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The solid-phase synthesis of model aluminum-molybdenum (Al-Mo) and aluminum-nickel-molybdenum (Al-Ni-Mo) compositions constituting the catalysts for metathesis of propylene was carried out under mechanical action. The structure of model Al-Mo and Al-Ni-Mo compositions was studied using X-ray diffraction analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance electron spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS). The latter method revealed the presence of isolated monomeric and oligomeric molybdate compounds in the model Al-Ni-Mo compositions. Granulated catalysts for metathesis were obtained by molding the model Al-Mo and Al-Ni-Mo compositions with aluminum hydroxide followed by calcination. Most active in the metathesis of propylene was the aluminum-molybdenum catalyst containing 2.6 wt.% Ni, 13.0 wt.% Mo and 32.7 wt.% Al. At the process temperature of 200 °С, pressure 0.1 MPa, and weight space velocity of propylene 1 h–1, the conversion of propylene on this catalyst reached 33.7 %, which makes the catalyst promising for practical application. Therewith, the weight fraction of ethylene in the reaction products was 17.5 %, and butenes – 71.3 %.

The in situ formation of the catalytic heterogeneous-homogeneous system including the Al-M (M = Ni, Co, Cu) alloy and the Al(M)/Cl complex in a benzene-ethylene medium at a temperature of 80 °C and pressure 0.2–0.3 MPa was studied. Regularities were found in the interaction of Al-M alloys activated by the liquid-metal Ga-In eutectic with a chlorinating agent (CCl4), which led to the formation of catalytically active Al(M)/Cl metal-aluminum chloride complexes. Spectrokinetic measurements showed that reactivity of the activated alloys toward an excess of CCl4 can form the following series: Al-Cu ≈ Al-Ni > Al > Al-Co. The highest catalytic activity was observed for the nickel-aluminum chloride complexes; their selectivity to ethyl benzene was up to 48 %. According to IR and UV-vis spectroscopy data, the structure and composition of the metal-chloride complexes formed in situ in the aromatic reaction medium are determined by a combination of the coupled ion pairs [AlCl4]–tetrahed./[NiCl6]4–octahed. and [AlCl4]–tetrahed./[CuCl2]–lin. stabilized by the (C6H5)3C+ carbocation.

The quantum Casimir condensate of the massive bispinor in the compact Friedmann universe has been calculated in the static approximation. The Abel–Plana formula has been used to renormalize divergent series.

Synthesis of porous carbon materials has been carried out in two ways—by chemical and mechanochemical dehydrochlorination of polyvinyl chloride in the presence of alkali and subsequent two-stage heat treatment of the obtained polyvinylenes (carbonization up to 400°C and carbon dioxide or alkaline activation at a temperature of 850—900 and 800°C, respectively). The products obtained were studied by transmission electron microscopy and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. It is shown that, depending on the synthesis conditions, carbon materials after activation have a developed specific surface area of 350–1100 m2/g and specific pore volume 0.3–0.47 cm3/g with a variable contribution of micropores from 30 to 85%. Thus, the effectiveness of the chosen approach to the controlled synthesis of porous CMs from PVC is confirmed.

Sapropel hydroliquefaction in supercritical ethanol at 260°С and a pressure of 18 MPa in the presence of СоМо/Al2O3 catalyst was studied. The maximal conversion of the sapropel organic matter (~76%) in supercritical ethanol is reached when adding gaseous hydrogen and a catalyst. The process is accompanied by removal of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and by an increase in the hydrogen content of the liquid products. As shown by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy, the liquid products of sapropel conversion in supercritical ethanol consist mainly of esters (41.8–46.5%) and alkyl derivatives of phenol (18.6–21.6%).

Modified carbon sorbents for medical and veterinary uses are synthesized. The effect that the nature of modifiers and the modification method have on the functional group and elemental composition is investigated using physicochemical techniques.

The synthesis of porous carbon materials was carried out by mechanochemical dehydrochlorination of polyvinyl chloride in the presence of alkalis (KOH, LiOH) using a high-energy planetary mill and the subsequent two-stage heat treatment of the obtained polyvinylenes (polymers with a conjugated double bond system)—carbonization to 400°C and carbon dioxide at 850°C or alkaline activation and 800°C, respectively. The structure of the obtained products was studied by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, analysis of isotherms of low-temperature adsorption/desorption of nitrogen. The resulting products are (micro-, meso-) porous amorphous carbon materials with specific surface SBET from 460 to 605 m2/g, micropore volume from 0.09 to 0.21 cm3/g, and mesopore volume from 0.09 to 0.6 cm3/g

A theoretical description of elastic polarized muon-electron scattering is presented. Complete one-loop electroweak radiative corrections are calculated with taking into account the exact dependence on the muon mass. The effects due to some higher order corrections and the electroweak scheme dependence are analyzed. The case of longitudinally polarized fermions in the initial state is investigated. Analytical results are derived with the help of the SANC system. Numerical results are presented for unpolarized and polarized cross sections. Calculations are realized in the Monte Carlo integrator MCSANCee and generator ReneSANCe which allow the implementation of any experimental cut used in the analysis of elastic $\mu - e$ scattering data., Comment: 28 pages, 8 tables, 8 figures

Commercial carbon black (CB) was mechanically activated in air for 5–60 min and 100 g acceleration of milling bodies, which were represented by steel balls with the diameter of 2, 5 and 8 mm. Changes in the composition and structure of the tested objects, including their surface layers, were considered. IR spectroscopy and acid-base titration showed that mechanical activation (MA) of CB results in the formation of oxygen-containing surface functional groups in the amount of 0.21–0.34 mEq/g. The analysis of the pore texture of mechanically activated CB samples revealed that an increase in MA intensity increases the specific surface area and decreases the total pore volume. The high intensity of MA leads to the formation of the pore system in CB that differs from the initial system and consists of 10–100 nm pores and thin pores with the size of 3–5 nm. A TEM study on the morphology of mechanically activated CB samples demonstrated that activation at the high intensity results in the partial destruction of globules and the appearance of small particles with the size of 2–5 nm. A structural study showed that mechanical activation at the high intensity may lead to rearrangement of graphene layers in globules.

Based on the Sibunit carbon composite, Ru–Cs(Ba)/Sibunit catalysts with Cs(Ba) : Ru molar ratios of 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 were obtained. The catalytic activity of the obtained promoted catalysts in the decomposition of ammonia and their thermal resistance to methanation are compared. In the reaction of ammonia decomposition, the specific activity (Wsp) of barium-containing catalysts proved to be 2 times lower than the specific activity of cesium-containing samples with the same molar M : Ru ratio. Thus, Wsp at 500°С was 29.4 mmol H2 min–1 for 0.5Cs–Ru/Sibunit and 15.4 mmol H2 g–1cat min–1 for 0.5Ba–Ru/Sibunit. It was shown that the introduction of barium at molar ratios Ba : Ru = of 0.5–2.5 significantly increases the thermal stability of the samples defined as the ratio of the weight of hydrogen obtained on the catalyst to the weight of carbon subjected to methanation. There is 52 g H2 for nonpromoted Ru/Sibunit catalyst, 370 g H2 for the 0.5Ba–Ru/Sibunit sample, 200 g H2 for the 1.5Ba–Ru/Sibunit sample, and 150 g H2 for the 2.5Ba–Ru/Sibunit sample per 1 g of carbon loss.

The interaction of platinum with carbonaceous graphite-like material Sibunit was studied. It was found that carbon covers the platinum particles during the reduction in a hydrogen flow. Chemisorption of CO over such samples has shown that just a small part of Pt surface is opened and accessible for the reagents. The carbon support was additionally pretreated by a high temperature graphitization in nitrogen. The amount of surface oxygen-containing groups was increased by a treatment with nitric acid. An examination of the Pt-loaded samples in hydrogen has revealed that the oxidative treatment does not affect the activity in the carbon hydrogenation process. Both the initial and oxidized Pt-loaded samples facilitate intensive carbon interaction with hydrogen leading to quite similar amounts of methane released. Contrary, the graphitization of the support allows one to minimize the methane formation. Lower specific surface area and absence of amorphous carbon weaken the platinum–carbon interaction and facilitate the formation of larger particles, thus complicating the realization of hydrogenation mechanism.

Three-component Ru-Ba-Cs/C catalysts supported on the graphite-like carbonaceous composite material Sibunit were synthesized. The effects of the graphitization procedure of the support (thermal treatment at 1900 °C) on the phase composition and the distribution of the components were studied. The catalytic activity in the ammonia decomposition reaction and the thermal stability of the samples were examined in comparison with the untreated support. The samples were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, XAFS, TEM, and XRD methods. It was found that in the case of untreated support, Ru presents in the form of both the metallic and partially oxidized fine particles. The graphitization of the carbon support facilitates the formation of large, well-crystallized metal particles. Barium in both samples was found to be unevenly distributed and presented mainly as large particles of carbonate. Cesium-containing species were not detected. The effect of the support graphitization on the thermal stability is comparable with catalyst modification by Ba and Cs. At the same time, combination of these effects noticeably increases the efficiency of the catalyst. Thus, the non-promoted Ru catalyst deposited on the untreated support decomposes 107 g of NH3 per 1 g of the lost carbon. Modification of the catalyst with Ba and Cs allows one to increase this value up to 498 g of NH3, while graphitization of the support and application of the combined approach were shown to give 910 and 1577 g, correspondingly.

A series of Pd–Mo supported catalysts were prepared and tested in the direct conversion of ethylene to propylene. The relationship between the catalytic performance and support nature was investigated. On basis of XRD data, H2−TPR, UV-Vis spectra, supports with higher acidity were beneficial for the formation of stable palladium cationic form and highly-dispersed Pd-containing particles that were active in ethylene dimerization. The presence of alumina in the support was required for the dispersion of molybdenum species and for the formation of active metathesis sites. On the optimal MoO3/PdO/Al2O3 catalyst, ethylene conversion reached 24% and propylene selectivity was 64% (70 °C, 0.1 MPa, 0.5 h-1).

Spectrokinetic measurements have shown that in the reaction media benzene – decene-1 and toluene – decene- 1 at a temperature of 80 °C and helium pressures of 0.2-0.3 MPa, Al-Cu alloys activated with a liquid Ga-In eutectic at a temperature of 150 °C for 2 h in vacuum, 1.2 times more reactive with respect to a 4-fold molar excess of CCl4 than Al- Cu alloys activated with liquid Ga-In eutectic at a temperature of 24 °C for 36 h in air. Activated Al-Cu alloys are 1.4 times more reactive with respect to CCl4 in a toluene – decene-1 reaction medium than in a benzene – decene-1 reaction medium. A comparison of the catalytic studies with the structure of the metal chloride complexes formed in situ has been carried out. Using infrared spectroscopy and UV-visible spectrophotometry, it was found that benzene – decene-1 in the reaction medium at a temperature of 80 °C and helium pressures of 0.2-0.3 MPa from Al-Cu alloys activated by liquid Ga-In eutectic at a temperature of 24 °C for 36 h in air, and a 4-fold molar excess of CCl4, ionic complexes (C6H5)3C+ − [AlCl4]− are formed, which are predominantly active in the catalytic reaction of benzene alkylation with decene-1. Under identical conditions, molecular complexes of AlCl3 with organochlorine hydrocarbons, which are predominantly catalytically active in the decene-1 telomerization reaction, are formed from Al-Cu alloys activated with liquid Ga-In eutectic at a temperature of 150 °C for 2 h in vacuum, and a 4-fold molar excess of CCl4. The activity of ionic complexes is 2.1 times higher than that of molecular ones. In the reaction medium toluene – decene-1, regardless of the conditions of activation of Al-Cu alloys by liquid Ga-In eutectic, molecular complexes of Al2Cl6 with organochlorine hydrocarbons are formed in situ, which are catalytically active both in the telomerization reaction of decene-1 and in the alkylation of toluene with decene-1. The activity of the complexes obtained from Al-Cu alloys activated by liquid Ga-In eutectic at a temperature of 150 °C for 2 h in vacuum is 23.8 times higher.

It is shown that treatment of Sibunit at 2200 °C leads to a full restructuring of the structural and textural parameters of the carbon support. The structure of Sibunit becomes more ordered – according to the XRD, the interplanar distance d002 decreases by 0.005 nm compared to the original Sibunit; according to the Raman spectroscopy, ID/IG decreases from 1.59 to 1.18 and the 2D-line increases significantly. The specific surface area of Sibunit after heat treatment decreases from 303 to 29 m2/g, the total pore volume decreases by 2 times, and the pore diameter increases by 4 times. The dependence of the specific activity on the amount of the active component is extreme, and the maximum for the 1%Ru-3.4%Cs/Sib2200 catalyst and is 1.52 mol NH3/gRu*h.

Spectrokinetic measurements showed that activated Al-Ni alloy is 1.8 times more reactive with respect to a 4- fold molar excess of CCl4 in a benzene – ethylene reaction medium at a temperature of 80 °C and pressures of 0.2-0.3 MPa than activated aluminum. Metal chloride complexes Al(Ni)/Cl were formed in the benzene – ethylene reaction medium from the corresponding activated samples of the Al-Ni alloy in the presence of an excess of the chlorinating additive CCl4 at a temperature of 80 °C and pressures of 0.2-0.3 MPa. It has been shown by infrared spectroscopy and spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet and visible ranges that metal chloride complexes Al(Ni)/Cl are tetrahedral tetrachloroaluminate ions [AlCl4]– and octahedral hexachlorinickelate ions [NiCl6]4–, stabilized by triphenylmethyl cations (C6H5)3C+. It is shown that under the conditions of benzene alkylation with ethylene, metal chloride complexes Al(Ni)/Cl are 2 times more active and 5 times more selective than aluminum chloride complexes.

Mechanically activated dehydrochlorination of polyvinyl chloride in the presence of lithium, potassium, and calcium hydroxides was studied. Short joint mechanical treatment of polyvinyl chloride with the above bases in a high-energy centrifugal planetary mill for 5–10 min ensures the formation of polymers with a conjugated double bond system (polyvinylenes). Their subsequent heat treatment at temperatures of up to 400°С yields amorphous carbon structures. Activation of the resulting material in a CO2 medium at 850°С results in the formation of a micro-, mesoporous carbon material with the prevalent mesopore volume. The results obtained can serve as a basis for the development of technologically acceptable procedures for polyvinyl chloride waste processing to obtain demanded carbon materials without dioxin formation.

It is known that binary alloys of aluminum and metals of the iron group (cobalt, nickel) after their activation with the liquid eutectic gallium-indium by the removal of “passivating” oxide layers sharply increase the reactivity with respect to organochlorines. Corresponding reactions lead to the formation of metal – alumo - chloride complexes as inorganic products, which are active in many practically important catalytic reactions of liquid-phase conversion of hydrocarbons such as: alkylation, isomerization, oligomerization. This approach which was previously developed by the authors for the polycrystalline aluminum, is of interest in metal-complex catalysis since the formation of catalytic alumo-chloride and/or metal-alumo-chloride complexes can be carried out directly in the reaction medium, i.e. in situ. In this work, the local composition, structure and morphology of surface layers of aluminum-cobalt and aluminum-nickel alloys activated with liquid gallium-indium eutectic were studied using the methods of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry to determine the physicochemical regularities of the dynamics of their interaction with tert-butyl chloride at room temperatures. The formation of metal chloride complexes in the interphase area “activated alloy - tert-butyl chloride” was studied by ATR-FT-IR method in situ. The results obtained indicate that mono- and bi- nuclear alumo-chloride anions stabilized by cobalt and nickel cations are formed during the interaction. It is assumed that the ionic complex pairs formed are the active centers in liquid-phase reactions of hydrocarbons transformation at low temperatures. These structures are responsible for significantly change in the selectivity of catalytic processes compared to aluminum chloride catalyst. For citation: Arbuzov A.B., Drozdov V.A., Shlyapin D.A., Lavrenov A.V. Interaction of aluminum-cobalt and aluminum-nickel alloys activated by liquid gallium-indium eutectic with tert-butyl chloride for formation of catalytic metal - alumo-chloride complexes. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 9-10. P. 64-69

The resistance of the Pd/C samples towards hydrogenation of the carbon support was studied in the temperature-programmed and isothermal regimes. Carbonaceous graphite-like material Sibunit was used as a carbon support. Pristine Sibunit was additionally graphitized via high temperature treatment (1900 °C) in an inert atmosphere. Both initial and graphitized supports were subjected to oxidative treatment in order to increase the amount of surface functional oxygen-containing groups. Palladium (1 wt%) was supported using an aqueous solution of H2PdCl4. All the samples were characterized by a low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The graphitization procedure was found to decrease significantly the specific surface area of the support, while the oxidative treatment affects this parameter negligibly. Testing the Pd-containing samples in a hydrogen flow revealed the following order in accordance with amount of methane released: Pd/iSib » Pd/iSib-ox > Pd/gSib > Pd/gSib-ox.

A metal-support interaction in the carbon-supported ruthenium samples in a hydrogen medium was studied. The carbonaceous graphite-like composite material Sibunit with a specific surface area (SSA) of 320 m2/g was used as a support. The support was additionally treated at 1900 °C in an inert medium to provide the graphitization of the amorphous carbon. This procedure drops the SSA value dramatically. Both the initial and graphitized supports were also kept in a nitric acid to increase the amount of the oxygen-containing surface groups. Ruthenium was deposited from a ruthenium (II) ammonia complex. The strongest metal-support interaction resulting in an intensive hydrogenation of the carbon support was observed in the case of oxidized support. Two explanations of the phenomenon were proposed. First of all, methanation of the oxygen-containing surface groups contacting with the metal particle occurs at lower temperature and with higher rate if compared with other carbon species. Secondly, these groups provide higher hydrophilicity of the support and facilitate the formation of the well dispersed and finely distributed ruthenium particles. The graphitization procedure was found to stabilize the samples towards the hydrogenation process.

A method for fractionation of the starting carbon composite Sibunit by density was used to obtain three samples of Sibunit with different values of the specific surface area: Sib10 at 439 m2/g, Sib13 at 389 m2/g, and Sib17 at 256 m2/g. Investigation of Sibunits using both methods, that is, X-ray diffraction analysis and combination (Raman) scattering spectroscopy, did not reveal significant differences (the parameters of the crystal lattice and the ID/IG ratio). The fractionated supports were used to obtain Ru-containing catalysts for ammonia decomposition reaction (0.1 MPa, 400°C). The dependence of the specific catalytic activity calculated per 1 m2 of the support specific surface a for catalysts of the same composition (4.0% Ru and 13.6% Cs) has an extreme form. The authors connect this with two factors: the blocking support pores contain an active component and a change in features of ruthenium interactions with the promoter (Cs) of the catalyst.

According to FT-IR and UV spectroscopic data, the interaction of the Al/Fe alloy with tert-butyl chloride results in that AlCl4–, Al2Cl7–, and FeCl2+ ion complexes, Fe3+ ions, and AlCl3 molecular form are produced in situ in the reaction medium. Ethylene was oligomerized in n-hexane on metal chloride complexes produced in situ from Al/Fe alloys and tert-butyl chloride.

The influence of mechanical activation parameters (acceleration of milling bodies and activation time) on the morphology, texture, and functional composition of the surface of P514 and N375 carbon black was studied. Mechanical activation of carbon black leads to a decrease in the carbon black aggregate size and in the dibutyl phthalate adsorption and to an increase in the ash residue. Rubber stocks were prepared from SKMS-30 ARK rubber and mechanically activated carbon black, and their physicomechanical properties after vulcanization were determined.

Al/Co alloys with different element ratios were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The surface propagation of components of the Ga/In eutectic was studied in situ by energy-dispersive spectroscopy in the microscope chamber, and their propagation rate was estimated. It decreases with increasing Co content. Interaction of the Al/Co alloy with the liquid Ga/In eutectic was compared to that of the previously studied Al/Ni and Al/Fe alloys.

New copolymers containing reactive vinyltriazole units and polyvinylene blocks with conjugation system promising as materials with special electrical, physical, catalytic, and sorption properties have been prepared by the reaction of poly(vinyl chloride) with sodium salts of 1,2,4-triazole and 1,2,3-benzotriazole in a dimethylformamide medium.

The paper presents a technique for the synthesis of molybdenum carbide using mechanical activation of carbon black, which was impregnated with a 20% aqueous solution of ammonium heptamolybdate (AHM) using the incipient wetness technique, in an inert medium at a 100 g acceleration of milling bodies for 30 min. The mechanically activated carbide-containing composites were calcined in an inert medium at 800 °C. The composites were examined by a range of physical methods. It was shown that the mechanically activated composite consists of molybdenum carbide, iron oxide and iron carbide (about 4–8% according to AES-ICP). The phase addition method was used to determine the quantitative content of Мо 2 С, which was equal to 7.2 wt% in the calcined sample. Catalytic testing of mechanically activated molybdenum carbide in the partial oxidation of methane showed that the carbide-containing catalyst provides a 48–60% conversion of methane and an 83–85% selectivity for the target product (CO).

The influence of the preparation method and tungsten oxide content in the NiO/WO3/Al2O3 catalysts was studied. Optimal method of catalyst preparation is impregnation of support by solution of nickel precursor and then tungsten precursor. The maximum yield of propylene (15 %) is achieved over the WO3/NiO/Al2O3 catalyst with 7 wt. % WO3 at the temperature of 450 °C and weight hourly space velocity of 0.5 h−1.

During tests of palladium-rhenium catalysts based on sulfated zirconia in the process of direct synthesis of propylene from ethylene, it was found out that modifying the support with γ-Al2O3 increases significantly the stability of the system. Multi-cycle tests showed that systems with alumina content of 20 and 40 wt. % maintain its activity during a few tens of hours at the level of 50-80 %. The propylene yield from cycle to cycle remains practically unchanged (28-35 wt. %). According to UV spectroscopy and GLC with MSD, changes in the palladium and rhenium valence state don’t occur during the catalysts operation. The catalyst deactivation is caused by the C8+ oligomers deposit on its surface resulting from secondary processes of butenes oligomerization on the catalyst acid sites and C6+ hydrocarbons metathesis.

Some Al / M alloys (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) with different element ratios and phase composition were activated with a liquid Ga / In eutectic at 150 ° C in a vacuum glass reactor for about 2 hours. This method of activation of binary aluminum alloys is very important in catalysis due to the increased reactivity of aluminum and these alloys with respect to chlorine-containing compounds. The corresponding interactions lead to the formation of metal-aluminum chloride complexes, which are active in many practically important low-temperature reactions of hydrocarbons.Some Al / M alloys (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) with different element ratios and phase composition were activated with a liquid Ga / In eutectic at 150 ° C in a vacuum glass reactor for about 2 hours. This method of activation of binary aluminum alloys is very important in catalysis due to the increased reactivity of aluminum and these alloys with respect to chlorine-containing compounds. The corresponding interactions lead to the formation of metal-aluminum chloride complexes, which are active in many practically important low-temperature reactions of hydrocarbons.

A method for carbon materials synthesis based on polyvinyl chloride has been proposed. Method includes polymer dehydrochlorination by alkali with carbon-rich conjugated structures (polyvinylenes) formation and its subsequent carbonization at relatively low temperatures. Raman and 13C NMR spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy show that thermal treatment of the resulting polyvinylenes up to 400 °C leads to the formation of amorphous carbon material with chlorine contain less than 0.5 wt.%. These results can be used to develop dioxin-free technology of utilization of polyvinyl chloride and its wastes.

The composition of the products of the combined conversion of various naphthenic hydrocarbons and fatty acids has been studied. It was determined that the distribution of the cracking products of model mixtures is largely dependent on the unsaturation of the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids. It was found that at a content of oleic acid of 5 wt % in the model mixtures the changes in the conversion of cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane and decalin almost do not occur. With increasing the content of the unsaturated fatty acid up to 25 wt % the effect of inhibition of cracking of the hydrocarbons was observed. Upon combined conversion of tetralin and oleic acid a decrease in hydrocarbon conversion was not observed. According to the results of combined transformations of naphthenes with stearic acid it was found that a high content (25 wt %) of a saturated fatty acid in the model mixture does not result in a sharp decrease in the hydrocarbon conversion.

A set of aluminum–nickel alloys has been studied. The elemental composition of the samples has been determined by atomic emission and atomic absorption spectrometry. X-ray diffraction analysis has revealed that the alloying of the metals leads to the formation of Al3Ni and Al3Ni2 intermetallic compounds, while a portion of Al remains in a metallic phase. The local chemical composition and surface morphology of the original alloys and the alloys activated with the liquid Ga–In eutectic have been studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. It has been shown that the original alloys are characterized by a pronounced morphological heterogeneity of interfacial regions in the near-surface layers. It has been found that the studied Al–Ni alloys are activated by the liquid Ga–In eutectic; however, one of the alloy components—the Al3Ni intermetallic compound—does not undergo significant morphological and chemical changes in contact with the liquid eutectic.

Mechanochemical activation of PVC in a high-energy centrifugal-planetary mill was shown to increase its reactivity in dehydrochlorination under the action of bases. Thus modified PVC is capable of low-temperature carbonization and can form a carbon material even at the temperatures below 400°C.