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The purpose of this study was to examine the association between perceived weight change since high school and perceived factors contributing to weight change, or lack thereof, among college students. Students from a large university in the Northeast of the United States self-reported socio-demographic characteristics, and perceived factors contributing weight change (or lack thereof) via an online survey; and, completed an objective health assessment that included the anthropometric measurements. Of all participants (n = 183), most were men (61.2%), juniors/seniors (89.5%), non-Hispanic white (65.9%). Most participants reported gaining weight since high school (n = 113, 62.1%), and these participants had significantly greater abdominal girth, weight, and body fat percentage than those who maintained their weight (p < 0.005). Perceived factors contributing to weight change explained a significant portion of the variance in perceived weight change, and perceived factors contributing to weight change differed significantly between those who perceived that they had lost or gained weight. In summary, perceived weight gain despite awareness of contributing health behaviors among some students reinforces that supporting/facilitating actual health behavior changes, rather than mere awareness of healthy behaviors, should be the focus of health promotion efforts.

While international climate policies now focus on limiting global warming to well below 2 °C or pursuing a 1.5 °C level of global warming, the climate modelling community has not provided an experimental design in which all Earth system models (ESMs) converge and stabilize at the same prescribed global warming levels. This gap hampers accurate estimations based on comprehensive ESMs of the carbon emission pathways and budgets needed to meet such agreed warming levels and of the associated climate impacts under temperature stabilization. Here, we apply the Adaptive Emission Reduction Approach (AERA) with ESMs to provide such simulations in which all models converge at 1.5 and 2.0 °C warming levels by adjusting their emissions over time. These emission-driven simulations provide a wide range of emission pathways and resulting atmospheric CO2 projections for a given warming level, uncovering uncertainty ranges that were previously missing in the traditional Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) scenarios with prescribed greenhouse gas concentration pathways. Meeting the 1.5 °C warming level requires a 40 % (full model range: 7 % to 76 %) reduction in multi-model mean CO2-forcing-equivalent (CO2-fe) emissions from 2025 to 2030, a 98 % (57 % to 127 %) reduction from 2025 to 2050, and a stabilization at 1.0 (−1.7 to 2.9) PgC yr−1 from 2100 onward after the 1.5 °C global warming level is reached. Meeting the 2.0 °C warming level requires a 47 % (8 % to 92 %) reduction in multi-model mean CO2-fe emissions until 2050 and a stabilization at 1.7 (−1.5 to 2.7) PgC yr−1 from 2100 onward. The on-average positive emissions under stabilized global temperatures are the result of a decreasing transient climate response to cumulative CO2-fe emissions over time under stabilized global warming. This evolution is consistent with a slightly negative zero emissions commitment – initially assumed to be zero – and leads to an increase in the post-2025 CO2-fe emission budget by a factor of 2.2 (−0.8 to 6.9) by 2150 for the 1.5 °C warming level and a factor of 1.4 (0.9 to 2.4) for the 2.0 °C warming level compared to its first estimate in 2025. The median CO2-only carbon budget by 2150, relative to 2020, is 800 GtCO2 for the 1.5 °C warming level and 2250 GtCO2 for the 2.0 °C warming level. These median values exceed the median IPCC AR6 estimates by 60 % for the 1.5 °C warming level and 67 % for 2.0 °C. Some of the differences may be explained by the choice of the mitigation scenario for non-CO2 radiative agents. Our simulations highlight shifts in carbon uptake dynamics under stabilized temperature, such as a cessation of the carbon sinks in the North Atlantic and in tropical forests. On the other hand, the Southern Ocean remains a carbon sink centuries after temperatures stabilize. Overall, this new type of warming-level-based emission-driven simulation offers a more coherent assessment across climate models and opens up a wide range of possibilities for studying both the carbon cycle and climate impacts, such as extreme events, under climate stabilization.

Augmented reality navigation (ARN) enhances localization and operation by overlaying virtual guides onto realworld surgical fields. The study introduces a laser path anchor (LPA), a novel tool for ARN in surgery aimed at mitigating depth perception challenges. The LPA anchors the virtual planned path onto the physical laser beam, ensuring accurate puncture from any perspective. The tool consists of a rack, a primary laser emitter, an indicating laser emitter, and an AR marker with intrinsic and extrinsic properties validated through calibration and testing. Intrinsic validation involved measuring the parallelism between the indicating and primary laser using Cartesian graph screens. Extrinsic validation assessed the alignment and shortest distance between the virtual path and primary lasers. Results showed an angle deviation of 0.08° between the indicating and primary laser and 1.44° ± 0.47° between the virtual path and primary lasers, with a shortest distance of 7.60 mm ± 2.50 mm. The usability test demonstrated the LPA’s effectiveness in guiding needle insertions without altering the perspective or distracting the surgeon. Despite some limitations, the LPA enhances the user’s perception of linear objects and eliminates the need for perspective adjustments during puncture, warranting further development.

Targeting the interleukin-6 (IL-6)/glycoprotein 130 (GP130) signaling pathway holds significant promise for cancer therapy given its essential role in the survival and progression of various cancer types. We have identified that bazedoxifene (BZA), a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug used for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis, when combined with conjugated estrogens in Duavee, also has a novel function as an inhibitor of IL-6/GP130 interaction. BZA is currently under investigation for its potential anticancer therapeutic function through the inhibition of the IL-6/GP130 pathway. Numerous studies have highlighted the efficacy of BZA (monotherapy or combined with other chemotherapy drugs) in impeding progression across multiple cancers. In this review, we mainly focus on the anticancer activity of BZA and the underlying anticancer mechanism through inhibition of the IL-6/GP130 pathway, aiming to provide valuable insights for the design and execution of further research and the potential repositioning of BZA in oncological clinical trials.

Objective: To review the physical activity promotion efforts of Power 5 conference institutions' summer transition programs. Methods: The websites of Power 5 Conference and affiliate member institutions (N = 78) were systematically reviewed and information on summer transition programs pertaining to health were extracted. Results: Most (n = 45, 57.7%) institutions had a summer transition program of some kind. Among those who had summer transition programs, 14 (31.1%) had a nonphysical activity health course (i.e. health and/or nutrition), while courses that incorporated a physical activity component were uncommon (n = 6, 13.3%). Only two institutions covered physical activity, nutrition, and health in at least one offered course. Conclusions: There is an opportunity for tertiary institution-level summer transitional programs to expand coverage to address a currently unmet need for physical activity promotion while avoiding perpetuation of existing inequities.

Objective: To examine the association of CRF and adiposity with cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome among emerging adults. Participants: 5681 (60.1% Men; 21 ± 1years) college students from a large university located in the northeast of the United States. Methods: Participants completed an objective health assessment that involved the assessment cardiometabolic risk factors, CRF, and adiposity. Data of 5681 students' (60.1% Men; 21 ± 1years) who had CRF, adiposity, all risk factors necessary to determine metabolic syndrome evaluated were analyzed using logistic regression analyses. Results: Poor CRF and elevated adiposity were associated with cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome regardless of sex, with the association between adiposity and risk factors found to be stronger compared to CRF. Conclusions: Targeted and tailored screening and interventions are urgently needed to reduce adiposity and increase CRF to avoid serious short and long-term negative health outcomes in this population.

Objective: Disparities in physical activity (PA) and PA antecedents, such as exercise self-efficacy, based on the intersection of gender and race/ethnicity among college students are poorly understood. This study aimed to examine differences in PA and exercise self-efficacy based on the intersection of gender and race/ethnicity. Methods: An online survey collected data on demographics (age, gender, race/ethnicity), PA, and exercise self-efficacy from students (n = 5341) enrolled in general health and wellness at a large Northeastern U.S. University. Differences in PA and exercise self-efficacy based on gender and race/ethnicity were examined using two-way ANOVAs. Results: Analyses revealed significant differences in overall PA and exercise self-efficacy based on gender and race/ethnicity. A significant interaction between gender and race/ethnicity was found in relation to PA, but not exercise self-efficacy. Conclusion: Findings demonstrate the need for universities to tailor PA promotion efforts, and to consider how gender and race/ethnicity may intersect to influence PA participation.

Objective: To examine the association between vaping and health behaviors (physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, sleep, cigarette use, alcohol consumption) and mental health among college students. Methods: Socio-demographic characteristics, vaping, health behaviors, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms of undergraduates enrolled at a large university located in the Northeast of the United States were assessed via an online survey. Results: Of all participants (n = 1775), less than a fifth (n = 314, 17.7%) reported any vaping in the past month. More men reported vaping than women (23.2% vs. 14.5%). Those who vaped reported fewer nights of restful sleep and greater alcohol consumption. Those who smoked and binge drank were more likely to report vaping. Perceived stress was greater among women who vaped, and depressive symptoms were greater among those who vaped regardless of gender. Conclusions: Vaping was associated with smoking, alcohol consumption, and poorer mental health among young adults.

Purpose: Regular participation in bicycling offers many health benefits. Universities throughout the U.S. have a large proportion of underrepresented populations among students/employees (e.g., racial/ethnic minorities, LGBTQ+, disabled) who participate in cycling at lower rates. The purpose of this study was to understand the current practices of universities for implementing equitable bicycling programming to their students/faculty/staff. Methods: A volunteer sample of U.S. university bicycle representatives (n = 19) were interviewed to analyze current practices, barriers, motivators, and future tools for equitable programming. Results: Multiple themes emerged from the interview, including barriers to programming such as lack of personnel and finances, as well as motivators such as partnering with off-campus organizations and connecting community/university infrastructures. Conclusions: Although various barriers exist for universities which may present decreased equitable programming, university bicycle/alternative transportation departments should consider partnering with on and off-campus organizations rooted into underrepresented populations to better provide equitable programming to these populations.

While the public health emergency is over, telehealth and telepractice will continue to play a pivotal role in supporting health equity for diverse and vulnerable individuals in underserved communities. The American Occupational Therapy Association, the American Physical Therapy Association, the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, and the American Telemedicine Association are professional associations representing the interests of more than 564,000 rehabilitation services professionals in the United States. These organizations have shared priorities including legislative, regulatory, and state-based advocacy efforts. Continued advocacy and promotion by professional organizations, providers and patients alike is necessary to ensure that all rehabilitation providers are included in any telehealth lists of federally and state approved providers. In addition, key health care industry stakeholders want telehealth to be a permanent option for care delivery and ensure that telehealth will remain widely available to support health equity and access to critical rehabilitation services for all.

Since 1980, atmospheric pollutants in South Asia and India have dramatically increased in response to industrialization and agricultural development, enhancing the atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic nitrogen in the northern Indian Ocean and potentially promoting primary productivity. Concurrently, ocean warming has increased stratification and limited the supply of nutrients supporting primary productivity. Here, we examine the biogeochemical consequences of increasing anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen deposition and contrast them with the counteracting effect of warming, using a regional ocean biogeochemical model of the northern Indian Ocean forced with atmospheric nitrogen deposition derived from an Earth System Model. Our results suggest that the 60% recent increase in anthropogenic nitrogen deposition over the northern Indian Ocean provided external reactive nitrogen that only weakly enhanced primary production (+10 mg C.m–2.d–1.yr–1 in regions of intense deposition) and secondary production (+4 mg C.m–2.d–1.yr–1). However, we find that locally this enhancement can significantly offset the declining trend in primary production over the last four decades in the central Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal, whose magnitude are up to -20 and -10 mg C.m–2.d–1.yr–1 respectively.

ABSTRACTBooster vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 are recommended 6–12 months after the last dose or infection in elderly and high-risk groups. The present analysis aims to evaluate whether an interval shorter than 12 months is required in multiple sclerosis patients receiving ofatumumab. Neutralizing antibody status over 1 year in patients receiving booster vaccination in the non-interventional, multicenter KYRIOS study under continued ofatumumab treatment was analyzed. Fifteen patients were included. At the time of the first booster vaccination, ten patients were seropositive for neutralizing antibodies, four patients were seronegative, and for one patient, no baseline levels were available. All patients who were seropositive at baseline showed >2-fold increase in neutralizing antibody titers after the first booster and two patients (20%) showed a >10-fold increase. Among seronegative patients, three (75%) had a >10-fold increase in neutralizing antibody titers. Seropositivity was maintained in almost all patients until month 12. One initially seronegative patient had less than 2-fold increase in neutralizing antibody titers after the booster vaccination and can be considered a non-responder. Most patients with continued ofatumumab treatment are able to maintain permanent seropositivity and therefore presumably constant protection against severe courses of COVID-19 if repeated booster vaccinations are applied.

Experiments in science and particularly quantum physics grow complex requiring sophisticated control software. Such software must provide a rigorous abstraction between hardware and measurement modules. Furthermore, it should provide networking functionality for accessing shared devices connected to a network and for publishing measured data to remote sites. However, to date there is no fast and easy-to-use experimental control software for this purpose written in C++. We introduce DynExp as a highly flexible laboratory automation software. It enables to assign physical devices to measurement modules at runtime and provides networking functionality. Its embedded Python interpreter allows processing measured data in realtime.

The level of satisfaction of individuals within a community sharing a common pool resource is essential to strengthening collective actions. In the case of irrigation water, which is becoming a critical resource due to its declining availability in many regions worldwide, the satisfaction level in Water User Associations (WUAs) is not guaranteed and also varies across individuals within these organizations. This study analyzed the satisfaction of users in WUAs and identified organization- and user-level characteristics associated with it. Using a sample of 393 users of 20 WUAs from the Mediterranean portion of Chile, we performed confirmatory factor analysis, correlational analyses, and multilevel regressions. A composite indicator of user satisfaction showed significant correlations with the positive evaluation of the WUA staff performance, the effectiveness of monitoring and enforcement, and the confidence that other users do not withdraw more water than they are allocated. We also compared users’ satisfaction levels from WUAs facing higher and lower water scarcity problems and found that user satisfaction is significantly higher in the latter case. The results of the multilevel econometric models show that in WUAs under higher water scarcity, user satisfaction is affected by several structural characteristics (water withdrawal mechanism and location along the canal) and users' human and social capital variables (experience, education, and participation in organizations); in contrast, in WUAs with a low level of scarcity, few covariates were significant while unobserved characteristics became more relevant (34 % of total variance explanation). Our study contributes to the existing literature on user satisfaction in community resource management, which could be useful to promote effective and cohesive governance structures as, ultimately, users determine cooperation rates and willingness to participate in WUA actions.

High navigation accuracy is a prerequisite for tailored and safe tumor resections. However, in posterior fossa surgery, especially in the semi-sitting position, navigation is often considered to be non-useful due to limited accuracy caused by gravitational effects and brain-shift. To enable navigation in these surgical approaches intraoperative evaluation of accuracy and navigation update strategies are required. Navigated intraoperative ultrasound (iUS) might serve as valuable tool to quantify navigation accuracy and even update navigation to gain higher accuracy. Data of 23 patients (28 lesions) undergoing navigation supported surgery in the posterior fossa with application of navigated iUS including acquisition of a 3D iUS data set were evaluated retrospectively based on intraoperative ratings on accuracy and tumor segmentation based on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and iUS data. In nine cases (eleven lesions) navigation was rated “insufficient” leading to a navigation update by manually outlining the tumor volumes within the iUS data set, whereas in all other cases navigation accuracy was rated “sufficient” with no need for further updates. Tumor volume was comparable between MRIand iUS-based segmentation. IUS was successfully applied in navigation-supported surgery in the posterior fossa in the semisitting position enabling continuous navigation-support throughout surgery by evaluation of navigation accuracy and navigation updates, supporting safe maximum tumor resection.

Physical activity (PA) has a variety of well-established benefits for physical and mental health. However, there are PA disparities based on numerous sociodemographic characteristics, including sexual orientation. Mapping of PA interventions tailored to sexual minorities (ie, nonheterosexual) is currently absent from the literature. Purpose: The purpose of this scoping review was to summarize the existing interventions focused on promoting PA among sexual minority (SM) adults. Methods: A search strategy was developed in consultation with a research librarian for PubMed, Web of Science, SportDiscus, and CINAHL. The scoping review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Randomized and nonrandomized interventions that focused on increasing PA among SM adults were included. Data on study design, sample demographics, purpose of research, methodology, intervention components, theory-based constructs used, PA measures, and outcomes of the intervention were extracted. Results: Our search yielded 7289 articles, with 26 articles requiring full-text review. Four interventions were identified that focused on increasing PA among SM adults, with 2 focusing on lesbian/bisexual women, 1 focusing on lesbian/gay cancer survivors, and 1 focusing on men who have sex with men. Two of the 4 studies were successful at increasing PA, with varying psychosocial theories (ie, social cognitive theory and theory of reasoned action) and intervention strategies (ie, PA counseling, group meetings, and pedometers). Conclusion: Findings of this review demonstrate a clear lack of PA interventions targeting SM adults, limiting the available knowledge required for preventionists, practitioners, and health care professionals to effectively promote PA through behavioral modification among this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean acidification is likely to impact all stages of the ocean carbonate pump, i.e. the production, export, dissolution and burial of biogenic CaCO3. However, the associated feedback on anthropogenic carbon uptake and ocean acidification has received little attention. It has previously been shown that Earth system model (ESM) carbonate pump parameterizations can affect and drive biases in the representation of ocean alkalinity, which is critical to the uptake of atmospheric carbon and provides buffering capacity towards associated acidification. In the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), we show divergent responses of CaCO3 export at 100 m this century, with anomalies by 2100 ranging from −74 % to +23 % under a high-emission scenario. The greatest export declines are projected by ESMs that consider pelagic CaCO3 production to depend on the local calcite/aragonite saturation state. Despite the potential effects of other processes on alkalinity, there is a robust negative correlation between anomalies in CaCO3 export and salinity-normalized surface alkalinity across the CMIP6 ensemble. Motivated by this relationship and the uncertainty in CaCO3 export projections across ESMs, we perform idealized simulations with an ocean biogeochemical model and confirm a limited impact of carbonate pump anomalies on 21st century ocean carbon uptake and acidification. However, we highlight a potentially abrupt shift, between 2100 and 2300, in the dissolution of CaCO3 from deep to subsurface waters when the global-scale mean calcite saturation state reaches about 1.23 at 500 m (likely when atmospheric CO2 reaches 900–1100 ppm). During this shift, upper ocean acidification due to anthropogenic carbon uptake induces deep ocean acidification driven by a substantial reduction in CaCO3 deep dissolution following its decreased export at depth. Although the effect of a diminished carbonate pump on global ocean carbon uptake and surface ocean acidification remains limited until 2300, it can have a large impact on regional air–sea carbon fluxes, particularly in the Southern Ocean.

Abstract Mixed reality navigation (MRN) technology is emerging as an increasingly significant and interesting topic in neurosurgery. MRN enables neurosurgeons to “see through” the head with an interactive, hybrid visualization environment that merges virtual- and physical-world elements. Offering immersive, intuitive, and reliable guidance for preoperative and intraoperative intervention of intracranial lesions, MRN showcases its potential as an economically efficient and user-friendly alternative to standard neuronavigation systems. However, the clinical research and development of MRN systems present challenges: recruiting a sufficient number of patients within a limited timeframe is difficult, and acquiring low-cost, commercially available, medically significant head phantoms is equally challenging. To accelerate the development of novel MRN systems and surmount these obstacles, the study presents a dataset designed for MRN system development and testing in neurosurgery. It includes CT and MRI data from 19 patients with intracranial lesions and derived 3D models of anatomical structures and validation references. The models are available in Wavefront object (OBJ) and Stereolithography (STL) formats, supporting the creation and assessment of neurosurgical MRN applications.

Identifying how small molecules act to kill malaria parasites can lead to new chemically validated targets. By pressuring Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood stage parasites with three novel structurally-unrelated antimalarial compounds (MMV665924, MMV019719 and MMV897615), and performing whole-genome sequence analysis on resistant parasite lines, we identify multiple mutations in the P. falciparum acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) genes PfACS10 (PF3D7_0525100, M300I, A268D/V, F427L) and PfACS11 (PF3D7_1238800, F387V, D648Y, and E668K). Allelic replacement and thermal proteome profiling validates PfACS10 as a target of these compounds. We demonstrate that this protein is essential for parasite growth by conditional knockdown and observe increased compound susceptibility upon reduced expression. Inhibition of PfACS10 leads to a reduction in triacylglycerols and a buildup of its lipid precursors, providing key insights into its function. Analysis of the PfACS11 gene and its mutations point to a role in mediating resistance via decreased protein stability.

Objectives: To examine the discrepancy between 'told' and screened blood pressure (BP) category, and the association between body composition and told BP category. Methods: Between 08/2019-03/2020 college students (n = 1057) were asked what category they had previously been told their BP falls into prior to having their BP and body composition (waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage) objectively assessed. Results: A disproportionate number (>80%) who were told that they had normal BP were categorized as having elevated BP. Men told they had borderline/high BP had less favorable body compositions than those told they had low/normal BP. Less favorable body composition was associated with increased likelihood of men being told that they had borderline/high BP. Conclusions: Better BP screening policies and procedures would ensure healthcare providers discuss elevated BP with emerging adults regardless of body composition and avoid missing opportunities to delivery of early and cost-effective interventions.

The implementation of the transfer portal and eased transfer restrictions has drastically impacted the migration of college football players. While such athlete autonomy aligns with sweeping organizational policy adopted, and mandated, by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the absence of barriers preventing the mobility of players may have a resultant effect on the development of sustained organizational culture. Through interviews with direct stakeholders currently coaching football at the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) level, the findings of this study reveal that while the transfer portal is commonly utilized to achieve short-term success, building a roster composed predominantly of transfer players was perceived as unsustainable in the desired cultivation of meaningful organizational culture. As coaches grapple with the intensified demands to win football games, the findings of this study indicate that sustained long-term programmatic success may be more suitably achieved through the cultivation of distinct organizational culture rather than a reliance on transfer players.