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1. Detection of VHE γ-rays from HESS J0632+057 during the 2011 February X-ray outburst with the MAGIC Telescopes

Author

The MAGIC Collaboration, J. Aleksić(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), E. A. Alvarez(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), L. A. Antonelli(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), P. Antoranz(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), M. Asensio(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), M. Backes(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), U. Barres de Almeida(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), J. A. Barrio(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), D. Bastieri(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), J. Becerra González(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), W. Bednarek(University of Łódź, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland), K. Berger(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), E. Bernardini(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), A. Biland(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), O. Blanch(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), R. K. Bock(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), A. Boller(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), G. Bonnoli(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), D. Borla Tridon(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), V. Bosch-Ramon(Universitat de Barcelona), T. Bretz(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), A. Cañellas(Universitat de Barcelona), E. Carmona(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), A. Carosi(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), P. Colin(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), E. Colombo(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), J. L. Contreras(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), J. Cortina(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), L. Cossio(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), S. Covino(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), P. Da Vela(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), F. Dazzi(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), A. De Angelis(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), G. De Caneva(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), E. De Cea del Pozo(Institut de Ciències de l'Espai), B. De Lotto(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), C. Delgado Mendez(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), A. Diago Ortega(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), M. Doert(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), A. Domínguez(Inst. de Astrofísica de Andalucía), D. Dominis Prester(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), D. Dorner(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), M. Doro(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), D. Eisenacher(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), D. Elsaesser(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), D. Ferenc(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), M. V. Fonseca(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), L. Font(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), C. Fruck(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), R. J. García López(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), M. Garczarczyk(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), D. Garrido Terrats(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), G. Giavitto(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), N. Godinović(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), A. González Muñoz(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), S. R. Gozzini(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), D. Hadasch(Institut de Ciències de l'Espai), D. Häfner(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), A. Herrero(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), D. Hildebrand(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), J. Hose(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), D. Hrupec(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), B. Huber(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), F. Jankowski(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), T. Jogler(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), V. Kadenius(Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland), H. Kellermann(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), S. Klepser(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), T. Krähenbühl(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), J. Krause(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), A. La Barbera(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), D. Lelas(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), E. Leonardo(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), N. Lewandowska(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), E. Lindfors(Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland), S. Lombardi(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), M. López(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), R. López-Coto(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), A. López-Oramas(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), E. Lorenz(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), M. Makariev(Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria), G. Maneva(Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria), N. Mankuzhiyil(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), K. Mannheim(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), L. Maraschi(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), M. Mariotti(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), M. Martínez(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), D. Mazin(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), M. Meucci(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), J. M. Miranda(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), R. Mirzoyan(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), J. Moldón(Universitat de Barcelona), A. Moralejo(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), P. Munar-Adrover(Universitat de Barcelona), A. Niedzwiecki(University of Łódź, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland), D. Nieto(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), K. Nilsson(Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland), N. Nowak(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), R. Orito(Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan), S. Paiano(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), D. Paneque(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), R. Paoletti(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), S. Pardo(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), J. M. Paredes(Universitat de Barcelona), S. Partini(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), M. A. Perez-Torres(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), M. Persic(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), M. Pilia(Università dell'Insubria, Como, I-22100 Como, Italy), J. Pochon(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), F. Prada(Inst. de Astrofísica de Andalucía), P. G. Prada Moroni(Università di Pisa, and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy), E. Prandini(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), I. Puerto Gimenez(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), I. Puljak(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), I. Reichardt(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), R. Reinthal(Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland), W. Rhode(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), M. Ribó(Universitat de Barcelona), J. Rico(ICREA, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain)), S. Rügamer(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), A. Saggion(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), K. Saito(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), T. Y. Saito(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), M. Salvati(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), K. Satalecka(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), V. Scalzotto(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), V. Scapin(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), C. Schultz(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), T. Schweizer(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), S. N. Shore(Università di Pisa, and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy), A. Sillanpää(Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland), J. Sitarek(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), I. Snidaric(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), D. Sobczynska(University of Łódź, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland), F. Spanier(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), S. Spiro(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), V. Stamatescu(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), A. Stamerra(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), B. Steinke(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), J. Storz(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), N. Strah(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), S. Sun(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), T. Surić(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), L. Takalo(Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland), H. Takami(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), F. Tavecchio(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), P. Temnikov(Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria), T. Terzić(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), D. Tescaro(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), M. Teshima(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), O. Tibolla(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), D. F. Torres(ICREA, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain)), A. Treves(Università dell'Insubria, Como, I-22100 Como, Italy), M. Uellenbeck(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), P. Vogler(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), R. M. Wagner(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), Q. Weitzel(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), V. Zabalza(Universitat de Barcelona), F. Zandanel(Inst. de Astrofísica de Andalucía), R. Zanin(Universitat de Barcelona), now at(EPFL), (EPFL), Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL), Lausanne(EPFL), Switzerland(CIEMAT), supported by INFN Padova(CIEMAT), now at(CIEMAT), (CIEMAT), Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas(CIEMAT), Medioambientales y Tecnológicas(CIEMAT), Madrid(FINCA), Spain(FINCA), now at(FINCA), (FINCA), KIPAC(FINCA), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory(FINCA), USA(FINCA), Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO(FINCA), University of Turku(), and Finland)()

Subjects
High energy, Be star, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, binaries: general, gamma rays: general, stars: individual (MWC 148), X-rays: binaries, X-rays: individual (HESS J0632+057), Astrophysics, Compact star, gamma ray astronomy, Cosmic rays, IMAGING CHERENKOV DETECTOR, 01 natural sciences, Raigs gamma, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Estels binaris de raigs X, Physics, astro-ph.HE, COUNTERPART, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gamma rays, X-ray, Gamma ray, Astronomy and Astrophysics, TEV BINARY, EMISSION, DISCOVERY, VARIABILITY, X-ray binaries, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, ddc:520, Electrónica, Física nuclear, Electricidad, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The very high energy (VHE) \gamma-ray source HESS J0632+057 has recently been confirmed to be a \gamma-ray binary. The optical counterpart is the Be star MWC 148, and a compact object of unknown nature orbits it every ~321 d with a high eccentricity of ~0.8. We monitored HESS J0632+057 with the stereoscopic MAGIC telescopes from 2010 October to 2011 March and detected significant VHE \gamma-ray emission during 2011 February, when the system exhibited an X-ray outburst. We find no \gamma-ray signal in the other observation periods when the system did not show increased X-ray flux. Thus HESS J0632+057 exhibits \gamma-ray variability on timescales of the order of one to two months possibly linked to the X-ray outburst that takes place about 100 days after the periastron passage. Furthermore our measurements provide for the first time the \gamma-ray spectrum down to about 140 GeV and indicate no turnover of the spectrum at low energies. We compare the properties of HESS J0632+057 with the similar \gamma-ray binary LS I +61 303, and discuss on the possible origin of the multi-wavelength emission of the source, Comment: 6 pages and 3 figures, submitted, corresponding authors T. Jogler and P. Munar-Adrover

Published
2015
Full Text
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2. Multiwavelength observations of Mrk 501 in 2008

Author

MAGIC Collaboration, J. Aleksić(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), S. Ansoldi(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), L. A. Antonelli(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), P. Antoranz(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), A. Babic(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), P. Bangale(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), U. Barres de Almeida(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), J. A. Barrio(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), J. Becerra González(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), W. Bednarek(University of Lodz, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland), K. Berger(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), E. Bernardini(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), A. Biland(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), O. Blanch(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), R. K. Bock(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), S. Bonnefoy(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), G. Bonnoli(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), F. Borracci(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), T. Bretz(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), E. Carmona(Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), A. Carosi(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), D. Carreto Fidalgo(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), P. Colin(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), E. Colombo(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), J. L. Contreras(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), J. Cortina(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), S. Covino(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), P. Da Vela(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), F. Dazzi(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), A. De Angelis(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), G. De Caneva(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), B. De Lotto(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), C. Delgado Mendez(Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), M. Doert(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), A. Domínguez(Inst. de Astrofísica de Andalucía), D. Dominis Prester(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), D. Dorner(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), M. Doro(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), S. Einecke(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), D. Eisenacher(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), D. Elsaesser(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), E. Farina(Università dell'Insubria, Como, I-22100 Como, Italy), D. Ferenc(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), M. V. Fonseca(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), L. Font(Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), K. Frantzen(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), C. Fruck(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), R. J. García López(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), M. Garczarczyk(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), D. Garrido Terrats(Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), M. Gaug(Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), G. Giavitto(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), N. Godinović(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), A. González Muñoz(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), S. R. Gozzini(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), A. Hadamek(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), D. Hadasch(Institut de Ciències de l'Espai), A. Herrero(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), D. Hildebrand(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), J. Hose(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), D. Hrupec(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), W. Idec(University of Lodz, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland), V. Kadenius(Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland), H. Kellermann(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), M. L. Knoetig(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), J. Krause(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), J. Kushida(Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan), A. La Barbera(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), D. Lelas(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), N. Lewandowska(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), E. Lindfors(Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland), S. Lombardi(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), M. López(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), R. López-Coto(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), A. López-Oramas(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), E. Lorenz(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), I. Lozano(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), M. Makariev(Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria), K. Mallot(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), G. Maneva(Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria), N. Mankuzhiyil(2,*), K. Mannheim(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), L. Maraschi(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), B. Marcote(Universitat de Barcelona), M. Mariotti(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), M. Martínez(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), D. Mazin(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), U. Menzel(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), M. Meucci(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), J. M. Miranda(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), R. Mirzoyan(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), A. Moralejo(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), P. Munar-Adrover(Universitat de Barcelona), D. Nakajima(Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan), A. Niedzwiecki(University of Lodz, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland), K. Nilsson(Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland), N. Nowak(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), R. Orito(Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan), A. Overkemping(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), S. Paiano(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), M. Palatiello(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), D. Paneque(6,*), R. Paoletti(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), J. M. Paredes(Universitat de Barcelona), X. Paredes-Fortuny(Universitat de Barcelona), S. Partini(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), M. Persic(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), F. Prada(Inst. de Astrofísica de Andalucía), P. G. Prada Moroni(Università di Pisa, and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy), E. Prandini(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), S. Preziuso(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), I. Puljak(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), R. Reinthal(Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland), W. Rhode(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), M. Ribó(Universitat de Barcelona), J. Rico(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), J. Rodriguez Garcia(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), S. Rügamer(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), A. Saggion(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), T. Saito(Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan), K. Saito(Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan), M. Salvati(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), K. Satalecka(7,*), V. Scalzotto(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), V. Scapin(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), C. Schultz(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), T. Schweizer(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), S. N. Shore(Università di Pisa, and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy), A. Sillanpää(Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland), J. Sitarek(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), I. Snidaric(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), D. Sobczynska(University of Lodz, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland), F. Spanier(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), V. Stamatescu(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), A. Stamerra(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), T. Steinbring(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), J. Storz(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), S. Sun(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), T. Surić(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), L. Takalo(Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland), F. Tavecchio(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), P. Temnikov(Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria), T. Terzić(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), D. Tescaro(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), M. Teshima(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), J. Thaele(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), O. Tibolla(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), D. F. Torres(Institut de Ciències de l'Espai), T. Toyama(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), A. Treves(Università dell'Insubria, Como, I-22100 Como, Italy), M. Uellenbeck(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), P. Vogler(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), R. M. Wagner(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), F. Zandanel(Inst. de Astrofísica de Andalucía), R. Zanin(Universitat de Barcelona), VERITAS Collaboration(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), B. Behera(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), M. Beilicke(Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA), W. Benbow(Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Amado, AZ 85645, USA), R. Bird(School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland), A. Bouvier(Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA), V. Bugaev(Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA), M. Cerruti(Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Amado, AZ 85645, USA), X. Chen(Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany), L. Ciupik(Astronomy Department, Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USA), E. Collins-Hughes(School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland), W. Cui(Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA), C. Duke(Department of Physics, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112-1690, USA), J. Dumm(School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA), A. Falcone(Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA), S. Federici(now at GRAPPA Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH), Q. Feng(Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA), J. P. Finley(Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA), L. Fortson(School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA), A. Furniss(Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA), N. Galante(Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Amado, AZ 85645, USA), G. H. Gillanders(School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland), S. Griffin(Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada), S. T. Griffiths(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA), J. Grube(Astronomy Department, Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USA), G. Gyuk(Astronomy Department, Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USA), D. Hanna(Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada), J. Holder(Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA), C. A. Johnson(Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA), P. Kaaret(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA), M. Kertzman(Department of Physics and Astronomy, DePauw University, Greencastle, IN 46135-0037, USA), D. Kieda(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA), H. Krawczynski(Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA), M. J. Lang(School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland), A. S Madhavan(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA), G. Maier(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), P. Majumdar(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA), K. Meagher(School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430), P. Moriarty(Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Ireland), R. Mukherjee(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Barnard College, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA), D. Nieto(Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA), A. O'Faoláin de Bhróithe(School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland), R. A. Ong(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA), A. N. Otte(School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430), A. Pichel(Instituto de Astronomia y Fisica del Espacio, Casilla de Correo 67 - Sucursal 28), M. Pohl(Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany), A. Popkow(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA), H. Prokoph(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), J. Quinn(School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland), J. Rajotte(Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada), G. Ratliff(Astronomy Department, Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USA), L. C. Reyes(Physics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 94307, USA), P. T. Reynolds(Department of Applied Physics and Instrumentation, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland), G. T. Richards(School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430), E. Roache(Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Amado, AZ 85645, USA), G. H. Sembroski(Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA), K. Shahinyan(School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA), F. Sheidaei(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA), A. W. Smith(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA), D. Staszak(Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada), I. Telezhinsky(Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany), M. Theiling(Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA), J. Tyler(Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada), A. Varlotta(Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA), S. Vincent(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), S. P. Wakely(Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA), T. C. Weekes(Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Amado, AZ 85645, USA), R. Welsing(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), D. A. Williams(Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA), A. Zajczyk(Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA), B. Zitzer(Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA), External Collaborators(INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese), (INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese), M. Villata(INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese), C. M. Raiteri(INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese), M. Ajello(Space Sciences Laboratory, 7 Gauss Way, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450, USA), M. Perri(ASI-Science Data Center, Via del Politecnico, I-00133 Rome, Italy), H. D. Aller(Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1042, USA), M. F. Aller(Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1042, USA), V. M. Larionov(Astron. Inst., St.-Petersburg State Univ., Russia), N. V. Efimova(Astron. Inst., St.-Petersburg State Univ., Russia), T. S. Konstantinova(Astron. Inst., St.-Petersburg State Univ., Russia), E. N. Kopatskaya(Astron. Inst., St.-Petersburg State Univ., Russia), W. P. Chen(Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, 300 Jhongda Rd., Jhongli 32001, Taiwan), E. Koptelova(Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, 300 Jhongda Rd., Jhongli 32001, Taiwan), H. Y. Hsiao(Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, 300 Jhongda Rd., Jhongli 32001, Taiwan), O. M. Kurtanidze(Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia), M. G. Nikolashvili(Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia), G. N. Kimeridze(Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia), B. Jordan(School of Cosmic Physics, Dublin Institute For Advanced Studies, Ireland), P. Leto(INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Italy), C. S. Buemi(INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Italy), C. Trigilio(INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Italy), G. Umana(INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Italy), A. Lahtenmaki(Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory Metsähovintie 114 FIN-02540 Kylmälä Finland), E. Nieppola(Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory Metsähovintie 114 FIN-02540 Kylmälä Finland), M. Tornikoski(Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory Metsähovintie 114 FIN-02540 Kylmälä Finland), J. Sainio(Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland), M. Giroletti(INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, 40129 Bologna, Italy), A. Cesarini(University of Trento, Department of Physics, I38050 Povo, Trento, Italy), L. Fuhrmann(Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany), Yu. A. Kovalev(Astro Space Center of the Lebedev Physical Institute, 117997), Y. Y. Kovalev(Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany), Anne Lähteenmäki Group, Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Universitat de Barcelona, School services, ELEC, and ~

Subjects
extragalactic background light, Ciencias Físicas, Flux, Electron, Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Raigs gamma, bl lacertae objects, law, individual: Mrk 501 [BL Lacertae objects], Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, 213 Electronic, automation and communications engineering, electronics, Astroparticle physics, BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 501, Gamma rays: general, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Synchrotron, individual: Mrk 50 [BL Lacertae objects], Homogeneous, astroparticle physics, Spectral energy distribution, Electrónica, Física nuclear, Electricidad, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, 1171 Geosciences, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, emitting electrons, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 114 Physical sciences, bl lacertae objects: individual: mrk 501, crab-nebula, Blazar, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, tev blazars, variability, 221 Nanotechnology, Gamma rays, Individual: Mrk 501, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3 [https], gamma rays: general, Galaxies, gamma-ray emission, telescope system, Galàxies, Active Galaxies, blazars, gamma-rays, Mrk 501, Astronomía, Crab Nebula, x-ray, 115 Astronomy and space science, Low emission, 216 Materials engineering, Galàxies actives, active galactic nuclei, Active galaxies, ddc:520, general [gamma rays]
Abstract

Mrk 501 is one of the brightest blazars at TeV energies and has been extensively studied since its first VHE detection in 1996. Our goal is to characterize in detail the source gamma-ray emission, together with the radio-to-X-ray emission, during the non-flaring (low) activity, which is less often studied than the occasional flaring (high) activity. We organized a multiwavelength (MW) campaign on Mrk 501 between March and May 2008. This multi-instrument effort included the most sensitive VHE gamma-ray instruments in the northern hemisphere, namely the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes MAGIC and VERITAS, as well as Swift, RXTE, the F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, and other collaborations and instruments. Mrk 501 was found to be in a low state of activity during the campaign, with a VHE flux in the range of 10%-20% of the Crab nebula flux. Nevertheless, significant flux variations were detected with various instruments, with a trend of increasing variability with energy. The broadband spectral energy distribution during the two different emission states of the campaign can be adequately described within the homogeneous one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model, with the (slightly) higher state described by an increase in the electron number density. This agrees with previous studies of the broadband emission of this source during flaring and non-flaring states. We report for the first time a tentative X-ray-to-VHE correlation during a low VHE activity. Although marginally significant, this positive correlation between X-ray and VHE, which has been reported many times during flaring activity, suggests that the mechanisms that dominate the X-ray/VHE emission during non-flaring-activity are not substantially different from those that are responsible for the emission during flaring activity., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2015
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3. The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies

Author

MAGIC Collaboration, J. Aleksić(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), S. Ansoldi(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), L. A. Antonelli(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), P. Antoranz(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), A. Babic(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), P. Bangale(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), U. Barres de Almeida(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), J. A. Barrio(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), J. Becerra González(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), W. Bednarek(University of Lodz, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland), K. Berger(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), E. Bernardini(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), A. Biland(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), O. Blanch(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), R. K. Bock(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), S. Bonnefoy(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), G. Bonnoli(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), F. Borracci(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), T. Bretz(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), E. Carmona(Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), A. Carosi(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), D. Carreto Fidalgo(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), P. Colin(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), E. Colombo(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), J. L. Contreras(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), J. Cortina(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), S. Covino(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), P. Da Vela(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), F. Dazzi(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), A. De Angelis(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), G. De Caneva(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), B. De Lotto(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), C. Delgado Mendez(Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), M. Doert(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), A. Domínguez(Inst. de Astrofísica de Andalucía), D. Dominis Prester(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), D. Dorner(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), M. Doro(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), S. Einecke(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), D. Eisenacher(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), D. Elsaesser(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), E. Farina(Università dell'Insubria, Como, I-22100 Como, Italy), D. Ferenc(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), M. V. Fonseca(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), L. Font(Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), K. Frantzen(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), C. Fruck(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), R. J. García López(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), M. Garczarczyk(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), D. Garrido Terrats(Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), M. Gaug(Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), G. Giavitto(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), N. Godinović(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), A. González Mu\ noz(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), S. R. Gozzini(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), A. Hadamek(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), D. Hadasch(Institut de Ciències de l'Espai), A. Herrero(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), D. Hildebrand(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), J. Hose(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), D. Hrupec(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), W. Idec(University of Lodz, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland), V. Kadenius(Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland), H. Kellermann(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), M. L. Knoetig(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), J. Krause(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), J. Kushida(Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan), A. La Barbera(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), D. Lelas(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), N. Lewandowska(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), E. Lindfors(Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland), F. Longo(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), S. Lombardi(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), M. López(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), R. López-Coto(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), A. López-Oramas(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), E. Lorenz(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), I. Lozano(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), M. Makariev(Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria), K. Mallot(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), G. Maneva(Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria), N. Mankuzhiyil(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), K. Mannheim(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), L. Maraschi(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), B. Marcote(Universitat de Barcelona), M. Mariotti(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), M. Martínez(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), D. Mazin(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), U. Menzel(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), M. Meucci(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), J. M. Miranda(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), R. Mirzoyan(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), A. Moralejo(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), P. Munar-Adrover(Universitat de Barcelona), D. Nakajima(Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan), A. Niedzwiecki(University of Lodz, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland), K. Nilsson(Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland), N. Nowak(6,32,*), R. Orito(Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan), A. Overkemping(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), S. Paiano(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), M. Palatiello(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), D. Paneque(6,*), R. Paoletti(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), J. M. Paredes(Universitat de Barcelona), X. Paredes-Fortuny(Universitat de Barcelona), S. Partini(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), M. Persic(Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy), F. Prada(Inst. de Astrofísica de Andalucía), P. G. Prada Moroni(Università di Pisa, and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy), E. Prandini(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), S. Preziuso(Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy), I. Puljak(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), R. Reinthal(Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland), W. Rhode(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), M. Ribó(Universitat de Barcelona), J. Rico(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), J. Rodriguez Garcia(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), S. Rügamer(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), A. Saggion(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), K. Saito(Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan), M. Salvati(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), K. Satalecka(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), V. Scalzotto(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), V. Scapin(Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), C. Schultz(Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy), T. Schweizer(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), S. N. Shore(Università di Pisa, and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy), A. Sillanpää(Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland), J. Sitarek(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), I. Snidaric(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), D. Sobczynska(University of Lodz, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland), F. Spanier(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), V. Stamatescu(IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain), A. Stamerra(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), T. Steinbring(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), J. Storz(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), S. Sun(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), T. Surić(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), L. Takalo(Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland), F. Tavecchio(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), P. Temnikov(Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria), T. Terzić(Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia), D. Tescaro(Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), M. Teshima(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), J. Thaele(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), O. Tibolla(Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany), D. F. Torres(Institut de Ciències de l'Espai), T. Toyama(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), A. Treves(Università dell'Insubria, Como, I-22100 Como, Italy), M. Uellenbeck(Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany), P. Vogler(ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), R. M. Wagner(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany), F. Zandanel(Inst. de Astrofísica de Andalucía), R. Zanin(Universitat de Barcelona), VERITAS collaboration(Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada), (Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada), S. Archambault(Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada), B. Behera(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), M. Beilicke(Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA), W. Benbow(Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Amado, AZ 85645, USA), R. Bird(School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland), J. H. Buckley(Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA), V. Bugaev(Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA), M. Cerruti(Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Amado, AZ 85645, USA), X. Chen(Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany), L. Ciupik(Astronomy Department, Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USA), E. Collins-Hughes(School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland), W. Cui(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA), J. Dumm(School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA), J. D. Eisch(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA), A. Falcone(Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA), S. Federici(DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany), Q. Feng(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA), J. P. Finley(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA), H. Fleischhack(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), P. Fortin(Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA), L. Fortson(School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA), A. Furniss(Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA), S. Griffin(Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada), S. T. Griffiths(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA), J. Grube(Astronomy Department, Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USA), G. Gyuk(Astronomy Department, Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USA), D. Hanna(Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada), J. Holder(Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA), G. Hughes(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), T. B. Humensky(Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA), C. A. Johnson(Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA), P. Kaaret(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA), M. Kertzman(Department of Physics and Astronomy, DePauw University, Greencastle, IN 46135-0037, USA), Y. Khassen(School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland), D. Kieda(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA), H. Krawczynski(Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA), F. Krennrich(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA), S. Kumar(Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA), M. J. Lang(School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland), G. Maier(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), S. McArthur(Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA), K. Meagher(School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430), P. Moriarty(Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Ireland), R. Mukherjee(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Barnard College, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA), R. A. Ong(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA), A. N. Otte(School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430), N. Park(Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA), A. Pichel(Instituto de Astronomia y Fisica del Espacio, Casilla de Correo 67 - Sucursal 28), M. Pohl(Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany), A. Popkow(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA), H. Prokoph(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), J. Quinn(School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland), K. Ragan(Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada), J. Rajotte(Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada), P. T. Reynolds(Department of Applied Physics and Instrumentation, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland), G. T. Richards(School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430), E. Roache(Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Amado, AZ 85645, USA), A. C. Rovero(Instituto de Astronomia y Fisica del Espacio, Casilla de Correo 67 - Sucursal 28), G. H. Sembroski(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA), K. Shahinyan(School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA), D. Staszak(Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada), I. Telezhinsky(Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany), M. Theiling(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA), J. V. Tucci(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA), J. Tyler(Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada), A. Varlotta(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA), S. P. Wakely(Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA), T. C. Weekes(Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Amado, AZ 85645, USA), A. Weinstein(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA), R. Welsing(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), A. Wilhelm(Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany), D. A. Williams(Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA), B. Zitzer(Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA), External collaborators(INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese), (INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese), M. Villata(INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese), C. Raiteri(INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese), H. D. Aller(Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1042, USA), M. F. Aller(Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1042, USA), W. P. Chen(Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Jhongli 32054, Taiwan), B. Jordan(School of Cosmic Physics, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin, 2, Ireland), E. Koptelova(Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Jhongli 32054, Taiwan), O. M. Kurtanidze(Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia), A. Lähteenmäki(Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory Metsähovintie 114 FIN-02540 Kylmälä Finland), B. McBreen(University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland), V. M. Larionov(Isaac Newton Institute of Chile, St. Petersburg Branch, St. Petersburg, Russia), C. S. Lin(Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Jhongli 32054, Taiwan), M. G. Nikolashvili(Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia), E. Angelakis(Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany), M. Capalbi(ASI-Science Data Center, Via del Politecnico, I-00133 Rome, Italy), A. Carrami\ nana(Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico), L. Carrasco(Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico), P. Cassaro(INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, Sezione di Noto, Contrada Renna Bassa, 96017 Noto), A. Cesarini(Department of Physics, University of Trento, I38050, Povo, Trento, Italy), L. Fuhrmann(Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany), M. Giroletti(INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, 40129 Bologna, Italy), T. Hovatta(Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125), T. P. Krichbaum(Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany), H. A. Krimm(Astro Space Center of the Lebedev Physical Institute, 117997 Moscow, Russia), W. Max-Moerbeck(Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125), J. W. Moody(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA), G. Maccaferri(INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, Stazione Radioastronomica di Medicina, I-40059 Medicina), Y. Mori(Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan), I. Nestoras(Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany), A. Orlati(INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, Stazione Radioastronomica di Medicina, I-40059 Medicina), C. Pace(Indiana University, Department of Astronomy, Swain Hall West 319, Bloomington, IN 47405-7105, USA), R. Pearson(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA), M. Perri(INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy), A. C. S. Readhead(Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125), J. L. Richards(Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave, West Lafayette, IN 47907), A. C. Sadun(Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80220, USA), T. Sakamoto(Department of Physics and Mathematics, College of Science and 952 Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuoku, Sagamihara-shi Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan), J. Tammi(Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory Metsähovintie 114 FIN-02540 Kylmälä Finland), M. Tornikoski(Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory Metsähovintie 114 FIN-02540 Kylmälä Finland), Y. Yatsu(Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan), A. Zook(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pomona College, Claremont CA 91711-6312, USA), Aleksić, J, Ansoldi, Stefano, Antonelli, L. A., Antoranz, P., Babic, A., Bangale, P., Barres De Almeida, U., Barrio, J. A., Becerra González, J., Bednarek, W., Berger, K., Bernardini, E., Biland, A., Blanch, O., Bock, R. K., Bonnefoy, S., Bonnoli, G., Borracci, F., Bretz, T., Carmona, E., Carosi, A., Carreto Fidalgo, D., Colin, P., Colombo, E., Contreras, J. L., Cortina, J., Covino, S., Da Vela, P., Dazzi, F., De Angelis, A., De Caneva, G., De Lotto, B., Delgado Mendez, C., Doert, M., Domínguez, A., Dominis Prester, D., Dorner, D., Doro, M., Einecke, S., Eisenacher, D., Elsaesser, D., Farina, E., Ferenc, D., Fonseca, M. V., Font, L., Frantzen, K., Fruck, C., García López, R. J., Garczarczyk, M., Garrido Terrats, D., Gaug, M., Giavitto, G., Godinović, N., González Muñoz, A., Gozzini, S. R., Hadamek, A., Hadasch, D., Herrero, A., Hildebrand, D., Hose, J., Hrupec, D., Idec, W., Kadenius, V., Kellermann, H., Knoetig, M. L., Krause, J., Kushida, J., La Barbera, A., Lelas, D., Lewandowska, N., Lindfors, E., Longo, Francesco, Lombardi, S., López, M., López Coto, R., López Oramas, A., Lorenz, E., Lozano, I., Makariev, M., Mallot, K., Maneva, G., Mankuzhiyil, N., Mannheim, K., Maraschi, L., Marcote, B., Mariotti, M., Martínez, M., Mazin, D., Menzel, U., Meucci, M., Miranda, J. M., Mirzoyan, R., Moralejo, A., Munar Adrover, P., Nakajima, D., Niedzwiecki, A., Nilsson, K., Nowak, N., Orito, R., Overkemping, A., Paiano, S., Palatiello, M., Paneque, D., Paoletti, R., Paredes, J. M., Paredes Fortuny, X., Partini, S., Persic, M., Prada, F., Prada Moroni, P. G., Prandini, E., Preziuso, S., Puljak, I., Reinthal, R., Rhode, W., Ribó, M., Rico, J., Rodriguezgarcia, J., Rügamer, S., Saggion, A., Saito, K., Salvati, M., Satalecka, K., Scalzotto, V., Scapin, V., Schultz, C., Schweizer, T., Shore, S. N., Sillanpää, A., Sitarek, J., Snidaric, I., Sobczynska, D., Spanier, F., Stamatescu, V., Stamerra, A., Steinbring, T., Storz, J., Sun, S., Surić, T., Takalo, L., Tavecchio, F., Temnikov, P., Terzić, T., Tescaro, D., Teshima, M., Thaele, J., Tibolla, O., Torres, D. F., Toyama, T., Treves, A., Uellenbeck, M., Vogler, P., Wagner, R. M., Zandanel, F., Zanin, R., Archambault, S., Behera, B., Beilicke, M., Benbow, W., Bird, R., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V., Cerruti, M., Chen, X., Ciupik, L., Collins Hughes, E., Cui, W., Dumm, J., Eisch, J. D., Falcone, A., Federici, S., Feng, Q., Finley, J. P., Fleischhack, H., Fortin, P., Fortson, L., Furniss, A., Griffin, S., Griffiths, S. T., Grube, J., Gyuk, G., Hanna, D., Holder, J., Hughes, G., Humensky, T. B., Johnson, C. A., Kaaret, P., Kertzman, M., Khassen, Y., Kieda, D., Krawczynski, H., Krennrich, F., Kumar, S., Lang, M. J., Maier, G., Mcarthur, S., Meagher, K., Moriarty, P., Mukherjee, R., Ong, R. A., Otte, A. N., Park, N., Pichel, A., Pohl, M., Popkow, A., Prokoph, H., Quinn, J., Ragan, K., Rajotte, J., Reynolds, P. T., Richards, G. T., Roache, E., Rovero, A. C., Sembroski, G. H., Shahinyan, K., Staszak, D., Telezhinsky, I., Theiling, M., Tucci, J. V., Tyler, J., Varlotta, A., Wakely, S. P., Weekes, T. C., Weinstein, A., Welsing, R., Wilhelm, A., Williams, D. A., Zitzer, B., Villata, M., Raiteri, C., Aller, H. D., Aller, M. F., Chen, W. P., Jordan, B., Koptelova, E., Kurtanidze, O. M., Lähteenmäki, A., Mcbreen, B., Larionov, V. M., Lin, C. S., Nikolashvili, M. G., Angelakis, E., Capalbi, M., Carramiñana, A., Carrasco, L., Cassaro, P., Cesarini, A., Fuhrmann, L., Giroletti, M., Hovatta, T., Krichbaum, T. P., Krimm, H. A., Max Moerbeck, W., Moody, J. W., Maccaferri, G., Mori, Y., Nestoras, I., Orlati, A., Pace, C., Pearson, R., Perri, M., Readhead, A. C. S., Richards, J. L., Sadun, A. C., Sakamoto, T., Tammi, J., Tornikoski, M., Yatsu, Y., Zook, A., Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Universitat de Barcelona

Subjects
Astrofísica, Brightness, Ciencias Físicas, blazars, Astrophysics, telescope, x-ray variability, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, BL Lacertae objects, individual, Mrk 421, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Raigs gamma, emission, MAGIC (telescope), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics, astro-ph.HE, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), individual: Mrk 421 [BL Lacertae objects], Galaxies: BL Lacertae objects: individual: Markarian 421, Spectral energy distribution, Electrónica, Electricidad, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, power spectra, BL Lacertae object, tev photons, 0103 physical sciences, Nucli galàctic actiu, bl lacertae objects: individual: mrk 421, Blazar, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Active galactic nuclei, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, light curves, Gamma rays, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3 [https], Light curve, Galaxies, Galàxies, Astronomía, Crab Nebula, optical variability, active galactic nuclei, Galàxies actives, Active galaxies, markarian-421, ddc:520
Abstract

We performed a 4.5-month multi-instrument campaign (from radio to VHE gamma rays) on Mrk421 between January 2009 and June 2009, which included VLBA, F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, Swift, RXTE, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, and Whipple, among other instruments and collaborations. Mrk421 was found in its typical (non-flaring) activity state, with a VHE flux of about half that of the Crab Nebula, yet the light curves show significant variability at all wavelengths, the highest variability being in the X-rays. We determined the power spectral densities (PSD) at most wavelengths and found that all PSDs can be described by power-laws without a break, and with indices consistent with pink/red-noise behavior. We observed a harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and measured a positive correlation between VHE and X-ray fluxes with zero time lag. Such characteristics have been reported many times during flaring activity, but here they are reported for the first time in the non-flaring state. We also observed an overall anti-correlation between optical/UV and X-rays extending over the duration of the campaign. The harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and the measured positive X-ray/VHE correlation during the 2009 multi-wavelength campaign suggests that the physical processes dominating the emission during non-flaring states have similarities with those occurring during flaring activity. In particular, this observation supports leptonic scenarios as being responsible for the emission of Mrk421 during non-flaring activity. Such a temporally extended X-ray/VHE correlation is not driven by any single flaring event, and hence is difficult to explain within the standard hadronic scenarios. The highest variability is observed in the X-ray band, which, within the one-zone synchrotron self-Compton scenario, indicates that the electron energy distribution is most variable at the highest energies., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, 18 pages, 14 figures (v2 has a small modification in the acknowledgments, and also corrects a typo in the field "author" in the metadata)

Published
2015
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