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Abstract: The importance of green spaces is evident in the UN global environment slogan. Day (held annually on June 5), which was held in North America, in San Francisco in 2005, under the theme "Green Cities: Planning for the Planet". The focus was on creating a clean, beautiful urban environment with balanced and sustainable development that aligns with the location and meets the needs of the population. In Algeria, Law No. 07-06, issued on 13/05/2007, established regulations for managing, protecting, and developing green spaces within the framework of sustainable development despite the existence of this legal framework, various issues and imbalances have been observed in green spaces across most Algerian cities. The city of M'sila serves as an example of these cities, where green spaces face several problems related to management, protection, and development. In this article, we selected Cinema garden as a sample of green spaces in M'sila. We evaluated its effectiveness according to the requirements of the aforementioned Law No. 07-06. The garden was rated as close to average, with user satisfaction also near the average level. The methodology used in this evaluation is based on the responses and information collected and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Keywords: Green spaces, park, sustainable development, protection, management, M'sila.

An electromagnetic launcher is a device that uses the interaction between the magnetic fields produced by electrical currents to accelerate a projectile. Such an accelerator constitutes an alternative to the launchers propelled by chemical reactions and offers the advantage of being able to obtain very high speeds. The aim of this paper is to compare the performances of the Conventional Rail Gun (CRG) and the Augmented Rail Gun (ARG). This last is presented in the form of a launcher (CRG) reinforced by a second pair of rails, The prototype proposed is of small gauge (60 cm in length and 15 mm in diameter). The launcher's power supply is comprised of condensers' benches, which supply current to two distinct circuits: the inner circuit connects to the projectile, while the outer circuit generates an additional magnetic field. The maximum current of the inner circuit is worth 200 kA, and that of the external circuit is equal to 300 kA. The launcher makes it possible to accelerate projectiles with one or several bridges of current; the projectile mass lies between 2.0 g and 20 g.

The characterization of phosphorite features within specific North African sedimentary series remains incomplete. Hence, the primary aim of this research is to determine the composition of powder patterns and phosphatic allochem fragments within the Jebel Dhyr syncline, situated in northeastern Algeria. By focusing on this region, the study endeavors to investigate the mineralogical properties and geochemical aspects of Paleocene-Eocene phosphorites in the broader context of North Africa. The methodology employed encompasses geological, petrographic, geochemical, and mineralogical analyses of the rocks. To achieve this objective, we have employed various techniques including thin section analysis, atomic absorption spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The geological section across the Jebel Dhyr area has revealed a succession of horizontally layered rocks. These rocks consist of eight prominent phosphorite layers interspersed with carbonate formations. Additionally, occasional thin layers of flint can be observed within these carbonate layers. XRD analysis of the whole rock established the presence of apatite group minerals such as hydroxylapatite, fluroapatite, francolite, and dahllite. Other minerals identified include carbonates, quartz, zeolites, feldspar, clays, sulphides, and gypsum. XRD recordings on the phosphatic allochem grains (pellets, coprolites, intraclasts, and shark teeth) identified different mineral phases, with coprolites and pellets showing hydroxylapatite and fluorapatite, sometimes associated with dahllite, while granules of different forms revealed hydroxylapatite associated with fluorapatite or francolite. Teeth from the Jebel Dhyr phosphate beam showed the systematic presence of fluorapatite. This study provides valuable information for the comprehensive utilization of phosphorus resources in the Algeria-Tunisia border.

Abstract : This research paper aims to shed light on the importance and role of actual decentralization and real financial independence as mechanisms to enhance governance and their implications on local development, particularly seeking concrete methods and means to reinforce these mechanisms. The research problem goes beyond recognizing the importance of urban governance in achieving local development, extending to the understanding of effective methods and approaches that allow its enhancement and activation for local communities in their pursuit of development. To achieve the research objective, the methodology relied on the descriptive-analytical approach by studying the model of the municipality of M'sila and assessing its administrative and financial independence, as well as its relationship with the noticeable development lag. Additionally, the research explored ways to enhance this independence. In conclusion, the results obtained, which can be generalized, indicate that the state, despite expanding the powers and diversifying the financial resources of local communities as stipulated by legal texts, has encountered misuse of authority and mismanagement of public funds. It has failed to achieve the desired development due to various reasons, including a lack of competencies, insufficient familiarity with management issues, and low financial capabilities of some municipalities. Therefore, these points were proposed as recommendations that need to be addressed to genuinely activate and enhance urban governance. Keywords : Urban Governance, Local Development, Local Communities, M'sila Municipality, Administrative and Financial Independence.

Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a climate-smart legume crop with adaptation to fragile agroecosystems. The genus Lathyrus is recognized for its vast genetic diversity, encompassing over 160 species, many of which are cultivated for various purposes across different regions of the world. Among these, Lathyrus sativus is widely cultivated as food, feed, and fodder in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) regions. Its global cultivation has declined substantially due to the stigma posed by the presence of neurotoxin β-N-oxalyl-L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) in its seeds and green foliage. Overconsumption for a longer period of grasspea seeds harvested from landraces may lead to a neurological disorder called neurolathyrism in humans. ODAP is an obstacle for grasspea expansion, but crop wild relatives (CWRs) have been found to offer a solution. The incorporation of CWRs, particularly Lathyrus cicera, and landraces into breeding programs may reduce the ODAP content in grasspea varieties to a safer level. Recent advances in genomics-assisted breeding have expanded the potential for utilizing challenging CWRs to develop grasspea varieties that combine ultra-low ODAP levels with improved yield, stability, and adaptability. Further progress in omics technologies—such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—along with genome sequencing and editing, has greatly accelerated the development of grasspea varieties with reduced or zero ODAP content, while also enhancing the plant’s agronomic value. This review highlights the significance of utilizing CWRs in pre-breeding programs, and harnessing advanced tools and technologies to enhance the performance, adaptability, and resilience of grasspea in response to changing environmental conditions.

Résumé : L’habitat requiert souvent une restauration et est nécessaire de l'entretenir car il est considéré comme un trésor national. Cependant, on remarque dans les villes algériennes que les rues souffrent d'un nombre de problèmes urbains et environnementaux qui surgissent dans la zone urbaine, qu'ils s'agissent de détérioration ou de déformation. Ces problèmes sont la cause de plusieurs facteurs, dont le principal est la politique de reconstruction en Algérie qui se focalise sur la résolution de la crise de résidence plutôt que sur les aspects schématiques, esthétiques et qualitatifs de la zone urbaine en général. Les utilisateurs de l'espace peuvent également affecter la zone urbaine de manière positive ou négative, d'où l'image esthétique de la ville. Cette étude vise à comprendre et analyser ce phénomène dans la ville de m’sila, en soulevant le problème des causes et des effets de la détérioration des quartiers d’habitat collectif malgré les interventions des autorités locales, la disponibilité des fonds pour améliorer et augmenter sa performance effective. Mots-clés : restauration, problèmes urbains, les utilisateurs, ville de M’sila.

Tunisia has a long tradition of viticulture, and the grapevine is used for a variety of traditional foods. The country has many plant-based dishes, which may have different compositions and names depending on the region of origin. Unfortunately, over the years, traditional preparations are no longer as popular as they used to be, due to both changing lifestyles and the introduction of new crops and foods. For example, the use of grapevine in traditional dishes has declined as traditions have been lost and habits have changed in favor of new, ready-to-eat foods. The close link between grapevine, culture and territory requires an appropriate evaluation and characterization of traditional foods in order to enhance and extend their use, ensure their sustainability and preserve the varieties used to produce them. This review analyzes the use of local grapevine varieties in different traditional dishes as a means to preserve an invaluable natural and cultural resource and heritage.

La communication digitale représente aujourd’hui un aspect important et stratégique pour les entreprises et les marques. L’importance qu’elle revêt se reflète dans le dynamisme incarné par ses technologies et supports. De nos jours, les marques disposent d’une panoplie de techniques, méthodes et approches pour s’adresser et communiquer avec leur audience. Parmi ces approches on trouve deux prépondérantes, en l’occurrence la création de contenu de marque, en vue de relever les challenges des consommateurs et satisfaire leurs besoins, et la collaboration avec des influenceurs digitaux dans le but de crédibiliser et authentifier le produit ou le service mis en avant. La problématique que le présent article tente de traiter ou résoudre s’inscrit dans le pourquoi et les raisonnements qui incitent les entreprises ou les marques à adopter ces deux différentes stratégies de communication digitale, à privilégier l’une par rapport à l’autre, et comment celles-ci peuvent être déployées pour réaliser les objectifs de la marque. Pour ce faire, et vu la nature épistémique de la problématique posée ainsi que les questionnements qu’elle soulève, nous adoptons une démarche qualitative exploratoire avec dix guides d’entretien administrés auprès des Responsables et Community Managers des marques de vêtement et de mode, dans le but de recueillir des aperçus et des perceptions sur les différents scénarii d’adoption des deux approches de communication digitale. L’objectif ultime est de saisir les divergences et les complémentarités entre ces deux approches de communication sur les réseaux sociaux, particulièrement la création de contenu de marque et la collaboration avec les influenceurs digitaux. Quant aux principaux résultats de notre recherche, la marque développe sa communauté digitale et communique avec elle à travers un contenu créatif, inventif et distinctif en premier temps. En effet, la création de contenu permet de développer des liens dans le temps et de consolider la valeur perçue aux yeux de ses adeptes. En revanche et en vue d’améliorer ou accentuer l’influence sur les réseaux sociaux, les marques n’hésitent pas à faire appel aux services des influenceurs digitaux. Cette action n’est pas prioritaire et ne se produit que lorsqu’on la juge pertinente, c’est-à-dire, suite à une planification bien étudiée, de la part de la marque, pour avoir de l’effet attendu. La recherche que nous avons menée a porté sur le secteur du vêtement et de la mode, ce qui peut en constituer une première limite. Aussi et dans la pratique, la plateforme digitale sociale Instagram est considérée comme propice pour l’influence sociale, mais se limiter à elle seule peut en produire une deuxième limite. Dans ce sens, il est recommandé de procéder à d’autres études axées sur d’autres plateformes d’interaction sociale, afin d’avoir des aperçus plus riches et élargis sur la problématique étudiée.

The current study investigates the impact of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the volatility of Moroccan stock market sectoral indices. Shannon entropy with multiple estimators and Rényi entropy for different scales were calculated from February 1, 2019 to May 1, 2022, to measure volatility in the Banking, Oil and Gas, Construction and Building Materials, Beverage, Food Producers and Processors, Distributors, and Mining sector’s indices. In this regard, this study uses three periods to quantify the uncertainty in Moroccan sectoral indices before, during, and after the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco. The empirical results from Shannon and Rényi entropies indicated higher volatility during the COVID-19 pandemic for all sectoral indices except Oil and Gas. However, the consumer staples sectors have shown a form of resilience compared to other sectors. Indeed, the impact of COVID-19 on the consumer staples sectoral indices’ volatilities was negligible compared to other sectors. In addition, investing in a portfolio composed of Mining or Construction and Building Materials stocks was risky due to the increased volatility before and during the epidemic. However, after the COVID-19 pandemic, the entropy level corresponding to all sectors has rearranged except the Beverage sector, which kept the lowest entropy during the three periods. Thus, it seems that the Beverage sector was a safe investment for the three periods. The findings are crucial for governments, businesses, private and public authorities, and investors to create recovery action plans for sensitive sectors and give investors trust to make smarter investment decisions.

Abstract Background Excess exposure to norepinephrine can compromise microcirculation and organ function. We aimed to assess the association between norepinephrine exposure and acute kidney injury (AKI) and intensive care unit (ICU) mortality after cardiac surgery. Methods This retrospective observational study included adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2017, at the Amiens University Hospital in France. The primary exposure variable was postoperative norepinephrine during the ICU stay and the primary endpoint was the presence of AKI. The secondary endpoint was in-ICU mortality. As the cohort was nonrandom, inverse probability weighting (IPW) derived from propensity scores was used to reduce imbalances in the pre- and intra-operative characteristics. Results Among a population of 5053 patients, 1605 (32%) were exposed to norepinephrine following cardiac surgery. Before weighting, the prevalence of AKI was 25% and ICU mortality 10% for patients exposed to norepinephrine. Exposure to norepinephrine was estimated to be significantly associated with AKI by a factor of 1.95 (95% confidence interval, 1.63–2.34%; P

This paper investigates the topological evolution of the Casablanca Stock Exchange (СSE) from the perspective of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Cross-correlations between the daily closing prices of the Moroccan most active shares (MADEX) index stocks from March 1, 2016 to February 18, 2022 were used to compute the minimum spanning tree (MST) maps. In addition to the whole sample, the analysis also uses three sub-periods to investigate the topological evolution before, during, and after the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco. The findings show that, compared to other periods, the mean correlation coefficient increased remarkably through the crisis period; inversely, the mean distance decreased in the same period. The MST and its related tree length support the evidence of the star-like structure, the shrinkage of the MST in times of market turbulence, and an expansion in the recovery period. Besides, the CSE network was less clustered and homogeneous before and after the crisis than in the crisis period, where the banking sector held a key role. The degree and betweenness centrality analysis showed that Itissalat Al-Maghrib and Auto Hall were the most prominent stocks before the crisis. On the other hand, Attijariwafa Bank, Banque Populaire, and Cosumar were the leading stocks during and after the crisis. Indeed, the results of this study can be used to assist policymakers and investors in incorporating subjective judgment into the portfolio optimization problem during extreme events.