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La revue du RIRS est une revue à comité de lecture. C'est une tribune académique indépendante. Elle s'adresse à un large public, toutes catégories confondues. De par la diversité académique de ses contributrices et de ses contributeurs, principalement des universitaires et des enseignants-chercheurs, elle se propose de partager non seulement des réflexions, mais également le désir philanthropique de cultiver les expériences et les connaissances à l'échelle nationale et internationale. Elle touche à tous les sujets d'actualité et spécifiquement aux problématiques qui animent le secteur de l'éducation et de l'enseignement. Membres du comité de lecture : Pr. Aïcha Abdelouahed (Université Mohammed Premier - Oujda) Pr. Sabrina Bannani (Université Virtuelle de Tunis - Tunis) Pr. Hafedh Ben Taher (Université de Carthage - Carthage) Pr. Besma Ben Salah (Institut Supérieur des Etudes Technologiques - Sousse) Pr. Karim Bougrine (Université Hassan I - Settat) Pr. Zineddine Dawser (Institut Supérieur de l’Education et de la Formation Continue - Tunis) Pr. Elassaad Elharbaoui (Institut Supérieur des Cadres de l’Enfance - Carthage) Pr. Driss El Omari (Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah - Fès) Pr. Adel Fridhi (Institut Supérieur des Cadres de l’Enfance - Carthage) Pr. Sameh Hrairi (Institut Supérieur de l’Education et de la Formation Continue - Tunis) Pr. Hicham Jirari (Université Hassan II - Casablanca) Pr. Mohamed Kahkahy (Université Hassan II - Casablanca) Pr. Rahim Kouki (Institut Préparatoire aux Etudes d’Ingénieurs el Manar - Tunis) Pr. Jean-Marc Lange (Université de Montpellier - Montpellier) Pr. Denis Legros (Université de Paris 8 Vincennes - Saint-Denis) Pr. Fathi Matoussi (Institut Supérieur de l’Éducation et de la Formation Continue - Tunis) Pr. Sara Mejdoubi (Université Internationale de Rabat - Rabat) Pr. Abdelmajid Naceur (Université de Bielefeld - Düsseldorf) Pr. Meriam Zerzeri (Institut Supérieur des Cadres de l’Enfance - Carthage), Revue du Réseau Interuniversitaire pour la Recherche et la Science • Numéro 5 • Juillet 2022

The potential of polyoxometalate ionic liquid POM-IL supported on low-cost and available eco-friendly Saudi raw bentonite in the adsorption of MB cationic dye was investigated. For this purpose, TOAx[α-XW11O39]@Bentonite (X = Si, P; TOA = TetraOctylAmmonium), namely SWB and PWB were prepared and characterized by IR, XRD, XRF, SEM, TEM and BET. Batch adsorption experiments showed that SWB and PWB have higher adsorption capacity than the raw bentonite with an enhancement of about 37% for SWB. The adsorption capacities of both SWB and PWB improved with increasing contact time and temperature and decreased with higher salt concentration in solution. The pH is shown to have insignificant effect on the adsorption of MB onto SWB and PWB. This result is quite meaningful in the adsorption process application since it makes pH complicated adjustment of the discharged contaminated water before treatment unnecessary. The Kinetic study expressed that the pseudo-second-order model described the adsorption process better than the pseudo first order. The experimental isotherm data were found to fit the Langmuir model compared to the Freundlich model with a maximum adsorption capacity 277.78 mg/g and 113.6 for PWB and SWB respectively. The thermodynamic parameters illustrated that the adsorption process was favorable, spontaneous and endothermic.

Silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) are a good alternative to conventional heavy metal-containing quantum dots in many applications, due to their low toxicity, low cost, and the high natural abundance of the starting material. Recently, much synthetic progress has been made, and crystalline Si NPs can now be prepared in a matter of hours. However, the passivation of these particles is still a time-consuming and difficult process, usually requiring high temperatures and/or harsh reaction conditions. In this paper, we report an easy method for the room-temperature functionalization of hydrogen-terminated Si NPs. Using silanol compounds, a range of functionalized Si NPs could be produced in only 1 h reaction time at room temperature. The coated NPs were fully characterized to determine the efficiency of binding and the effects of coating on the optical properties of the NPs. It was found that Si NPs were effectively functionalized, and that coated NPs could be extracted from the reaction mixture in a straightforward manner. The silanol coating increases the quantum yield of fluorescence, decreases the spectral width and causes a small (∼50 nm) blue-shift in both the excitation and emission spectra of the Si NPs, compared to unfunctionalized particles.

The phase-out of nuclear energy in Germany has triggered the demand for a comprehensive solution to dispose of damaged fuel rods, normally remaining in the fuel pond until the final shutdown of the NPP. In order to establish a disposal concept for damaged fuel rods suitable for the needs of German utilities, GNS has developed a first of its kind solution, the Integrated Quiver System for Damaged Fuel (GNS IQ®), which can be loaded into the transport and storage casks of the CASTOR® family also by GNS. The GNS IQ® features a robust yet simple design with a high mechanical stability, a reliable leak tightness and large safety margins for future requirements on safety analysis. It can be easily adapted to a large variety of different damaged fuel rods and tailored to the specific needs of the customer. The quiver is adaptable e.g. in length and diameter for use in other types of transport and storage casks and is applicable in other countries as well. The paper gives a general overview of the disposal concept and provides a description of the Integrated Quiver System for Damaged Fuel with the focus on criticality safety assessment.

International audience; BACKGROUND:Mild primary hyperparathyroidism (serum calcium ≤ 2.85 mmol/L) is the most representative form of pHPT nowadays. The aim of this study was to evaluate its subtypes and the multiglandular disease (MGD) rate as it may lower the sensitivity of preoperative parathyroid scintigraphy and the surgical cure rate.METHODS:We retrospectively included patients with mild pHPT who underwent parathyroid dual-tracer scintigraphy with 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT and surgery between January 2013 and December 2015. Cure was defined as normalization of serum calcium (or PTH in the normocalcemic form) at 6 months. MGD was defined by either two abnormal resected glands or persistent disease after resection of at least one abnormal gland.RESULTS:We included 121 patients. Median preoperative serum calcium was 2.68 mmol/L and median PTH was 83.4 pg/mL. A total of 141 glands were resected (95 adenomas, 33 hyperplasias). The subtypes were 57% classic, 32.2% normohormonal, and 10.7% normocalcemic. MGD occurred in 23.5% of patients divided as 13%, 30%, and 64% respectively (p = 0.0011). The surgical cure rate was 85.2%. The normocalcemic form had lower cure rate than the normohormonal (45% vs 84%, p = 0.018) and classic forms (45% vs 93%, p = 0.0006). MIBI scintigraphy identified at least one abnormal lesion, later confirmed by the pathologist in 90/98 patients, making the sensitivity per patient 91.8% (95% CI 84.1-96.2%).CONCLUSIONS:MGD is strongly associated with mild pHPT, especially the normocalcemic form where it accounts for 64% of cases. Bilateral neck exploration should be performed in this population to improve the cure rate, even if the scintigraphy shows a single focus.

The choice of drug used to facilitate endotracheal intubation in Asthmatic patients during rapid sequence induction (RSI) may have an impact on survival. Ketamine is commonly used in the hemodynamically unstable patient although it has been associated with side effects. This review sought to investigate which induction agents is preferable, and safer for RSI in asthmatic patients. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched to the end of 2020, for relevant studies to our concerned topic. ketamine is the only available drug that has an analgesic effect itself. All other induction agents are usually combined with an opioid that must be considered a confounding factor, as its more way safe agent in bronchial asthma patients than other agents.

Postthyroidectomy voice disorders can occur without any recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, and probably are the most frequent complication after thyroidectomy. We report the long-term voice quality outcomes after total thyroidectomy without vocal cord palsy using a simple self-assessment tool: the voice handicap index self-questionnaire.This observational prospective multicenter study included 203 patients from the "ThyrQoL" study (ClinicalTrial NCT02167529), who underwent total thyroidectomy between October 2014 and August 2015 in 3 French Hospitals (Nantes, La Roche-sur-Yon, and Limoges). Exclusion criteria included confirmed malignant disease, age18 years, and preoperative voice troubles with confirmed vocal cord palsy. Direct flexible laryngoscopy was performed after surgery. Nineteen patients with a postoperative vocal cord palsy were excluded from analysis.One hundred and seventy-six patients with no vocal cord palsy were analyzed. Voice handicap index scores were significantly altered on postoperative month 2 compared with preoperative values (7.02 ± 11.56 vs 14.41 ± 19.44; P.0001). Voice handicap index scores were not significantly different on postoperative month 6 compared with preoperative values (7.02 ± 11.56 vs 7.61 ± 14.02; P=.381). Thirty-six patients (20.5%) described significant voice impairment 2 months after total thyroidectomy. Nine patients (5.7%) still experienced significant discomfort at 6 months.Twenty percent of patients had initial voice impairment at 2 months postthyroidectomy, with a progressive recovery to preoperative levels at 6 months with6% with persistent voice complaints.

This study focuses on the determination, as well as, the composition of some heavy metals contained in 12 eye shadow cosmetic samples. An elemental analysis of heavy metals (Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Mn, Pb, and Zn) was performed by X-ray Fluorescence. The constitution of some samples was studied by Powder X-Ray Diffraction. Heavy metals exist as zinc oxide, Titanium dioxide, Iron oxide, Bismuth oxychloride, and lead sulfide. The quantification of selected toxic heavy metals lead, copper and nickel were achieved by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry after digestion with concentrated acids. In all analyzed samples lead had a concentration less than 20 ppm, which indicated good manufacturing practice. Copper and nickel levels were within acceptable concentrations, but overpasses the safe limit appeared in China samples. The prolonged use of cosmetics case an allergic problem for consumers. Therefore, quality controls are highly controlled for imported products with different regulations.

Introduction: Chronic constipation is considered a common, persistent problem that affect several patients globally. In the US, it is estimated that the prevalence of constipation is about fifteen percent in the general population. This number is similar to the estimated global prevalence of about fourteen percent. Risk factors include but not limited to old age, female, and lower socioeconomic status. Almost fifty percent of people complaining of constipation report symptoms for more than five years. Chronic constipation affects the quality of life and the psychological well-being. Chronic constipation has a major economic burden and leads to significant healthcare utilization for patients. It is estimated that more than US$800 million dollars were spent on laxatives by constipated patients in 2007. Moreover, constipation-related emergency room visits and inpatient admissions are increasing as well, particularly in a young age population. The definition of chronic constipation has changed over time to include more than a decreased number of stools per week. It involves a pattern of symptoms like excessive straining, a sense of incomplete evacuation, failed or lengthy attempts to defecate, use of digital manoeuvres for evacuation of stool, abdominal bloating, and hard consistency of stools. The wider definition of constipation has led to a more expansive therapeutic approach. Constipation is categorized into two types: primary and secondary types. Primary constipation is due to disturbed regulation of the neuromuscular components within the colon and anorectum as well as disruption in their corresponding ascending and descending pathways in the brain-gut axis. With the help of a symptom-based criteria and diagnostic testing, primary constipation can be additionally categorized into functional defecation disorder, slow-transit constipation (STC), and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C). Functional defecation disorders include dyssynergic defecation and illnesses that may obstruct defecation such as rectal prolapse, rectocele, and descending perineum syndrome. Dyssynergic defecation is defined as paradoxical contraction or inadequate relaxation of the pelvic floor muscles during attempted defecation. STC is recognized as inadequate propulsive forces in the colon in the absence of dyssynergic defecation. Multiple underlying factors have been suggested for IBS-C, including genetic, environmental, social, biological, and psychological factors. It is important to consider that there is huge overlap between dyssynergic defecation, STC, and IBS-C. Greater than half of dyssynergic patients will exhibit delayed colonic transit. The opposite also holds true with greater than two-thirds of STC patients having concurrent dyssynergia. Secondary constipation could result from a variety of factors such as metabolic disturbances (hypercalcaemia, hypothyroidism), drugs (e.g. opiates, calcium channel blockers, antipsychotics), neurologic disorders (parkinsonism, spinal cord lesions, diabetes mellitus), and primary diseases of the colon (stricture, cancer, anal fissure, proctitis).Aim of work: In this review, we will discuss constipation causes and managementMethodology: We did a systematic search for constipation causes and management using PubMed search engine (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and Google Scholar search engine (https://scholar.google.com). All relevant studies were retrieved and discussed. We only included full articles.Conclusions: Constipation is a very common and complicated disorder, symptoms of which include more than decreased frequency of bowel movements. Over a detailed history and prospective stool diary, it is important to determine the severity and chronicity of symptoms and identify the presence of underlying secondary causes. Chronic idiopathic constipation, refractory to dietary and lifestyle changes and laxatives, should be assessed with proper testing to recognize underlying pathophysiology. Suspicion of dyssynergic defecation on a proper digital rectal examination should be verified with anorectal manometry and/or defecography and referred to centres with expertise in manometry-based biofeedback therapy. Colectomy should be reserved for patients with underlying colonic neuropathy identified on colonic manometry. Drugs for chronic idiopathic constipation in the pipeline, whether secretagogues, serotonergic agonists, or bile acid transporter inhibitors, are considered safe and effective, promising to give doctors more therapeutic alternatives in their arsenal. It continues to be seen where these newer agents will fit in the management guideline. Key words: Constipation, pathophysiology, causes, management

Background The impact of obesity on total thyroidectomy (TT) morbidity (recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and hypocalcaemia) remains largely unknown. Methods In a prospective study (NCT01551914), patients were divided into five groups according to their body mass index (BMI): underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese, and severely obese. Preoperative and postoperative serum calcium was measured. Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) function was evaluated before discharge, and if abnormal, at 6 months. Results In total 1310 patients were included. Baseline characteristics were similar across BMI groups except for age and sex. Postoperative hypocalcaemia was more frequent in underweight compared to obese patients but the difference was not statistically significant in multivariate analysis. There was no difference between groups in terms of definitive hypocalcaemia, transient and definitive RLN palsy, and postoperative pain. Conclusion Obesity does not increase intraoperative and postoperative morbidity of TT, despite a longer duration of the procedure.

Hydatid cyst rupture into abdominal cavity is a rare but a serious complication. The rupture can occur after a trauma, or spontaneously as a result of increased intracystic pressure. It is a surgical emergency with high morbidity and mortality rates. Early diagnosis and appropriate surgical management of this complication can be life saving. The objective of the current paper is to evaluate the clinical, and radiographic findings and surgical treatment of this complication. A retrospective study on 12 patients operated in our department for intraperitoneal rupture of hydatid cyst between January 1990 and May 2015. We reviewed age, gender, imaging findings, surgical treatment procedures, mortality, morbidity and recurrence. Our study includes 12 cases of intraperitoneal rupture of hydatid cysts; eight of the patients were men, and four were women. Four patients had a history of abdominal trauma and the other ruptures occurred spontaneously. All the patients had peritoneal irritation signs at presentation. All them underwent ultrasonography and CT scan. Imaging showed intraabdominal free fluid in all of cases. In 11 cases the cyst was unique and only in one case an associated mesenteric hydatid cyst was noted. Ruptured cysts were located in the right lobe of the liver in nine cases, in the left lobe in the other three cases. All the patients underwent emergency surgery after imaging. The procedure applied was conservative associated with drainage in all the cases. Some associated procedures were performed during the same operation. In only one case total pericystectomy for intraperitoneal cyst was performed. There were no post operative deaths. A total of five morbidities developed in three patients (one case of evisceration, three cases of biliary fistula and a case of pulmonary infection). Hydatid cyst rupture in peritoneal cavity is a rare complication. Imaging assessment has an important role in diagnosis but clinical signs are mandatory. A quick diagnosis and emergency surgery can decrease postoperative death. Surgery and postoperative care constitute the basis of treatment.

Silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) are highly attractive materials for typical quantum dots functions, such as in light-emitting and bioimaging applications, owing to silicon's intrinsic merits of minimal toxicity, low cost, high abundance, and easy and highly stable functionalization. Especially nonoxidized Si NPs with a covalently bound coating serve well in these respects, given the minimization of surface defects upon hydrosilylation of H-terminated Si NPs. However, to date, methods to obtain such H-terminated Si NPs are still not easy. Herein, we report a new synthetic method to produce size-tunable robust, highly crystalline H-terminated Si NPs (4-9 nm) using microwave irradiation within 5 min at temperatures between 25 and 200 °C and their further covalent functionalization. The key step to obtain highly fluorescent (quantum yield of 7-16%) green-red Si NPs in one simple step is the reduction of triethoxysilane and (+)-sodium l-ascorbate, yielding routinely ∼1 g of H-Si NPs via a highly scalable route in 5-15 min. Subsequent functionalization via hydrosilylation yielded Si NPs with an emission quantum yield of 12-14%. This approach can be used to easily produce high-quality H-Si NPs in gram-scale quantities, which brings the application of functionalized Si NPs significantly closer.

Background: Adolescence is a period of dynamic change especially with regard to sexual characteristics and reproductive capacity. Fulfilling the adolescents' reproductive information needs – with their great interest in sexuality- in the era of information technology can be freely access through the internet. This estimated by a cross-sectional analytic study in female secondary schools in Jeddah City to assess the reproductive health knowledge, estimate the internet use for it, and to study the reproductive health related attitudes & behaviors among these adolescents. Methods: Self-administered questionnaire adopted from "The Arab Family Health Survey Youth Questionnaire" distributed among four secondary schools; two schools with new developed curriculum in all the three academic years chosen to represent the northern & the southern areas of Jeddah city, with a matching school with the conventional curriculum chosen randomly in each area. Each curriculum type contains 120 students divided proportionally between the two schools. Proportional sampling also done between the three academic years and the number of classes in each year. Results: 247 questionnaires were distributed in the 4 schools with 100% response rate. 84.5% of the students had identified correctly at least 50% of the signs of puberty, the STD, HIV modes of transmissions & HIV preventive measures. The mean score of reproductive health knowledge was significantly higher in the schools with the developed curriculum than the schools with the conventional curriculum with a p value = 0.007. Other significant independent variables were the higher academic year (p=0.022) and both parents higher level of education (p=0.001 for father, 0.017 for mother). Ninety one percent have searched the internet for health information with a range of frequency from always to rarely. The reproductive health topics were; puberty 11%, marriage 15%, STD 8%, and pregnancy 7%. Around 77% preferred the internet among other sources to get this information. Most of the girls (89%) had received puberty information, where mothers (76%) & schools (66%) being most of the sources. In addition, mothers were the most preferred sources of information (70%). About masturbation, 41% of the students did not know what it is, and 44.5% of the rest believe it is prohibited in Islam. For their opinion about extramarital sex, 87% thought it is prohibited. About 88% identified pregnancy as an outcome for extramarital sex, 82% for STD, 89% for shame, 64% for punishment; while 99% disagreed that, there will be no outcome. Conclusion & Recommendations: The reproductive health knowledge was significantly higher among the new curriculum students compared to the conventional curriculum students. The majority of the students have used the internet for health information including the reproductive health topics. Most of them were against masturbation & extramarital sex, recognizing the consequences of the latter. Education programs should target mothers of adolescent girls to enrich their information.

Objectives We aimed to determine the effect of adjuvant radioactive iodine dose on recurrence rate in high-risk papillary thyroid cancer. Methods More than 1,500 patients treated for papillary thyroid cancer at high-volume centers in France and the United States from 2004–2014 were reviewed. Patients considered at high risk for recurrence per the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines were analyzed and grouped by initial radioactive iodine dose: intermediate (median 100 mCi) or high dose (median 150 mCi). Propensity score matching was performed to control for baseline characteristics. Results In a propensity-matched cohort of 66 patient pairs, there were equivalent rates of gross extrathyroidal extension (71% vs 71%, P = 1.00), positive margins (55% vs 55%, P = 1.00), lymph node metastases ≥ 3 cm (9% vs 9%, P = 1.00), extranodal extension (32% vs 33%, P = .85), and distant metastases (2% vs 5%, P = .31). Over a median follow-up of 4.5 years (interquartile ratio 2.0–7.5 years), the intermediate-dose radioactive iodine group had a significantly higher rate of recurrence than patients in the high-dose radioactive iodine group: 24 out of 66 (36%) vs 13 out of 66 (20%), P = .03. Conclusion High-dose radioactive iodine is associated with lower recurrence rate compared with intermediate-dose radioactive iodine for patients with American Thyroid Association high-risk papillary thyroid cancer.

Background Normocalcaemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NcPHPT) is a new clinical entity being diagnosed increasingly among patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). The aim of this study was to evaluate quality of life and non-specific symptoms before and after parathyroidectomy in patients with NcPHPT compared with those with hypercalcaemic mild PHPT (Hc-m-PHPT). Methods This was a prospective multicentre study of patients with mild PHPT from four university hospitals. Patients were evaluated before operation, and 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery for quality of life using the SF-36-v2® questionnaire, as well as for 25 non-specific symptoms. Results Before operation, the only statistically significant difference between the NcPHPT and Hc-m-PHPT groups was in the mean(s.d.) blood calcium level (2·54 versus 2·73 mmol; P < 0·001). At 1 year after surgery, the blood calcium level had improved significantly in both groups, with no significant difference between them. Quality of life improved significantly in each group compared with its preoperative score, with regard to the physical component summary (P = 0·040 and P = 0·016 respectively), whereas the mental component summary improved significantly in the Hc-m-PHPT group only (P = 0·043). Only two non-specific symptoms improved significantly in the NcPHPT group compared with nine in the Hc-m-PHPT group. Conclusion Parathyroidectomy mildly improves quality of life and some non-specific symptoms in patients with NcPHPT.

International audience; BACKGROUND: The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the incidence of recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in our institution, and to evaluate the associated risk factors while comparing them to those proposed in the literature. METHODS: The files of 218 patients who had undergone mastectomy for pure DCIS or DCIS with micro-invasion at Centre Eugène Marquis between January 2003 and November 2013 were compared for: age at diagnosis, type of mastectomy and immediate reconstruction, tumor characteristics, and the evaluation of the sentinel axillary lymph node. The mean follow-up period was 30.5 months. RESULTS: In a mean period of 39.13 months, 8 patients (3.67%) developed a recurrence post-mastectomy, 2 of whom with distant metastasis. Two others developed distant metastases subsequently during treatment. All 4 died due to progression of metastases, while the other 4 are alive and disease-free after treatment. The only risk factor was young age at initial diagnosis (\textless40 years). None of the other factors described in the literature, such as high grade or diffuse disease, comedo-necrosis, positive margins or micro-invasion were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy for DCIS is rare, however, it carries a high mortality rate for those who do relapse. Patients who have high risk factors such as young age at diagnosis and high risk tumor factors should be followed closely for signs of recurrence and/or metastasis