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The increasing trend in air traffic density will continue in the near future with the addition of different aerial vehicles. Before the Mode-S protocol, Mode A and Mode C were in use; however, the Mode A/C configuration was only usable in sparsely dense air traffic. One of the useful features of Mode-S is the ability of probabilistic interrogation. However, there has not yet been a sophisticated algorithm for many close aircraft. Considering a futuristic air environment with a swarm of drones and airbuses equipped with transponders, we utilized the probabilistic interrogation feature of Mode-S and designed an algorithm. The proposed algorithm is able to collect close aircraft information in a relatively short time. There has also been created a high-level Mode-S uplink and downlink communication simulator in order to exchange all-call communication and record the algorithm’s performance in terms of time and number of interrogations sent.

This study investigated the noticing of teachers who teach mathematics at different grade levels in the context of lesson study. The study specifically focused on teachers' noticing during the planning phase of the lesson. For this, the lesson planning phase of a group of four teachers consisting of kindergarten and primary school 1st grade teachers (vertical teacher team) was investigated. Teachers' planning process for the 1st grade level mathematics lesson was the focus in the context of lesson study. We examined categories and subcategories that emerged in the planning phase of the lesson study and noticing levels dealt with those categories. We examined which categories and subcategories emerged in planning and at which noticing levels they dealt with those categories. The results of the study provide comprehensive data on categories and noticing levels of teachers teaching mathematics at different grade levels in the collaborative planning process of a lesson study focusing on improving problem-solving. The results of the study showed that the teachers' noticing was clustered under three categories: curriculum, teaching methods, and conceptual understanding. In terms of noticing levels, the study's results revealed that noticing is performed at the attending to level in all categories. Although less frequently than the attending to level, teachers noticed making sense of level in all the other categories except the curriculum category. Besides, noticing that the deciding to respond level did not occur at any level might be due to the cultural challenges of adaptation of lesson study and the amount of support, we researchers provided teachers as facilitators.

Despite the surging anonymous social media use among adolescents living in non-Western countries, such as Turkey, existing studies have been conducted in a Western context and do not provide a holistic understanding of adolescents' lived experiences of anonymous social networking site (SNS) interactions. As a result, Turkish adolescents aged 12-15 years (N = 20) were interviewed about their lived experiences of anonymous SNS interactions, using a phenomenological qualitative approach. The authors identified 10 themes. Four themes address circumventing social norms and avoiding repercussions: mocking friends, seeking revenge, engaging in activism, and exploring and expressing self. Four themes pertain to initiating, developing, and testing relationships: exploring romantic relationships, testing friendships, seeking information about others, and gaining attention and/or popularity. Reflecting a major intrapersonal dynamic, another theme describes low self-confidence/esteem. The final theme addresses a significant risk associated with the anonymous use of SNSs: increased risk of child sexual exploitation. The results provide important insights into the roles of anonymous online interactions in satisfying adolescents' developmental needs and indicate the importance of providing them with support and education to help them navigate the online world safely and responsibly.

This study explores high school students' and their mathematics teachers' mathematical discourses on the equal sign and variables in the classroom context. The participants in this case study were ninth graders and their mathematics teachers. The data were analyzed in terms of participants' routines, specifically ritual and explorative routines in the classroom context, through a commognitive perspective. Results indicate that teacher discourse governed process-based routines that have roots in elementary grades. Students focused more on operational approaches instead of algebraic reasoning while solving equations, and this finding conveys challenges in constructing variables.

Digital games have become more involved in our lives and entertainment culture with the development of technology. Digital games, which individuals of all ages play and derive great enjoyment from at the the same time, have been actively used in educational activities. However, it is seen that the games used in the education process are mostly developed and marketed by different institutions. Thus, the aim of this study is to have secondary school students design and code the games that will be used in the effective citizenship learning area so that they can become more active in their own learning experiences and become digital producers as well as digital consumers. Considering this purpose, an explanatory sequential design, one of the mixed-methods research designs, was adopted in the study. After the data were obtained by using a quasi-experimental design in the quantitative aspect of the study, student opinions were taken to explain these data in depth, and the study was supported by the qualitative data. The qualitative data were collected with the Effective Citizenship Learning Domain Academic Achievement Test (ECLDAAT), and the quantitative data were gathered with student interviews. The quantitative data of the study were analyzed using the SPSS program and appropriate analyses. Student interviews were analyzed using content analysis. As a result of the study, it was found that educational digital games coded and designed by students had significant effects on learning. In addition, the students stated at the end of the implementation that the lesson was more fun, they were more motivated, and they boosted their learning during the implementation process.

Mitochondrial membrane potential directly powers many critical functions of mitochondria, including ATP production, mitochondrial protein import, and metabolite transport. Its loss is a cardinal feature of aging and mitochondrial diseases, and cells closely monitor membrane potential as an indicator of mitochondrial health. Given its central importance, it is logical that cells would modulate mitochondrial membrane potential in response to demand and environmental cues, but there has been little exploration of this question. We report that loss of the Sit4 protein phosphatase in yeast increases mitochondrial membrane potential, both by inducing the electron transport chain and the phosphate starvation response. Indeed, a similarly elevated mitochondrial membrane potential is also elicited simply by phosphate starvation or by abrogation of the Pho85-dependent phosphate sensing pathway. This enhanced membrane potential is primarily driven by an unexpected activity of the ADP/ATP carrier. We also demonstrate that this connection between phosphate limitation and enhancement of mitochondrial membrane potential is observed in primary and immortalized mammalian cells as well as in Drosophila. These data suggest that mitochondrial membrane potential is subject to environmental stimuli and intracellular signaling regulation and raise the possibility for therapeutic enhancement of mitochondrial function even in defective mitochondria.

Research on neutrophil biology has been limited by the short life span and limited genetic manipulability of these cells, driving the need for representative and efficient model cell lines. The promyelocytic cell line HL-60 and its subline PLB-985 can be differentiated into neutrophil-like cells (NLCs) and have been used to study neutrophil functions including chemotaxis, phagocytosis, endocytosis, and degranulation. Compared to neutrophils derived from hematopoietic stem cells, NLCs serve as a cost-effective neutrophil model. NLCs derived from both HL-60 and PLB-985 cells have been shown to perform degranulation, an important neutrophil function. However, no study has directly compared the two lines as models for degranulation including their release of different types of mobilizable organelles. Furthermore, Nutridoma, a commercially available supplement, has recently been shown to improve the chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst abilities of NLCs derived from promyelocytic cells, however it is unknown whether this reagent also improves the degranulation ability of NLCs. Here, we show that NLCs derived from both HL-60 and PLB-985 cells are capable of degranulating, with each showing markers for the release of multiple types of secretory organelles, including primary granules. We also show that differentiating HL-60 cells using Nutridoma does not enhance their degranulation activity over NLCs differentiated using Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) plus Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). Finally, we show that promyelocytic cells can be genetically engineered and differentiated using these methods, to yield NLCs with a defect in degranulation. Our results indicate that both cell lines serve as effective models for investigating the mechanisms of neutrophil degranulation, which can advance our understanding of the roles of neutrophils in inflammation and immunity.

Rapid shoot and root growth at the early developmental stage of barley is critical for maximising yield and access to water and plant nutrients, particularly in dryland environments. Determining genotypic variation in shoot and root traits at the early seedling stage is essential for germplasm identification. In this study, widely grown old and new barley cultivars and wild barley genotypes were grown in sand media under greenhouse conditions for four weeks. The differences in shoot and root traits between the genotypes, the broad sense heritability and the genetic parameters of these traits were determined. The genotypes showed statistically significant differences for all the traits studied except number of leaves. Old cultivars had higher shoot length, while new cultivars had higher shoot fresh and dry weight. The old cultivars, new cultivars and wild barley genotypes were characterised by root length, root fresh weight and specific root length, respectively. A high correlation was found between root weight and root volume, and it was determined that root volume was more influenced by root thickness than root length. Shoot fresh and dry weight, root fresh weight, root volume and specific root length had the highest broad sense heritability. Among the genotypes, cv. Tokak 157/37 showed potential as a donor for root length and cv. Durusu for root weight and root volume in breeding studies.

Abstract Background Evaluation of the effect of additional surgical margin parameters on biochemical recurrence (BCR) in patients with positive surgical margins (PSM) after radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods Clinicopathological and outcome data from 91 patients with PSM who underwent RP were retrospectively analyzed. Additional surgical margin parameters (PSM length, highest Gleason grade (GG), localization of PSM (apex, bladder neck, or posterolateral), and unifocality or multifocality) were examined and their effects on BCR were investigated. Results Fifty patients with PSM were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 63.6 ± 6.9 years. The laparoscopic approach was undertaken more frequently, used for 36 (72%) patients compared to open RP performed in 14 cases (28%). The median follow-up time was 57.0 months (24.0–125.0 months). BCR developed in 14 (28%) patients during the follow-up period. Although mean BCR-free survival was shorter in cases with PSM length ≥ 3 mm compared to those with PSM length

Abstract Background Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a member of the TGF-β superfamily, is overexpressed in various cancers and facilitates immune evasion by inhibiting T-cell activation. GDFATHER-TRIAL’s phase 2a results demonstrated promising outcomes when combining the GDF-15 neutralizing antibody visugromab (CTL002) with nivolumab, enhancing the response to immunotherapy. This study evaluated the prognostic significance of GDF-15 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor tissues in terms of immunotherapy response. Methods This retrospective study included 50 patients with metastatic NSCLC treated with nivolumab at Gazi University Hospital between January 2021 and July 2023. GDF-15 expression was evaluated using immunochemistry staining and categorized based on the intensity of cytoplasmic or membranous staining. Samples were divided into a low expression group (scores 0 and 1) and a high expression group (scores 2 and 3). The primary outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), which were analyzed using Kaplan‒Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. Objective response rates were assessed in secondary outcomes. Results Of the 50 patients, 43 were men (86%), with a median age of 63.9 years. Half of the patients exhibited low GDF-15 expression. High GDF-15 expression correlated with shorter PFS and OS. The median PFS was 7.8 months for the low-expression group versus 4.4 months for the high-expression group (HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.20–0.83; p = 0.013). The median OS was 18.1 months for the low-expression group compared to 11.8 months for the high-expression group (HR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16–0.78; p = 0.007). The objective response rate was significantly greater in the low GDF-15 group (52%) than in the high GDF-15 group (24%) (p = 0.040). Conclusion Elevated GDF-15 expression in NSCLC tumor tissues is associated with poorer response to nivolumab, suggesting that GDF-15 is a potential prognostic biomarker for immunotherapy efficacy. These findings warrant further validation through prospective studies to optimize treatment strategies for NSCLC patients.

This article explores the COVID-19 psychological and social effects and how; as students, we can minimize the side effects of the COVID-19 on the students for overcoming them from next global crisis. The COVID-19 has also highlighted the vulnerability across students' education. Thus, we need to understand, monitor, and evaluate these affects to ensure our immediate and long-term responses account of these psychological and social changes and provide effective mechanism to address the impacts of the COVID-19 on Students. To address the research questions, quantitative data were collected from 281 students who are those study from 4th grade to 8th grade at schools in Istanbul. Mainly due to the study the quantitative data related to the demographic variables and psychological and social effects of the COVID-19 on students have been presented in percentages and frequency. In the determination of process of the study, the data were collected via a survey. The results revealed that the respondents have been positively affected psychological and social side effects of the COVID-19. Most of the respondents (%52) agreed for positive effects of the COVID-19 that caused more family engagement, (%48.4) more free time, (%48.4) reading more books, and (%48) more time to study. However, the respondents (%6.4) indicated that they have not been affected any psychological and social sides effects of the COVID-19. Most of the respondents (%69.4) agreed for negative effects of the COVID-19 that caused isolation and loneliness through a lack of friend's relationship, (%68) feeling bored, (%52.3) feeling stress and anger, (%45.2) feeling anxiety due to people who do not implement restrictions.

The aim of this study is to determine the physical fitness levels of individuals with autism by comparing them with individuals in the early and middle adolescence periods with normal development and the needs of the individuals with autism in terms of physical fitness. This study is carried out at the Selçuklu Autism Foundation, which is the largest autism education center in Turkey. It is carried out in this center with autistic individuals aged 10-17 who have received sports training for at least one year, and randomly selected individuals between the ages of 10-17 who do not do sports and show normal development. In this study, the cross-sectional survey model, one of the survey models, is used. The physical fitness levels of individuals with and without autism participating in the research are determined by the Brockport Physical Fitness Test developed by the State University of New York and some motoric test batteries. The t-test for the difference between arithmetic means in independent groups is used. The other measurement is the non-parametric Mann Witney U test. According to the study findings, a high level of significant difference is found between BMI, triceps, calf, right and left hand grip, back strength, trunk lift, long jump and one mile running values in both t-test and Mann-Whitney U results in early and middle adolescence periods. As a result, according to Brockport test values, it shows that all values of individuals with autism are physically behind the individuals with normal development. These results show that individuals with autism are shorter in stature, have higher body weights and have higher BMI values than individuals with normal development.

Higher eukaryotes’ life is impossible without copper redox activity and, literally, every breath we take biochemically demonstrates this. However, this dependence comes at a considerable price to ensure target-oriented copper action. Thereto its uptake, distribution but also excretion are executed by specialized proteins with high affinity for the transition metal. Consequently, malfunction of copper enzymes/transporters, as is the case in hereditary Wilson disease that affects the intracellular copper transporter ATP7B, comes with serious cellular damage. One hallmark of this disease is the progressive copper accumulation, primarily in liver but also brain that becomes deadly if left untreated. Such excess copper toxicity may also result from accidental ingestion or attempted suicide. Recent research has shed new light into the cell-toxic mechanisms and primarily affected intracellular targets and processes of such excess copper that may even be exploited with respect to cancer therapy. Moreover, new therapies are currently under development to fight against deadly toxic copper.

It is widely known that environmental degradation caused by human behaviors that are incompatible with the natural world, and the excessive misuse of natural resources, leads to changes in consumer behavior. This change involves a greater sensitivity to the environment and a preference for products that are less harmful to the planet. This study aims to determine the impact of green advertisements on the intention to buy eco-friendly products and the mediating role of environmental responsibility in this relationship. Data for the study was collected through an online questionnaire from 794 millennials from the Y generation. The study used the "purposive sampling" method, which is a non-probabilistic sampling technique. The collected data was analyzed using AMOS and SPSS software through structural equation modeling and a structural mediation model. The research findings show that attitudes towards green advertising affect environmental responsibility and intention to purchase green products, with environmental responsibility playing a mediating role in this relationship. Furthermore, it was observed that Y-generation individuals' attitudes towards green advertising, environmental responsibility, and green product purchase intentions differ based on age, education, income, marital status, and whether the family has children or not. The study's results indicate that positive attitudes towards green advertising and environmental responsibility may lead to high purchase intention, which could contribute positively to the long-term solution of environmental problems. Advertisers who take into consideration the demographic characteristics of the Y generation could develop green advertising strategies that promote permanent positive behaviors in the name of the environment. This study provides a detailed investigation of consumers' attitudes towards green advertising, focusing on the Y generation. The driving force behind this research is the absence of studies on the Y generation, which is considered a critical force in solving environmental problems and accounts for approximately 26 million people in our country's population.

Commercial Karinyagi (traditionally named karin) is made of cows’ milk cream and is produced by filling butter in cleaned sheep’s rumen. The effect of butter storage in sheep’s rumen on the production of diacetyl and acetoin was investigated. These compounds were determined by GC-MS and they are the typical butter flavor commonly found in fermented dairy products. The modified method for the simultaneous extraction of diacetly and acetoin from butter samples was accurate and precise. The recoveries of diacetyl and acetoin were 94.7 and 110.8%, respectively, while the detection limits were 1.83 and 0.51 mg·L-1, respectively. The proposed method was applied for the monitoring of aroma compounds in Karin butter samples during different time intervals. The concentration of acetoin remained stable through 0–50 days while the concentration of diacetyl increased to 33.0 μg·g-1 up to 40 days and remained constant through 40–50 days.

The study aimed to investigate the Emotional Intelligence (EI) and its relationship with self-efficacy among primary school teachers. The study was conducted to determine whether primary school teachers develop their EI that would increase their levels of self-efficacy. The participants of the study were composed of 118 primary school teachers. The Emotional Intelligence Scale (Göçet, 2006) and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (Alpay, 2010) were used in the study. Model: The data were based on quantitative data. For the data analysis Spearman's Rho correlation and a series of Mann Whitney-U test and Kruskal Wallis H test (ANOVA non-parametric test) were utilized. According to results, the total EI competence score of primary school teachers were X-bar=127.87 with the highest value of 205. In addition, the self efficacy score of primary school teachers were X-bar=33.88 with the highest value of 50. Meanwhile, the results revealed that there were significant differences between primary school teachers according to their working experience (F (3, 90)=3.319, p=0.023). In order to determine differences between groups Tukey post hoc test was used. According to the results, there were significant differences between primary school teachers that are those who have 6-10 years working experience had lower self-efficacy perception (X-bar=32.40) than primary school teachers are those who have 11-15 years working experiences (X-bar=37.00). In addition, a positive correlation was not observed between the score of primary school teachers' EI scale and general self-efficacy scale (r=0.07, n=94, p=0.50) thus, Simple Linear Regression analysis was not conducted in the study.

The study aimed to examine the teaching motivation of teacher candidates in terms of various variables, such as gender, department, graduated type of university, order of university preference, general academic average, eagerness to do another profession other than teaching, and liking the program they are studying. The study was conducted via the relational survey model. The participants were selected using purposive sampling method, and were composed of 205 volunteer teacher candidates in the fourth year of the Departments of Science, Mathematics, Elementary School, English, and Social Studies Teaching in a public university in the spring term of 2019-2020 academic year. The data were collected using a Personal Information Form developed by the researchers, and the Teaching Motivation Scale (TMS), developed by Kauffman, Yilmaz-Soylu and Duke (2011. TMS was devised to measure the internal and external motivations of prospective teachers. As a result of the study, it was determined that the teacher motivation of the teacher candidates was generally at a medium level and the intrinsic motivation of the teacher candidates was higher than their extrinsic motivation. On the other hand, it was found that teacher candidates' teaching motivation did not differ significantly according to gender, high school type, university preference variables; It was determined that there was a significant difference according to the variables of department, academic achievement, eagerness to do another profession other than teaching and liking the program they studied.

The purpose of this study was to determine high school students for distance learning. Mainly due to the study a multidimensional instrument for high students' readiness for distance learning (HRD) developed and validated. The study adopted qualitative research method based on quantitative data. The participants of the study comprised 191 high school students who were selected using randomly sampling model. The data were collected via readiness for distance learning scale (HRD) and analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to establish the construct validity of the HRD model. In addition, a series of one-way ANOVA were conducted to investigate the effect of demographic variables on readiness of distance learning. Through confirmatory factor analysis, HRD was validated in three dimensions: communication, access and motivation. In this study, high school students' mean scores in three dimensions are all higher than the theoretical mean of 3, ranging from 3.60 to 4.37 on a 5-point scale as [X-bar]= 40.64 (SS=8.80). This finding means that the current study's sample of high school students has the highest readiness in the dimension of access [X-bar]=16.98 (SS=4.64), followed by motivation [X-bar]=12.86 (SS=4.66); communication [X-bar]=10.79 (SS=2.45. The significant differences were observed that high school students are those who study at 9. grade had greater readiness than high school students are those who study at 11. grade in high schools whereas high school students are those who study at 11. grade in high schools had greater readiness than high school students are those who study at 10. and 12. grade in high schools according to means score of HDR. It was also found out that perception of students' self-confidence while using computer caused significant statistical differences in three dimensions of HRD; the students who had higher level (very good, good) of self-confident while using computer exhibited significantly greater readiness than those who had lower level of self-confident while using confidence. Meanwhile, high school students are those who had study habit reached greater point from HDR scale than high school students who had not study habit (t [subscript (188)] = 5.29, p = 0.00,d=0.08).

In this article, the authors present a task that promotes mathematical creativity. The task focuses on defining new geometric concepts, whilst providing students with creative thinking opportunities. They discuss prospective mathematics teachers' experiences while conducting a geometric definition task. Prospective mathematics teachers who conducted the task recognised that defining a new geometric concept was cognitively demanding, while contributing their awareness of creative thinking in a detailed way.