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Studies of material returned from Cb asteroid Ryugu have revealed considerable mineralogical and chemical heterogeneity, stemming primarily from brecciation and aqueous alteration. Isotopic anomalies could have also been affected by delivery of exogenous clasts and aqueous mobilization of soluble elements. Here, we show that isotopic anomalies for mildly soluble Cr are highly variable in Ryugu and CI chondrites, whereas those of Ti are relatively uniform. This variation in Cr isotope ratios is most likely due to physicochemical fractionation between 54Cr-rich presolar nanoparticles and Cr-bearing secondary minerals at the millimeter-scale in the bulk samples, likely due to extensive aqueous alteration in their parent bodies that occurred [Formula: see text] after Solar System birth. In contrast, Ti isotopes were marginally affected by this process. Our results show that isotopic heterogeneities in asteroids are not all nebular or accretionary in nature but can also reflect element redistribution by water.

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia can cause significant long-term radiological changes, even resembling pulmonary fibrosis. However, the risk factors for these long-term effects are unknown. This study aims to assess radiological abnormalities and their possible risk factors six months after hospital discharge due to COVID-19 pneumonia. Material and methods This cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital included adults admitted for COVID-19 pneumonia from March 2020 to February 2021, who underwent high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans of the chest six months after hospital discharge. The primary outcome was radiological abnormalities on HRCT, while the main explanatory variables were drawn from the patient’s medical history along with the disease course, analytical indicators, and the treatment received during admission. Results The 189 included patients had a mean age of 61.5 years; 70.9% were male, and hypertension was the main comorbidity (45%). About two-thirds (67.2%) presented acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Most (97.9%) received systemic corticosteroid therapy, and 81% presented pathological findings on HRCT, most commonly ground glass (63.5%), followed by bronchial dilatation (36%) and subpleural bands (25.4%). The multivariable analysis showed that age was the main risk factor, associated with most radiological changes. Other factors were the duration of corticosteroid therapy for ground glass (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.020) as well as a longer stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) (aOR 1.290) and high levels of IL-6 for bronchial dilation (aOR 1.002). Conclusion Radiological involvement of the lungs six months after COVID-19 pneumonia is frequent, especially ground glass. Elderly patients with prolonged ICU admission and a significant inflammatory response measured by IL-6 are more likely to present worse radiological evolution and are candidates for radiological follow-up after COVID-19 pneumonia.

Abstract Background Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally. Although recent therapeutic advancements have provided targeted treatment approaches, the development of resistance and systemic toxicity remain primary concerns. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially those derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), have gained attention as promising drug delivery systems, offering biocompatibility and minimal immune responses. Recognizing the limitations of conventional 2D cell culture systems in mimicking the tumor microenvironment, this study aims to describe a proof-of-principle approach for using patient-specific organoid models for both lung cancer and normal lung tissue and the feasibility of employing autologous EVs derived from induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-MSC in personalized medicine approaches. Methods First, we reprogrammed healthy fibroblasts into iPSC. Next, we differentiated patient-derived iPSC into branching lung organoids (BLO) and generated patient-matched lung cancer organoids (LCO) from patient-derived tumor tissue. We show a streamlined process of MSC differentiation from iPSC and EV isolation from iPSC-MSC, encapsulated with 0.07 µg/mL of cytotoxic agent cisplatin and applied to both organoid models. Cytotoxicity of cisplatin and cisplatin-loaded EVs was recorded with LDH and CCK8 tests. Results Fibroblast-derived iPSC showed a normal karyotype, pluripotency staining, and trilineage differentiation. iPSC-derived BLO showed expression of lung markers, like TMPRSS2 and MUC5A while patient-matched LCO showed expression of Napsin and CK5. Next, we compared the effects of iPSC-MSC derived EVs loaded with cisplatin against empty EVs and cisplatin alone in lung cancer organoid and healthy lung organoid models. As expected, we found a cytotoxic effect when LCO were treated with 20 µg/mL cisplatin. Treatment of LCO and BLO with empty EVs resulted in a cytotoxic effect after 24 h. However, EVs loaded with 0.07 µg/mL cisplatin failed to induce any cytotoxic effect in both organoid models. Conclusion We report on a proof-of-principle pipeline towards using autologous or allogeneic iPSC-MSC EVs as drug delivery tests for lung cancer in future. However, due to the time and labor-intensive processes, we conclude that this pipeline might not be feasible for personalized approaches at the moment.

Preliminary analyses of asteroid Ryugu samples show kinship to aqueously altered CI (Ivuna-type) chondrites, suggesting similar origins. We report identification of C-rich, particularly primitive clasts in Ryugu samples that contain preserved presolar silicate grains and exceptional abundances of presolar SiC and isotopically anomalous organic matter. The high presolar silicate abundance (104 ppm) indicates that the clast escaped extensive alteration. The 5 to 10 times higher abundances of presolar SiC (~235 ppm), N-rich organic matter, organics with N isotopic anomalies (1.2%), and organics with C isotopic anomalies (0.2%) in the primitive clasts compared to bulk Ryugu suggest that the clasts formed in a unique part of the protoplanetary disk enriched in presolar materials. These clasts likely represent previously unsampled outer solar system material that accreted onto Ryugu after aqueous alteration ceased, consistent with Ryugus rubble pile origin.

PURPOSE: Human perception and decisions are biased toward previously seen stimuli. This phenomenon is known as serial dependence and has been extensively studied for the last decade. Recent evidence suggests that clinicians judgments of mammograms might also be impacted by serial dependence. However, the stimuli used in previous psychophysical experiments on this question, consisting of artificial geometric shapes and healthy tissue backgrounds, were unrealistic. We utilized realistic and controlled generative adversarial network (GAN)-generated radiographs to mimic images that clinicians typically encounter. APPROACH: Mammograms from the digital database for screening mammography (DDSM) were utilized to train a GAN. This pretrained GAN was then adopted to generate a large set of authentic-looking simulated mammograms: 20 circular morph continuums, each with 147 images, for a total of 2940 images. Using these stimuli in a standard serial dependence experiment, participants viewed a random GAN-generated mammogram on each trial and subsequently matched the GAN-generated mammogram encountered using a continuous report. The characteristics of serial dependence from each continuum were analyzed. RESULTS: We found that serial dependence affected the perception of all naturalistic GAN-generated mammogram morph continuums. In all cases, the perceptual judgments of GAN-generated mammograms were biased toward previously encountered GAN-generated mammograms. On average, perceptual decisions had 7% categorization errors that were pulled in the direction of serial dependence. CONCLUSIONS: Serial dependence was found even in the perception of naturalistic GAN-generated mammograms created by a GAN. This supports the idea that serial dependence could, in principle, contribute to decision errors in medical image perception tasks.

The infralimbic cortex (IL) is part of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), exerting top-down control over structures that are critically involved in the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Activity of the IL is tightly controlled by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission, which is susceptible to chronic alcohol exposure and withdrawal. This inhibitory control is regulated by various neuromodulators, including 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin). We used chronic intermittent ethanol vapor inhalation exposure, a model of AUD, in male Sprague-Dawley rats to induce alcohol dependence (Dep) followed by protracted withdrawal (WD; 2 weeks) and performed ex vivo electrophysiology using whole-cell patch clamp to study GABAergic transmission in layer V of IL pyramidal neurons. We found that WD increased frequencies of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs), whereas miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs; recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin) were unaffected by either Dep or WD. The application of 5-HT (50 μM) increased sIPSC frequencies and amplitudes in naive and Dep rats but reduced sIPSC frequencies in WD rats. Additionally, 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084 reduced basal GABA release in all groups to a similar extent. The blockage of either 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptors in WD rats restored the impaired response to 5-HT, which then resembled responses in naive rats. Our findings expand our understanding of synaptic inhibition in the IL in AUD, indicating that antagonism of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors may restore GABAergic control over IL pyramidal neurons. Significance statement: Impairment in the serotonergic modulation of GABAergic inhibition in the medial prefrontal cortex contributes to alcohol use disorder (AUD). We used a well-established rat model of AUD and ex vivo whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology to characterize the serotonin modulation of GABAergic transmission in layer V infralimbic (IL) pyramidal neurons in ethanol-naive, ethanol-dependent (Dep), and ethanol-withdrawn (WD) male rats. We found increased basal inhibition following WD from chronic alcohol and altered serotonin modulation. Exogenous serotonin enhanced GABAergic transmission in naive and Dep rats but reduced it in WD rats. 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor blockage in WD rats restored the typical serotonin-mediated enhancement of GABAergic inhibition. Our findings expand our understanding of synaptic inhibition in the infralimbic neurons in AUD.

The extraterrestrial materials returned from asteroid (162173) Ryugu consist predominantly of low-temperature aqueously formed secondary minerals and are chemically and mineralogically similar to CI (Ivuna-type) carbonaceous chondrites. Here, we show that high-temperature anhydrous primary minerals in Ryugu and CI chondrites exhibit a bimodal distribution of oxygen isotopic compositions: 16O-rich (associated with refractory inclusions) and 16O-poor (associated with chondrules). Both the 16O-rich and 16O-poor minerals probably formed in the inner solar protoplanetary disk and were subsequently transported outward. The abundance ratios of the 16O-rich to 16O-poor minerals in Ryugu and CI chondrites are higher than in other carbonaceous chondrite groups but are similar to that of comet 81P/Wild2, suggesting that Ryugu and CI chondrites accreted in the outer Solar System closer to the accretion region of comets.

This paper aims to characterise an indicator of the development of the number sequence scheme among students at the level of Compulsory Secondary Education (14-16 years old students). To do so, we use a scheme development proposed by the APOS theory to characterise students' use of relations between mathematical elements when solving a mathematical task. We use a qualitative methodology and the data collection instruments are a written questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. In this work we show the questionnaire task that provides analytical expressions and ask students to determine which of them numbers sequences are. We find that students' use of logical implication when solving tasks related to number sequences is an indicator of the development of the scheme. This indicator helps to locate the transition mechanisms between the levels of development of the number sequence scheme. Moreover, our research shows that arithmetic and geometric progressions play a key role as an indicator of the development of the number sequence scheme.

Purpose: This study aims to build a model for the analysis of the environmental behavior of university students. Design/methodology/approach: A partial least square method was adopted, and a questionnaire on intelligence, knowledge, attitude and environmental behavior was performed on 480 Spanish university students. Findings: The results indicate that environmental intelligence positively affects university students' environmental behavior through environmental knowledge and attitude. Research limitations/implications: The conclusions of the present study are based on a sample drawn from Spanish university students. Therefore, new studies are needed to cover other educational institutions and cultural contexts. Practical implications: Many university students' environmental behavior depends on implementing educational actions that improve their environmental intelligence and knowledge. Social implications: The study suggests that educational programs should implement strategies that maintain a sense of responsibility toward the sustainable development of university students, ensuring that future generations can live a quality life in a sustainable and safe environment. Originality/value: The present study identifies the mechanism through which the environmental behavior of university students is formed.

This paper aims to explore the role of Child Well-Being (CWB) in the integration processes of migrant and refugee minors. Through the co-creative development of a new child-centered system of indicators about the integration of migrant and refugee children in Europe the authors discuss a) the prominent role of well-being in this set of indicators, and b) how reappraising these indicators from a well-being approach can contribute to delving into which aspects of CWB are connected to the integration of migrant children. The contributions of this paper open new research paths: on the one hand, the methodology presented provides a reference for future research that can replicate the procedure to build child-centered indicators in disciplines different than migration studies; on the other hand, the results presented suggest not only that well-being has a prominent role in migrant children integration experiences, but also, that reappraising dimensions of migrant children's integration from a well-being approach hints at blurry borders between both concepts. This suggests promising research opportunities to underpin the relationship between integration and well-being., Author(s): Eva Bajo Marcos [sup.1] , Mercedes Fernández [sup.1] , Inmaculada Serrano [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.11108.39, 0000 0001 2324 8920, University Institute of Studies on Migration, Comillas Pontifical University, [...]