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Transition milk (TRM) is a rich source of bioactive components that promotes intestinal development and growth, and reduces the susceptibility to diarrhoea in calves. The objective of this study was to characterise the effects of replacing pasteurised waste milk (none-saleable milk containing antibiotic and/or drug residues) with pasteurised TRM for 3 wk on blood metabolites of dairy calves at 21 d of age. A total of 84 healthy newborn female Holstein calves was blocked by birth order and assigned randomly to four treatment groups with partial replacement of pasteurised waste milk by TRM (second milking after parturition) at 0 (0 L/day TRM + 6 L/day milk), 0.5 (0.5 L/day TRM + 5.5 L/day milk), 1 (1 L/day TRM + 5 L/day milk), or 2 L (2 L/day TRM + 4 L/day milk) for a 21-day period. Serum metabolome was determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis on a subset of 26 randomly selected individuals from calves fed pasteurised waste milk (CON, 6 L/d milk; n = 13) or TRM (2 L/d TRM + 4 L/d milk; n = 13) at 21 d of age. The identified metabolites (194 out of 265) were categorised according to chemical class and the number of metabolites per class in the serum, amongst which glycerophospholipids 16% (n = 43), fatty acyls 7% (n = 19), organic acids 7% (n = 18), organic heterocyclic compounds 5% (n = 13), benzenoids 5% (n = 12), sphingolipids 5% (n = 12), organic oxygen compounds 4% (n = 11), and nucleic acids 3% (n = 9), were the predominant types. Significant differences in metabolites were determined by the volcano plot. Applying the volcano plot, only two metabolites (ceramide and phosphatidylserine) were significantly different between CON and TRM. Overall, our results suggested that prolonged TRM feeding for 3 wk had little effect on the serum metabolome of the dairy calves. We speculate that the potential effects of feeding TRM for 3 wk compared with waste milk were spatially limited to affect the composition of the local gut microbial community and the growth or function of the intestinal epithelium, not allowing detection of the likely effects in the serum through a metabolomic approach.

Integrated biorefineries play a transformative role in sustainable development by converting biomass and biogenic residues into high-value products while minimizing waste, emissions, and resource inefficiencies. This review explores innovations in biorefinery processes, emphasizing the synergy between thermochemical, biochemical, and biological technologies such as pyrolysis, fermentation, anaerobic digestion, hydrothermal carbonization, and algae and insect systems. Recent advancements, including hydrothermal humification and fulvification, enhance nutrient recovery, carbon sequestration, and near-zero waste production by generating artificial humic substances. Smart integrated biorefineries and the sustainable and circular bioeconomy systems are introduced as frameworks that promote synergy, interconnectivity, and resource optimization. These concepts emphasize that biomass valorization should be maximized before its final use. Biochar plays a multifaceted role beyond carbon sequestration. Rather than premature burial, it can be derived from fermented residues for lactic acid production or used to enhance fermentation and methane yields in anaerobic digestion. Additionally, nutrient-loaded biochar serves as a slow-release fertilizer, mitigating runoff, and GHG emissions. Meanwhile, heat from biochar production can generate electricity, and CO₂ emissions can support algae cultivation. Bio-oil, another byproduct, can be upgraded into platform chemicals, forming a closed-loop system that optimizes biomass utilization and minimizes environmental impact. Conventional biomass treatment methods, such as incineration, combustion, and composting, waste valuable resources and contribute to environmental degradation. Instead, a closed-loop, self-optimizing approach ensures full biomass utilization while addressing planetary boundaries. By integrating machine learning, digital twins, and decision-support systems, smart integrated biorefineries enhance resource efficiency, adapt to market demands, and accelerate the transition to a low-carbon, resource-efficient future.

Abstract Effective energy management is crucial in greenhouse farming to ensure efficient operations and optimal crop growth. This study investigates the energy autonomy—defined as the ratio of on-site energy generation to the total energy demand—of greenhouses equipped with semi-transparent photovoltaic (STPV) systems under two scenarios: with and without a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). STPV systems are beneficial because they generate energy while still allowing enough light to pass through for healthy plant development. Seasonal variations in energy autonomy during summer and winter were analyzed. Results show that incorporating BESS significantly reduces reliance on grid electricity, with energy autonomy improving from 43.43% to 24.17% in summer and 81.36% to 69.45% in winter. The system’s performance was highly sensitive to the transmittance rate of STPV panels and the minimum Daily Light Integral (DLI) required for crops. These findings highlight the potential of BESS to enhance energy independence and promote sustainable agricultural practices. The study provides insights into optimizing renewable energy systems in greenhouses, emphasizing practical implications for scalability and economic feasibility.

Abstract Background The effectiveness of Health Services Management curricula relies heavily on practical experiences that reflect the evolving needs of the healthcare sector. This study focuses on revising Field Practicum 4 for undergraduate students to better prepare them for leadership roles in healthcare. Methods This qualitative and cross-sectional case study was conducted during the 2022–2023 academic year at Zabol University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews and document analysis of the undergraduate curriculum. Purposeful sampling was used to select a diverse group of interviewees, including faculty members, healthcare managers, graduates, and current students, with a total of 38 interviews conducted until data saturation was reached. Thematic analysis was performed using MAXQDA software version 11. The CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) evaluation model was applied to systematically assess and enhance the practicum program.For the quantitative data analysis, SPSS version 23 was utilized. Results The central finding from this study was the enhancement of productivity in Field Practicum 4. Thirteen core issues were identified and categorized into primary codes, including causal, contextual, intervening, focal, strategies, and outcomes. To achieve desirable outcomes through a fundamental revision strategy, it was decided that, in addition to students’ presence in hospitals (including the office of senior hospital managers and the quality improvement and accreditation unit), students should also be present in the deputyships and central units of Zabol University of Medical Sciences (treatment, resource development and management, food and drug administration, and the center for management of medical emergencies). Furthermore, students should engage with the county health insurance organization and a private insurance company to gain comprehensive familiarity with their operations. The level of consensus among the faculty members of the Health Services Management Department was at least 90%. The findings indicate that both students and internship supervisors generally rated the program positively (Mean > 4.5), although areas for improvement are highlighted, particularly in aspects of process and product. Conclusions The study concludes that revising Field Practicum 4 using the CIPP model provides a structured approach to enhancing practical training for Health Services Management students. Implementing these modifications in the apprenticeship syllabus is expected to improve the capabilities of graduates, better preparing them to meet the needs of healthcare system.

Objective: A prevalent complication associated with the COVID-19 pandemic is anxiety, particularly affecting women employed within the healthcare sector, who represent a vulnerable demographic susceptible to COVID-related anxiety. Consequently, the objective of this research was to explore the correlation between COVID-induced anxiety and both social support and cognitive flexibility, while also assessing the mediating role of emotion regulation within this context. Methods: This investigation employed a descriptive correlational design utilizing the structural equation modeling approach. The target demographic for this study comprised all personnel engaged in health services at Kermanshah health centers during the autumn of 2022, from which a sample of 364 individuals was selected through cluster random sampling techniques. The research instruments incorporated the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) (Alipour et al., 2018), the multidimensional social support scales established by Zimet et al., Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) (Garnefski and Kraaij, 2006) and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010). Analytical procedures for the collected data were conducted using SPSS and PLS Smart software. Results: The outcomes revealed a significant direct effect of social support (β = - 0.377, P

Background: The human body has a circadian rhythm too, which is repeated every 24 hours. According to the changes in the night shift work of nurses, it can be expected that marital satisfaction will be affected by sleep quality and fatigue caused by waking up during the night. However, few studies have been conducted regarding the impact of this index on the marital life of nurses. Aims: The present study was conducted to explain the structural equation model of marital satisfaction based on sexual self-efficacy with the mediation of circadian rhythms in female nurses. Methods: This research is descriptive correlational. The statistical population of this research was all married female nurses working in government hospitals of Tehran in 2023 in number of 2361 people. 330 sample people were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Sexual self-efficacy questionnaire (Vaziri and Lotfi Kashani 2018), Marital satisfaction scale (Hudson et al., 1981), and Circadian rhythms scale (Jaafari Roudbandi et al., 2012) as data collection tools were used. After confirming the normality of the data, the structural equation model was used with SmartPLS3 software. Results: The results showed that the mentioned indicators have an acceptable t value at a significant level (p< 0.05), so they are effective in changing the marital satisfaction of nursing women. Also, the mediating role of circadian rhythms on these relationships was confirmed. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that by educating nurses about circadian rhythms and improving sleep quality, effective steps can be taken to improve marital satisfaction and sexual self-efficacy which is the basic basis of marital relationship strength.

To enhance stability and reliability, multi-microgrid systems have been developed as replacements for conventional distribution networks. Traditionally, switches have been used to interconnect these microgrids, but this approach often results in uncoordinated power sharing, leading to economic inefficiencies and technical challenges such as voltage fluctuations, delay in response, etc. This research, in turn, introduces a novel multi-microgrid system that utilizes advanced electronic devices known as soft open points (SOPs) to enable effective voltage management and controllable power sharing between microgrids while also providing reactive power support. To account for uncertainties in the system, the two-point estimate method (2PEM) is applied. Simulation results on an IEEE 33-bus network with high renewable energy penetration reveal that the proposed SOP-based system significantly outperforms the traditional switch-based method, with a minimum voltage level of 0.98 p.u., compared to 0.93 p.u. in the conventional approach. These findings demonstrate the advantages of using SOPs for voltage management in forming multi-microgrid systems.

In the Quran, the attributes "Aḥad" and "Ṣamad" are endowed with a distinct aesthetic structure, which reflects their significance within the frameworks of substitution and combination. These attributes underscore the absolute oneness and self-sufficiency of Allah, while simultaneously highlighting the dependence of all creation on Him. This study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, incorporating structuralism and statistical stylistics, with a focus on Saussurean theory, to explore the aesthetic implications of the attributes "Aḥad" and "Ṣamad" in the Quran. The attribute "Aḥad" appears 73 times in the Quran, but is used solely once as an attribute of Allah in the first verse of Surah Al-Ikhlas, where it is presented in a nominal, affirmative sentence structure. Here, it functions rhetorically to emphasize Allah's uniqueness, remaining ineffable and distinct from all other entities. In contrast, "Ṣamad" is used only once in the Quran, in the second verse of Surah Al-Ikhlas. This term is also employed as an attribute of Allah, placed within a nominal, affirmative sentence structure, accompanied by the definite article and the restrictive particle, thereby asserting the existence of a singular, eternal, and self-sufficient being—Allah. The representation of these concepts, derived from the attributes "Aḥad" and "Ṣamad," is examined through the lens of structuralism, focusing on the axes of substitution and combination as outlined by Saussure. The interplay of these attributes, particularly in their collocation with the terms "He" and "Allah," and the repetition of "Allah," serves to reinforce their interdependence, highlighting the mutual validation of these attributes in affirming Allah's oneness through His self-sufficiency. Furthermore, the attribute "Ṣamad" not only asserts Allah's perpetual self-sufficiency but also strengthens the notion of His eternal oneness.

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder is the most common psychological problem after disasters and accidents. Religious themes indicate that people call upon God when faced with threatening situations. Psychopathological research has also shown that shocking and threatening events may cause symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in some susceptible people. Also, researches have shown that the characteristic of neuroticism can aggravate suffering from post-traumatic stress. Aims: This study aims to investigate the structural relationships of neuroticism and conscientiousness in earthquake victims with post-traumatic stress experience with the mediating role of religious beliefs. Methods: This research was applied, descriptive-survey and correlational with structural equation model. The statistical population included the survivors of the Azgole earthquake in Kermanshah in 1396, who were considered as the statistical population in 1401. The sample size was estimated to be 384 people using the table of Morgan and Krejci, who completed the post-traumatic stress scale of Wedders et al. (1993), the scale of religious beliefs of Allport (1967) and personality traits of McCree and Costa (2021). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the distribution of the variables, and the Pearson correlation test was used to check the correlation between the variables. Hypotheses testing was analyzed using Imus 24 software. Results: The results of the research indicated that religious beliefs play a mediating role in the relationship between neuroticism and post-traumatic stress. Also, the results showed that religious beliefs significantly moderate the relationship between conscientiousness and post-traumatic stress. Conclusion: According to the results of the current research on the mediating role of religious beliefs in the relationship between personality and post-traumatic stress in people affected by earthquakes, it is suggested that therapists design their therapeutic interventions with an emphasis on religious resources and beliefs and in training, capacities and resources Ritual positivity of people should be taken into consideration by mental health guardians.

Introduction and purpose: The effects of corona anxiety have become one of the main health challenges that endanger people's quality of life. Therefore, this research investigated the relationship between Corona anxiety, Corona knowledge, and social support with the mediating role of quality of life in this field. Methods: The present work follows a descriptive approach and the correlational design of the structural equation model type. The statistical population included all women working at the health centers of Kermanshah in the second half of 2022; among them, 364 were selected through cluster random sampling. Data were collected using the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) of Alipour et al. (2020), the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) Questionnaire (1998), the researcher-made Questionnaire of Corona Knowledge, and the multidimensional perceived social support scale of Zimet et al. (1988). Moreover, the data was analyzed by the structural equation method using the SPSS (version 25) and PLS3 Smart software. Results: The results of this study indicated that the direct effect of corona knowledge (P

The COVID-19 pandemic has further compounded the inherent complexities of design pedagogy. At the same time, offering an online teaching method made it imperative to incorporate the pandemic's implications in the design process upon experiencing its adverse impacts. This study investigates landscape architecture students' design approaches and understandings in a real-world studio based on the before and after COVID-19 scenarios. The findings show that most students designed multi-functional public open spaces before the COVID-19 period while they envisioned post-pandemic uses after the COVID-19 period. The study results not only offer insights for online or distance learning for design students, but also prepare design-oriented solutions for the pandemic-related episodes.

Nanofiltration (NF) membranes demonstrate considerable promise for desalinating saline water and wastewater containing mineral salts to overcome the lack of fresh water and improve drinking water quality. This research work aims to detect the influence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the filtration performance of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polysulfone (PSf) thin-film composite NF membranes. For this purpose, CNTs were incorporated in the PSf substrate/PVA selective layer to fabricate a thin-film composite (TFC) with nanocomposite substrate (nTFC) and a thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes, respectively. To fabricate TFC membranes, PSf substrates with different concentrations (16–20 wt%) were made using the phase inversion technique. Then, the selective layer of PVA was formed on the PSf support through cross-linking with glutaraldehyde during dip-coating. The membranes’ NF performance was assessed by filtration of NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions at a relatively low pressure of 0.3 MPa. The salt rejection of all prepared membranes followed the sequence of Na2SO4 > NaCl, indicating the characteristics of negatively charged membranes. By embedment of 0.05 wt% CNT in the PSf substrate/PVA selective layer, the rejections of over 43% for NaCl and over 80% for Na2SO4 were obtained, which is higher than that of TFC-16 as a control membrane (18.1% for NaCl and 74.7% for Na2SO4). Furthermore, in the presence of CNTs, the permeance and fouling resistance of the nTFC and TFN membranes have been improved compared to the TFC-16 membrane.

BackgroundPain is associated with cognitive decline among older adults, but few studies have investigated bidirectional associations between pain and cognitive decline, especially in older Hispanic populations. Our objective was to assess the bidirectional association between pain interference and cognitive performance in a sample of older Puerto Rican adults.MethodsData came from baseline and 4-year follow-up of the Puerto Rican Elderly: Health Conditions Study, a longitudinal representative study of Puerto Rican older adults aged 60 and older. Pain and cognitive performance were assessed at each wave. A pain interference variable was created using the sum of pain status (yes/no) and pain interference (yes/no; range 0-2). Global cognitive performance was assessed with the Mini-Mental Cabán. We tested bidirectional associations using a path model with concurrent and cross-lagged paths between pain and cognitive performance, adjusting for sociodemographic and health factors (n = 2 349).ResultsBaseline pain interference was not associated with baseline cognitive performance (p = .636) or with cognitive performance at follow-up (p = .594). However, increased pain interference at follow-up was associated with greater cognitive decline at follow-up (β = -0.07, standard error [SE] = 0.02, p = .003). Greater baseline cognitive performance was associated with lower pain interference at follow-up (β = -0.07, SE = 0.02, p = .007).ConclusionsThese findings highlight the importance of worsening pain interference as a potentially modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline, as pain treatment options exist. Additionally, better baseline cognitive performance may be a protective factor for pain, providing further evidence of the dynamic relationship between pain and cognitive performance.

Introduction: One of the most important and complex functions of saliva is its defensive role, which is mainly performed by immunoglobulins, especially secretory IgA. This study investigated the effect of orthodontic treatment on changes in the salivary levels of IgA. Materials and Methods: Forty patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were examined in two fixed and removable groups. Saliva collection was done in three stages: before orthodontic treatment and three and six months after orthodontic treatment. Salivary IgA level was measured using the ELISA method. First, the salivary samples were centrifuged, and then the amount of IgA in the upper part of the solution was determined using the ELISA method. Results: In the fixed and removable orthodontic treatment groups, the amount of salivary IgA before treatment, three months after treatment, and six months after treatment, according to ANOVA, showed a significant difference in the mean of salivary IgA levels. Conclusion: With the start of orthodontic treatment, one can witness an increase in the defense mechanisms of saliva, as evidenced by an increase in the amount of IgA, with differences between fixed and removable orthodontic treatments. Keywords: Orthodontic treatment; Saliva; IgA.

ABSTRACT Background and Aims Patients find it difficult, during the pandemic, to receive appropriate nutrition services because of the limited access to health services. This study assessed the effectiveness of a tele‐consulting nutrition intervention on the nutrition adherence of patients with diabetes and hypertension. Methods A tele‐medical nutrition therapy (MNT) intervention was conducted as a one‐group before‐after trial. The estimated sample size was 314. Of these, 183 patients were selected from Hefdah‐e‐Shahrivar and 131 from Farabi Hospital. Patients were asked to complete an adapted version of the nutrition adherence self‐reported instrument to compare nutrition adherence when they received face‐to‐face therapy versus tele MNT. Results In total, 166 completed all phases of the study. The results showed that the nutrition adherence score significantly increased compared to before the intervention. Hedges's g effect size also confirmed the high efficacy of telenutrition therapy. The magnitude of differences was within a high range (effect size 3.76 [CI: 3.40–4.12]). Conclusions The present findings showed that providing teleconsulting nutrition services to diabetic and hypertensive patients can positively affect their nutrition adherence. Telenutrition to promote a healthy diet can contribute to effectively controlling diseases in chronic patients during/after the pandemic with no gaps or failures. Trial Registration This study was a tele‐nutrition intervention. In this study, we provided consultation on regular food consumption and did not order any chemical substances or nutritional supplements. Furthermore, we did not perform any treatment or invasive intervention, we assumed that a registration number was unnecessary, so we did not apply for clinical trial registration.

Background and Objective: Human errors are a significant issue in various work environments, including industry and mining. The present study aimed to assess occupational accidents in a large industrial mining company using the human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS) method. Materials and Methods: This study conducted a retrospective longitudinal analysis of 253 mining industrial accidents from 2011 to 2019 using the HFACS. Descriptive statistics, such as frequency and percentage of subgroups at each level, were calculated using the HFACS method and SPSS software. Inferential statistics, including analysis of variance, t-tests, and chi-square tests, were performed with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The type of accident was related to throwing/collision or contact with a foreign object, which resulted in a total of 232 injuries and one death. Statistical analysis demonstrated no significant link between the accident type and the educational levels of those involved, as indicated by a P-value greater than 0.05. Still, it pointed to a significant relationship with three other demographic variables: age, marital status, and work experience (P˂0.05). The highest frequency and percentage of the causes of accidents were also due to organizational effects and unsafe practices. Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, the frequency of human errors in the levels of unsafe supervision and unsafe practices significantly contributed to the occurrence of occupational accidents in the company. Analyzing accidents and understanding the relationship between causal factors at the four levels of the HFACS method is vital for implementing effective strategies to reduce accidents.

Sex or gender differences in the risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) differ by world region, suggesting that there are potentially modifiable risk factors for intervention. However, few epidemiological or clinical ADRD studies examine sex differences; even fewer evaluate gender in the context of ADRD risk. The goals of this perspective are to: (1) provide definitions of gender, biologic sex, and sexual orientation. and the limitations of examining these as binary variables; (2) provide an overview of what is known with regard to sex and gender differences in the risk, prevention, and diagnosis of ADRD; and (3) discuss these sex and gender differences from a global, worldwide perspective. Identifying drivers of sex and gender differences in ADRD throughout the world is a first step in developing interventions unique to each geographical and sociocultural area to reduce these inequities and to ultimately reduce global ADRD risk. HIGHLIGHTS: The burden of dementia is unevenly distributed geographically and by sex and gender. Scientific advances in genetics and biomarkers challenge beliefs that sex is binary. Discrimination against women and sex and gender minority (SGM) populations contributes to cognitive decline. Sociocultural factors lead to gender inequities in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) worldwide.

The purpose of this study was to explore and delineate the curriculum of global citizenship education in elementary schools of Iran's educational system and to develop an exploratory model. In this exploratory research, based on the grounded theory, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 active members in the field of global citizenship. The themes and sub-themes of the curriculum of global citizenship education and their associations were explored within three steps of open, axial, and selective coding. To generalize the results of the qualitative phase and to validate the resulting model, a questionnaire was designed and completed by 387 elementary school teachers in Tehran, Iran. The analysis process in the qualitative phase included twelve themes of attention to necessity, goals, content, teacher's role, teaching-learning methods, evaluation, time, location, materials and resources, organizational factors, implicit learning, and program outcomes. In the quantitative phase, the hypotheses derived from the qualitative analysis were confirmed. Finally, according to the findings and the results, some guidelines are provided for implementing the program.