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يناقش هذا البحث كيفية تعيين حاكم البلاد وهو الخليفة أو الإمام الأعظم، ويبيّن وجود نظرية في الفقه السياسي الإسلامي أو ما يسمى نظام الحكم في الإسلام في كيفية تعيين الحاكم، فيثبت أن سيرة الخلفاء الراشدين وبالأخص أبي بكر وعمر مصدر من مصادر التشريع في الفقه السياسي وهي ملحقة بنصوص السنة الشريفة، وأن النظرية الإسلامية في كيفية تعيين الخليفة تكمن في تأسيس مجلس الشورى وهم أهل الحل والعقد الذين يقع على عاتقهم ترشيح الخليفة مع اشتراط القبول والتوافق من أغلب أبناء الأمة، ويتعرض البحث لبعض الشبهات الخاصة بهذه المسألة، كتوريث الحكم عند الخلفاء بعد المرحلة الراشدة، وادّعاء الثيوقراطية (حكم بتفويض إلهي) في الخلافة، وتولية المتغلب المستولي على الحكم قهراً، ثم يستخلص نتائج في الخاتمة تفيد أن هناك نظاماً وأليّة لاختيار الحاكم في الإسلام لم تطبق واقعاً إلا في عصر الخلفاء الراشدين وبعض الخلفاء، وأنّ هذا الفرق الشاسع بين النظرية والمأمول والواقع هو السبب الرئيسي في تفرق المسلمين وضعفهم وكثير من مشاكلهم، وأيضاً ادّعاء اللغط من قبل البعض بعدم وجود نظام للحكم في الإسلام

يناقش هذا البحث كيفية تعيين حاكم البلاد وهو الخليفة أو الإمام الأعظم، ويبيّن وجود نظرية في الفقه السياسي الإسلامي أو ما يسمى نظام الحكم في الإسلام في كيفية تعيين الحاكم، فيثبت أن سيرة الخلفاء الراشدين وبالأخص أبي بكر وعمر مصدر من مصادر التشريع في الفقه السياسي وهي ملحقة بنصوص السنة الشريفة، وأن النظرية الإسلامية في كيفية تعيين الخليفة تكمن في تأسيس مجلس الشورى وهم أهل الحل والعقد الذين يقع على عاتقهم ترشيح الخليفة مع اشتراط القبول والتوافق من أغلب أبناء الأمة، ويتعرض البحث لبعض الشبهات الخاصة بهذه المسألة، كتوريث الحكم عند الخلفاء بعد المرحلة الراشدة، وادّعاء الثيوقراطية (حكم بتفويض إلهي) في الخلافة، وتولية المتغلب المستولي على الحكم قهراً، ثم يستخلص نتائج في الخاتمة تفيد أن هناك نظاماً وأليّة لاختيار الحاكم في الإسلام لم تطبق واقعاً إلا في عصر الخلفاء الراشدين وبعض الخلفاء، وأنّ هذا الفرق الشاسع بين النظرية والمأمول والواقع هو السبب الرئيسي في تفرق المسلمين وضعفهم وكثير من مشاكلهم، وأيضاً ادّعاء اللغط من قبل البعض بعدم وجود نظام للحكم في الإسلام

In response to globalisation, the United Arab Emirates has invested tremendous resources into their budding education system. Such investment has resulted in the increased use of a bilingual curriculum where Arabic and English are held in high regard. Unfortunately, such investment has not resulted in successful Arabic literacy among much of the Emirati youth. This paper uses a 15-item, open-ended questionnaire completed in Arabic by Emirati parents regarding their language practices with their children. The questionnaire results suggest that parents primarily use colloquial Arabic (CA) in the home and engage in few literacy practices using Modern Standard Arabic. The data from the parents also document a triglossic language context where there is increased need for improved Arabic literacy. The paper uses the questionnaire results to foreground a discussion of ways to promote language and literacy among Emiratis. First, the authors present the advantages and disadvantages of using local CA for ea...

Bu calışma, her zaman ve her yerde olabilecek olan ve sahabe döneminde evli bir adamın başına gelen bir olay dolayısıyla ortaya çıkan "neseb" ile ilgili önemli fikhi bir meseleyi ele almaktadır. Hadis kitaplarında da geçen bu mesele, "kocanın, çocuğun kendisine ait olmadığını îmâ etmesi"yle ilgili olan hadistir. Çalışmanın problematiği, muhaddis ile usûlcü olan fakih arasındaki farkı ortaya koyma noktasındadır. Zira muhaddis, habere ve onun sıhhatine yoğunlaşırken, usûlcü olan fakih ise haberi, delil olup olmayacağı yönünden tasnif edip şer'î delillerden biri olan Sünnet-i Şerife icmâlî delilinden, tafsilî delil olarak itibar ettiği haberin lafızlarını açıkladıktan sonra o haberden usulle ilgili hükümler ve fıkhi kaideler çıkarır. Çalışma, hadisin sened ve metnini muhaddis yöntemine göre değil; usûlcü olan fakihin yöntemine göre incelemektedir. Çalışmanın birinci gayesi, modern dönemde karşılaştırmalı usul-i fıkıh ekolü çerçevesinde hadis-i şerifin incelenmesi için bir yöntem ya da pratik bir uygulama ortaya koymaktır. Ikinci olarak, bu hadis-i şeriften çıkarılan fıkıh ve usûl ile ilgili hükümleri açıklayıp ortaya koymaktır. Üçüncü olarak da, metin ile metni anlama (fikhu'n-nass) arasındaki farkı ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu mevzuyu ortaya koyarken de, bütünlüğü sağlamak ve dini doğru anlamak için başta Sahih-i Buhari olmak üzere Sünnet'in metinlerinin bulunduğu kaynaklara müracaat etmenin ve aynı zamanda fikıh kitapları ve usûlcülerin çeşitli şerhleri gibi, bu metinleri anlamaya ilişkin kaynaklara başvurmanın önemini açıklamaktadır.

This researchshows the importance of the religious texts and the benefit from studying it inArabic language in Turkey. Because of the importance of religious texts forMuslims, there are many words in the religious texts that a new Turk can knowbecause of the interaction between the two languages. Students who learn Arabicare often reading texts such as the Qur'an and hadith, which we call religioustext, Therefore words can easily be transferred in the mind of the students,because they were already in their repertoire. Thus we believe that the use ofreligious lessons such as Qur'an, hadith, fiqh and morality in the teaching andtransfer of Arabic will facilitate Turkish language teaching in Arabic.

21. yüzyılda teknoloji patlak vermiş, yeni teknolojiler ortaya çıkmıştır. Özellikle Web 2.0'dakı hızlı gelişme ve akıllı telefonların, video oyunlarının, programlama dillerinin ortaya çıkması `Oyunlaştırma` nın video oyunları ve açık kodlardan türetilmesine imkân sağlamıştır. Video oyunları ve açık kodlar `Oyunlaştırma`nın şirketlerde ve İş yerlerinde ortaya çıkmasına izin verdi, bu ikisinin birleşimi ile gamified kitle kaynağı projesi olarak adlandırılan programlara sahip olabiliriz. Çalışmamız için, kullanıcıların neden Google Local'e (bir gamified / grup projesi) katkıda bulunduğunu ve bunların katılımını sağlayan nedenleri inceliyoruz. Bu nedenle, bu olguyu incelemek için gözlemin yanı sıra derin görüşmeler oluşturuldu; Neden insanlar böyle projelere katılıyor ve katkıda bulunuyor? Dünyanın dört bir yanından 12 Google Yerel Rehber kullanıcısı ile görüşülmüş ve insanların neden katkıda bulunduklarının arkasındaki nedeni incelemek için sosyal medya kanalları ve forumları gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, insanların neden katkıda bulunduğunu ve oyunlaştırmanın oyun mekaniği ve dinamiği olmalarını neden bulduklarını göstermiştir. Sonuçlar, oyunlaştırmanın, kullanıcıların daha fazla katılım için içsel, dışsal, içselleştirilmiş dışsal motivasyonu tetiklediğini göstermiştir. Tüm katılımcılar, programa bağlı kalmaları ve programa sadık kalmaları için iyi bir strateji olduğu ve oyunlaştırma olmaması durumunda devam edemeyecekleri konusunda aynı fikirdeydiler. In 21 century technology has been erupted like a volcano, new technologies has emerged especially the Web 2.0, and with the fast pace of development and the appearance of smart phones, video games, programming languages, it allowed for `Gamification` to be derived from video games, and open sources allowed crowdsourcing to emerge in companies and work place, with the combination of these two we got what is called gamified crowdsourcing project.. For our study, we are studying the motivations behind why users are contributing to Google Local Guide (gamified/crowdsourcing project), and what is driving them to participate. Therefore, in-depth interviews were formulated beside observation to study and analyze this phenomenon; why people are participating and contributing in projects like this. 12 users of Google Local Guide from all around the world were interviewed, and social media channels and forums has been observed to study the motive behind why people are contributing. This study will show the results why people are contributing and are the game mechanics and dynamics in gamification what is driving them to participate. The results showed that gamification triggered the users' intrinsic, external, internalized extrinsic motivation to participate more. All participants agreed it is a good strategy to keep them engaged and loyal to the program and without gamification they wouldn't have continued participating.Keywords: Crowdsourcing, Gamification, Motivation Theory, Google Local Guide, In-Depth interviews, Game dynamics, Game mechanics 96

We report a shear-induced sponge (L3) to lamellar (L(alpha)) transition in a surfactant system. Under a constant shear rate, after a delay time t(n) we observe random nucleation and subsequent growth of the L(alpha) phase, demonstrating that the shear-induced transition is first order. A simple argument for the energy of a two-dimensional nucleus accounts for the observed delay and its shear-rate dependence.

Experimental evidence of the collapse of dilute lamellar phases due to shear flow is presented. Two systems are used: one composed of brine and an ionic surfactant, and another composed of water, a nonionic surfactant, and cosurfactant. We observe this transition for a range of lamellar spacings and brine salinity. The results are in reasonable agreement with recent theory in which the suppression of fluctuations by shear plays an important role.

We study the rheological properties of self-assembled surfactant structures: lyotropic liquid crystals exhibiting plane lamellar and ‘‘onion’’ ~concentric bilayer! textures. Both systems behave similarly: they are gel-like and exhibit extreme shear-thinning behavior. We demonstrate that this results in a hysteresis in the stress-strain curve when the stress is imposed. Controlled shear-rate experiments reveal the origin of the hysteresis by demonstrating the existence of two extrema in the stress-strain curve. The bistability leads to the formation of shear bands in the system and is illustrated by demonstrating the existence of sudden jumps in the viscosity of the fluid, following the viscosity of the fluid in time. @S1063-651X~98!01208-2#

Dynamic light scattering experiments on lyotropic lamellar phases of brine and surfactant subjected to a flow field have been realized. The obtained results reveal that the relaxation times measured depend strongly on the velocity of the flow. This dependence is indicative of an increase of the effective elasticity modulus K and a decrease of the effective compressibility modulus (-)B of the lamellar phase with the flow velocity. This leads to the conclusion that the shear can induce a suppression of the undulation fluctuations of the bilayers of the lamellar phase. Our results show also that the rigidity of the membranes decreases as the salt concentration of the sample increases.

The flow-structure relation of lamellar phases is studied using rheometry and cross-polarized microscopy under flow. The equilibrium phases show different defects. Low salinities lead to very viscous, "onion" phases, whereas at high salinity, a low viscosity plane lamellar phase is found. Under shear, the latter shows a sudden transition to a viscoelastic gel, with a texture and viscosity very similar to that of the onions. Gelation occurs after a certain delay time, increasing rapidly with salinity, by the nucleation of onions. This allows one to relate the delay time to the defect energy.

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