiety as a personality trait but also with the level of experienced stress. In the group of unvaccinated people, stress was a significant predictor of conspiratorial thinking. In the group of vaccinated people, anxiety turned out to be a significant predictor of conspiracy thinking. Due to the presence of antivaccine groups, the task of the medical personnel is to educate the public. Moreover, extensive information campaigns are needed to promote vaccination safety in an accessible and understandable language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms of immune tolerance of a mother against an antigenically foreign fetus without a concomitant loss of defense capabilities against pathogens are the factors underlying the success of a pregnancy. A significant role in human defense is played by killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) receptors, which regulate the function of the natural killer (NK) cells capable of destroying antigenically foreign cells, virus-infected cells, or tumor-lesioned cells. A special subpopulation of NK cells called uterine NK cells (uNK) is found in the uterus. Disruption of the tolerance process or overactivity of immune-competent cells can lead to immune infertility, a situation in which a woman’s immune system attacks her own reproductive cells, making it impossible to conceive or maintain a pregnancy. Since the prominent role of the inflammatory response in infertility, including KIR receptors and NK cells, has been postulated, the process of antigen presentation involving major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (HLA) appears to be crucial for a successful pregnancy. Proper interactions between KIR receptors on female uNK cells and HLA class I molecules, with a predominant role for HLA-C, found on the surface of germ cells, are strategically important during embryo implantation. In addition, maintaining a functional balance between activating and inhibitory KIR receptors is essential for proper placenta formation and embryo implantation in the uterus. A disruption of this balance can lead to complications during pregnancy. The discovery of links between KIR and HLA-C has provided valuable information about the complexity of maternal–fetal immune interactions that determine the success of a pregnancy. The great diversity of maternal KIR and fetal HLA-C ligands is associated with the occurrence of KIR/HLA-C combinations that are more or less favorable for reproductive success.

Ma&lstrok;gorzata D&eogon;bska-Janus,1 Pawe&lstrok; D&eogon;bski,2 Patryk G&lstrok;ówczy&nacute;ski,2 Micha&lstrok; Rozpara,1 Karina Badura-Brzoza2 1Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland; 2Chair and Clinical Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, PolandCorrespondence: Pawe&lstrok; D&eogon;bski, Tel/Fax +48 322854358, Email pdebski@sum.edu.plPurpose: The fear for health, uncertainty, loss of freedom, boredom, and frustration accompanying the COVID-19 pandemic caused mental health burdens. Young people are particularly at a risk of emotional functioning problems. The aim of this manuscript was to verify the relationships between health behaviors and emotional functioning in health sciences students during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland.Patients and Methods: The study group comprised 493 Polish health sciences students (314 women, 179 men) aged 21.5 ± 2.25 years. The intensity of health behaviors was examined using the Health Behavior Inventory (HBI). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was carried out to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression. Stress levels were examined with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). The online versions of psychological scales were created using Google Forms software.Results: Mild anxiety symptoms were observed in 21% of examined students and moderate-to-severe in 28%. Mild depressive symptoms were observed in 14% of the study group, and 8% of the examined students suffered from moderate-to-severe depression. The mean perceived stress result was high (22.2 ± 4.1 pts.). The overall intensity of health behavior was, at the mean level, significantly higher in females compared to males. The odds of developing severe symptoms in terms of anxiety, depression, and stress in students with high levels of health-related behaviors were respectively: four times, more than seven times, and nine times lower compared to students with lower levels of these behaviors.Conclusion: Undertaking regular pro-health behavior decreased the odds of developing severe symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress in health sciences students during the COVID-19 pandemic.Keywords: anxiety, depression, stress, COVID-19 pandemic, students, health behaviors

Poland faces a particularly sharp demographic transition. The old-age dependency ratio is expected to increase from just above 20% in 2000 to over 60% in 2050. At the same time, the country has recently witnessed a huge wave of immigration, mostly from Ukraine. In this paper, we investigate how aging and migration will affect the Polish economy and what consequences these adjustments have for monetary policy. Using a general equilibrium model with life-cycle considerations, we show that the decline in the natural rate of interest (NRI) due to demographic processes is substantial, amounting to around 1.5 percentage points, albeit spread over a period of 40 years. The impact of migration flows is relatively small and cannot significantly alleviate the downward pressure on the NRI induced by populating aging. If the central bank is slow in learning about the declining NRI, an extended period of inflation running below the target is likely. In this case, the probability of hitting the zero lower bound (ZLB) becomes a major constraint on monetary policy, while it could remain under control if the central bank uses demographic trends to update the NRI estimates in real time.

The kinetics of phase transformations in the nitriding process α-Fe → γ'-Fe4N → ε-Fe3-2N of the pre-reduced iron ammonia synthesis catalyst was investigated under in situ conditions (atmospheric pressure, 350 °C) by measuring changes of mass, gas phase composition, and magnetic permeability in a differential tubular reactor. The iron nanocrystallite size distribution according to their specific active surface areas was measured, and it was found that the catalyst is bimodal as the sum of two Gaussian distributions, also differing in the value of the relative magnetic permeability. Relative magnetic permeability of small α-Fe crystals in relation to large crystals is higher by 0.02. In the area of α → γ' transformation, the magnetic permeability dependencies change, proving the existence of two mechanisms of the α-Fe structure change in the α-Fe → γ'-Fe4N transformation. In the first area, a solution of α-Fe (N) is formed with a continuous and insignificant change of the crystal lattice parameters of the iron lattice. In the second area, there is a step, oscillatory change in the parameters of the iron crystal lattice in FexN (x = 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 mol/mol). In the range of γ'-Fe4N → ε-Fe3-2N transformation, a solution is formed, with nitrogen concentration varying from 0.25–0.45 mol/mol. During the final stage of the nitriding process, at a constant value of the relative magnetic permeability, only the concentration of nitrogen in the solution εr increases. The rate of the phenomenon studied is limited by a diffusion rate through the top layer of atoms on the surface of iron nanocrystallite. The estimated value of the nitrogen diffusion coefficient varied exponentially with the degree of nitriding. In the area of the solution, the diffusion coefficient is approximately constant and amounts to 5 nm2/s. In the area of oscillatory changes, the average diffusion coefficient changes in the range of 3–11 nm2/s, and is inversely proportional to the nitrogen content degree. The advantage of the research method proposed in this paper is the possibility of simultaneously recording, under reaction conditions, changes in the values of several process parameters necessary to describe the process. The research results obtained in this way can be used to develop such fields of knowledge as heterogeneous catalysis, materials engineering, sensorics, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative methods of presenting the information contained in mathematical images, which are adapted to the needs of blind people, are significant challenges in modern education. This article presents an alternative multimodal method that substitutes the sense of sight with the sense of touch and hearing to convey graphical information. The developed method was evaluated at a center specializing in the education of the blind in Poland, on a group of 46 students aged 15–19. They solved a set of 60 high school-level problems on geometry, mathematical analysis, and various types of graphs. We assessed the mechanisms introduced for the sense of touch and hearing, as well as the overall impression of the users. The system usability scale and the NASA task load index tests were used in the evaluation. The results obtained indicate an overall increase in user satisfaction and usefulness of the proposed approach and a reduction in the workload during exercise solving. The results also show a significant impact of the proposed navigation modes on the average time to reach objects in the drawing. Therefore, the presented method could significantly contribute to the development of systems supporting multimodal education for people with blindness.

IntroductionThe aim of this cohort study was to evaluate the relationship between anthropometric and body composition parameters and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers in a group of females who were vaccinated against COVID-19 with two doses of ChAdOx1 vaccine and then boosted with the BNT162b2 vaccine.Materials and methodsThe study group consisted of 63 women. Basic demographic and clinical data were collected. To assess the anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G titers following the vaccination, five blood draws were performed: 1) before the first dose, 2) before the second dose, 3) 14-21 days after the primary vaccination, 4) before the booster, and 5) 21 days after the booster. Blood samples were analyzed using a two-step enzymatic chemiluminescent assay. Body mass index and body composition were evaluated using bioelectrical impedance analysis. To select the most distinguishing parameters and correlations between anthropometric and body composition parameters and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers, factor analysis using the Principal Component Analysis was conducted.ResultsSixty-three females (mean age: 46.52 years) who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. 40 of them (63.50%) participated in the post-booster follow-up. After receiving two doses of the ChAdOx1 vaccine, the study group's anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers were 67.19 ± 77.44 AU/mL (mean ± SD), whereas after receiving a heterologous mRNA booster, the level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers was about three-times higher and amounted to 212.64 ± 146.40 AU/mL (mean ± SD). Our data shows that seropositivity, obesity, non-fat-related, and fat-related body composition parameters all had a significant effect on the level of IgG titer after a two-dose vaccination of ChAdOx1. However, only non-fat-related and fat-related body composition parameters had a significant effect on the IgG titer after booster vaccination.ConclusionCOVID-19 infection before the first dose of vaccination is not related to IgG titer after booster administration. Body composition has a significant effect on the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG after booster vaccination in females.

Background: Monitoring the effects of treatment on disease activity, impact, and control in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is essential. We do not have enough information on how these features of CSU and its response to treatment are linked. Also, there is no information on how recurrent angioedema or coexisting chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU) affect their relation. The aim of this study was to analyse the link between disease activity, impact, and control in CSU patients and possible effects of recurrent angioedema and comorbid CIndU. Methods: To perform these analyses, we validated the Polish version of the Urticaria Control Test (UCT) in 106 chronic urticaria patients. The relationship between CSU activity, impact, and control was assessed in regard to recurrent angioedema and coexisting CIndU. Results: The Polish UCT showed high levels of validity, reliability, and sensitivity to change. Disease activity, impact, and control as well as their changes, assessed by the UAS, the CU-Q2oL, and the UCT, respectively, were strongly correlated. Recurrent angioedema or comorbid CIndU did not significantly affect the link of CSU activity, impact, and control or the relation of their changes. Conclusions: In CSU, there is a strong, albeit not perfect correlation of disease activity, impact, and control, which underlines the need to assess all 3 features of the disease in routine clinical practice. Recurrent angioedema and comorbid CIndU, which are both common and relevant in CSU, do not affect how disease activity, impact and control in patients with CSU are related to each other.