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The Dungey cycle is considered from the formation of a magnetic barrier and necessary for dayside reconnection conditions till the electric field generation around the Birkeland current loop and magnetic flux circulation balance. Data-based modeling of the magnetosheath magnetic field makes it possible to quantitatively assess the main factors that control formation and destruction of the magnetospheric magnetic barrier, such as the field line draping and the field intensity increase from the bow shock to the magnetopause, as well as their dependence on the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The Dungey cycle has been revised to take into account the essentially time-dependent effects of magnetic reconnection. It is shown by means of the Stokes’ theorem that a powerful electric field with an effective potential difference of several tens of kV is generated around the developing substorm current system. The emerging Birkeland current loop is an important particle acceleration element in the magnetosphere, contributing to the energization of ring current protons and electrons. The electric field that arises in the dipolarization zone magnifies the already existing ring current, and the closure of its amplified part through the ionosphere generates the Region 2 field-aligned currents. The motion of the expanding partial ring current around the magnetosphere, combined with the particle drift, transfers the magnetic flux from the night side of the magnetosphere to the dayside. At the dayside magnetopause, the reconnection is also responsible for the creation of the Birkeland loop, but now the electric field in the loop area decelerates the ring current particles, and regions of weakened ring current are formed. Closure of these weakened loop currents results in a transfer of the magnetic flux from the dayside to the night side, thus ensuring its overall balance and completing the Dungey cycle.

Introduction. A progressive decrease in the rate of glomerular filtration is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular complications, as well as a marker of an unfavorable prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular complications arising against the background of end-stage renal failure are the main cause of mortality in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy. The aim of the study was to determine the features and prevalence of cardiovascular complications in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy. Materials and methods. A retrospective study was conducted of 114 medical records of nephrology patients who were treated in the center of nephrology and dialysis of Poltava Regional Clinical Hospital n.a. M.V. Sklifosovsky. Patients were divided into three groups: two experimental and one control group. The first experimental group consisted of 44 (38.6%) patients who were on RRT by the method of programmed hemodialysis. The second experimental group consisted of 21 (18.4%) patients who were also undergoing RRT, but by the method of peritoneal dialysis. The control group consisted of 49 (43.0%) patients with CKD stages I-II. Analysis of laboratory data of traditional risk factors for cardiovascular complications (lipidogram), as well as non-traditional ones (level of calcium and phosphorus) was carried out. The frequency of cardiovascular complications in patients on renal replacement therapy was studied. Results. A statistically significant difference was found between the indicators of the atherogenicity index in the groups GD1 with CG1 (р=0.001) and GD2 with CG2 (р=0.031), PD1 and CG1 (р=0.005) and PD2 with CG2 (р=0.027). When analyzing the correlations between indicators of mineral metabolism in the experimental and control groups, it was found that weak and medium inverse correlations were observed in the experimental groups (GD1: -0.4703, GD2: -0.3219, PD1: -0,2146, PD2: -0.2784, respectively), while in the control groups a direct weak correlation was found (CG1 0.1975, CG2 0.2031, respectively). Chronic heart failure was detected in 75.0% of patients in the GD1 group, in 66.6% – in GD2, and in 100.0% of PD1 and PD2 patients. Valve calcification was observed in 35.0%, 29.1%, 33.3%, and 20.0%, respectively. Conclusions. Studying the features of cardiovascular complications, control of risk factors, which in any case occur in patients on dialysis therapy, is one of the main directions of controlling the underlying disease, reducing the risk of dangerous cardiovascular complications, prolonging life expectancy and its quality.

Based on a new mathematical framework and large multi-year multi-mission data sets, we reconstruct electric currents and magnetic fields around the dayside magnetopause and their dependence on the incoming solar wind, IMF, and geodipole tilt. The model architecture builds on previously developed mathematical frameworks and includes two separate blocks: for the magnetosheath and for the adjacent outer magnetosphere. Accordingly, the model is developed in two stages: 1) reconstruction of a best-fit magnetopause and underlying dayside magnetosphere, based on a simple shielded configuration, and 2) derivation of the magnetosheath magnetic field, represented by a sum of toroidal and poloidal terms, each expanded into spherical harmonic series of angular coordinates and powers of normal distance from the boundary. The spacecraft database covers the period from 1995 through 2022 and is composed of data from Geotail, Cluster, Themis, and MMS, with the total number of 1-min averages about 3 M. The modeling reveals orderly patterns of the IMF draping around the magnetosphere and of the magnetopause currents, controlled by the IMF orientation, solar wind pressure, and the Earth’s dipole tilt. The obtained results are discussed in terms of the magnetosheath flux pile-up and the dayside magnetosphere erosion during periods of northward or southward IMF, respectively.

The goal of the research. Historical (prosopographic, chronological) research of manuscript on a lead plate from Olbia (the first-published). Methodology. Typical scientific methods of auxiliary historical disciplines. Scientific novelty. A new magical manuscript from Olbia has been put into scientific circulation. New prosopographic materials concerning elite Olbia families are offered that have historical significance, in particular, palaeography, chronology, genealogy, prosopography. Also, due to the synchronization of the eponymous catalogue of Olbia, it became possible to use in the study of special, however, quite obvious methods of prosopographic interpretation, prosopographic dating and prosopographic reconstruction. Conclusions. The peculiarity of the manuscript is the presence in it of the names and patronymics of only representatives of the most powerful Olbian family of the Aristocratids, and of the secondary, but influential family of the Polyxenes, which belonged to the same clan as the Aristocratids. The magical manuscript made it pos sible to significantly supplement fragmentary information about the Polyxenes family, in that case, to form a representative fragment of its genealogy. In particular, monuments testifying to the activity of Polyxenes in the collegium of agoranomos and the coin magistracy were discovered. The manuscript also provided an opportunity to clarify a fragment of the genealogical branch of the most influential Olbian family of the Aristocratids. New historical (prosopographical) information was ob tained about one of the protagonists of the famous decree in honour of Protogenes, a citizen of Aristocratus. He was the son of the eponym of Olbia in 293 BC, Damas Aristokratous. Being in his old age, Aristocratus Damasius, together with the young Protogenes, took part in the embassy to the Saiyan king Saitafarn approximately 260-250 BC. According to prosopography, the manuscript is dated approximately 288-268 BC.

The article analyses the degree of research in Ukrainian historical science of the problems of the financial and economic policy of the Russian occupation regime in Eastern Galicia and Northern Bukovina during the First World War. The author places special emphasis on the achievements and tasks of modern domestic historical science in this issue.

The Dungey cycle is considered from the formation of a magnetic barrier and necessary for dayside reconnection conditions till the electric field generation around the Birkeland current loop and magnetic flux circulation balance. Data-based modeling of the magnetosheath magnetic field makes it possible to quantitatively assess the main factors that control formation and destruction of the magnetospheric magnetic barrier, such as the field line draping and the field intensity increase from the bow shock to the magnetopause, as well as their dependence on the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The Dungey cycle has been revised to take into account the essentially time-dependent effects of magnetic reconnection. It is shown by means of the Stokes' theorem that a powerful electric field with an effective potential difference of several tens of kV is generated around the developing substorm current system. The emerging Birkeland current loop is an important particle acceleration element in the magnetosphere, contributing to the energization of ring current protons and electrons. The electric field that arises in the dipolarization zone magnifies the already existing ring current, and the closure of its amplified part through the ionosphere generates the Region 2 field-aligned currents. The motion of the expanding partial ring current around the magnetosphere, combined with the particle drift, transfers the magnetic flux from the night side of the magnetosphere to the dayside. At the dayside magnetopause, the reconnection is also responsible for the creation of the Birkeland loop, but now the electric field in the loop area decelerates the ring current particles, and regions of weakened ring current are formed. Closure of these weakened loop currents results in a transfer of the magnetic flux from the dayside to the night side, thus ensuring its overall balance and completing the Dungey cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, stroke incidence in younger adults increased. Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) A66G polymorphism is one of the risk factors for ischemic stroke (IS). However, clinical features of IS in MTRR A66G polymorphism are not yet studied.Objective: to investigate clinical features of IS in MTRR A66G polymorphism.Patients and methods. One hundred forty-one younger patients with IS, hospitalized in the neurological department of Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital №1, were included in the study. MTRR A66G polymorphism was detected by the real-time polymerase chain reaction in all participants.Results and discussion. MTRR A66G polymorphism was present in 83.7% of younger patients with IS. Participants with MTRR A66G polymorphism had a significantly higher prevalence of arterial hypertension (р=0.029). In addition, protein C level was significantly lower in patients with MTRR A66G mutation (р=0.001).Conclusion. The majority of younger patients with IS have MTRR A66G polymorphism. Therefore, the inclusion of MTRR A66G polymorphism screening in the diagnostic algorithm of stroke in young adults seems necessary.

Based on previously unpublished archive documents (Ismail, Ukraine), the organization and resettlement of parts of the residents from the lower Danube region to South Sakhalin in 1947-1949 are considered. First of all, the resettlement touched the representatives of the Moldovan/Romanian ethnic group living in Reni district. This relocation should be seen as an attempt from the part of the Soviet totalitarian regime to transform the ethnic composition of the region, having evicted the part of the local population to remote corners of the Soviet empire, which, without much enthusiasm, met the socialist changes of the second half of the 1940s and related to the collectivization of agriculture. The age, gender, and quantitative indicators are analyzed. Lists of immigrants to the South Sakhalin in 1947 and 1948 are given.

Large‐scale patterns of the steady‐state magnetosheath plasma flow and their dependence on the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) have been reconstructed for the first time on the basis of large multi‐year multi‐mission pool of spacecraft observations, concurrent interplanetary data, and an empirical high‐resolution model. The flow model architecture builds upon a recently developed magnetosheath magnetic field representation by flexible expansions of its toroidal and poloidal components in a coordinate system, naturally conformed with the magnetopause and bow shock shapes. The model includes two physics‐based flow symmetry modes: the first one treats the magnetosphere as an axisymmetric unmagnetized obstacle, whereas the second mode takes into account the geodipole tilt, an important factor in the reconnection effects. The spacecraft data pool includes 1‐min average data by Themis (2007–2024), Cluster (2001–2022), and MMS‐1 (2015–2024) missions, as well as OMNI interplanetary data. The model drivers include the solar wind particle flux, IMF components, and the geodipole tilt angle. The model calculations faithfully reproduce the average plasma flow geometry and substantial effects have been found of the IMF orientation and magnitude, a principal factor that defines electromagnetic forces inside the magnetosheath. A strong dependence of the magnetosheath flow patterns on the Earth's dipole tilt indicates an important contribution of reconnection effects at the magnetopause to the solar wind particle transport around the dayside magnetosphere. Plain Language Summary: As a result of the solar wind interaction with the geomagnetic field, the Earth's magnetosphere becomes embedded within a huge "cocoon", a vast region between the bow shock and the magnetopause, where the incoming plasma stream gets compressed, heated, and diverted sideways around the magnetospheric boundary. An important factor that significantly affects the magnetosheath flow is the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), transported to the Earth's orbit from the solar corona. The IMF undergoes compression and deformation inside the magnetosheath; the resulting electromagnetic forces substantially affect the plasma flow. Furthermore, the magnetic fields of solar and terrestrial origin can reconnect at the magnetopause, which results in additional modifications of the plasma flow pattern. During the last decades, huge amounts of satellite data were obtained in the near‐Earth space; using them in combination with a flexible mathematical model allowed us to quantitatively reconstruct the magnetosheath plasma flows and their dependence on the interplanetary factors and orientation of the Earth's magnetic dipole. The present paper describes first results of that study. Key Points: Large‐scale patterns of the magnetosheath plasma flow are reconstructed from multi‐year sets of in situ data and an advanced empirical modelSubstantial interplanetary magnetic field influence on the flow patterns is revealed, induced by magnetic field compression and tensions inside the magnetosheathPlasma flows significantly depend on the dipole tilt, indicating the important role of reconnection effects around the dayside magnetopause [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling the magnetosphere from satellite data has some analogy to the construction of a person’s ‘identikit’ from patchy information, collected by different people at different times under different lighting/viewing conditions. This article is a brief overview of the author’s half-century-long efforts in building Earth’s magnetosphere models, with some feats, setbacks, and lessons learned.

Based on a new mathematical framework and large multi-year multi-mission data sets, we reconstruct electric currents and magnetic fields around the dayside magnetopause and their dependence on the incoming solar wind, IMF, and geodipole tilt. The model architecture builds on previously developed mathematical frameworks and includes two separate blocks: for the magnetosheath and for the adjacent outer magnetosphere. Accordingly, the model is developed in two stages: 1) reconstruction of a best-fit magnetopause and underlying dayside magnetosphere, based on a simple shielded configuration, and 2) derivation of the magnetosheath magnetic field, represented by a sum of toroidal and poloidal terms, each expanded into spherical harmonic series of angular coordinates and powers of normal distance from the boundary. The spacecraft database covers the period from 1995 through 2022 and is composed of data from Geotail, Cluster, Themis, and MMS, with the total number of 1-min averages about 3 M. The modeling reveals orderly patterns of the IMF draping around the magnetosphere and of the magnetopause currents, controlled by the IMF orientation, solar wind pressure, and the Earth's dipole tilt. The obtained results are discussed in terms of the magnetosheath flux pile-up and the dayside magnetosphere erosion during periods of northward or southward IMF, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the interstate scholarly project "Ukraine and Moldova: common historical memory, lessons and perspectives", the materials about the prominent personalities of science, culture and politics born in Southern Bessarabia was collected by the scientists from Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria. As a result, it was prepared and published a bilingual (Ukrainian – English) encyclopedic dictionary based on these collected materials. The encyclopedic dictionary is a unique example of cooperation between the scientists from several countries. It aims to stimulate a sense of pride among the younger generation, as well as to introduce people of different countries to our famous countrymen. This article provides background information on how to prepare this encyclopedic dictionary and highlights its content.

The globalization process of the modern world, the creation of transnational corporations, the strengthening of migration processes, widespread integration and interpenetration contribute to the leveling of the ethno-historical and cultural features of different peoples. However, on the other hand, the same processes cause active opposition among representatives of certain ethnic groups, who are struggling to maintain their identity, up to the clarification of relations at the level of intercultural conflicts. The threat of assimilation and loss of the national traits strengthens nationalist sentiments: the peoples begin to value their culture, history, traditions; are going to protect the distinctive features from the unifying impact of globalization. There have been many cases in history when state power tried to eradicate the national spirit of the peoples who were part of the empire. One such example is the national policy of the Soviet totalitarian state. At the legislative level, every nation in the USSR had the right to independent development within the state, but in fact any, even the most minimal manifestations of national specificity or loyalty to national traditions, were brutally persecuted. Forced russification, the creation of the ephemeral community “Soviet people”, deliberate “correction” of history, deportation, and forcible resettlement of representatives of various ethnic groups - this is not an exhaustive list of steps taken by the Soviet government to create a single state. And we all know how these experiments ended. Knowledge of the principles of intercultural communication, of its mechanisms and characteristics, is important not only at the interstate level, but also for personal development, because understanding the differences between cultures, the history of peoples, and external manifestations significantly expands the horizons of an individual, his idea of ​​the world and himself, as a carrier of a certain culture. The combination in solving these problems - on the one hand, the intensification of globalization processes, on the other - the preservation of unique cultural values and norms inevitably leads to the conclusion that it is important and necessary for modern man to know the principles and strategies of intercultural communication.

Abstract The k‐nearest‐neighbor technique is used to mine a multimission magnetometer database for a subset of data points from time intervals that are similar to the storm state of the magnetosphere for a particular moment in time. These subsets of data are then used to fit an empirical magnetic field model. Performing this for each snapshot in time reconstructs the dynamic evolution of the magnetic and electric current density distributions during storms. However, because weaker storms occur more frequently than stronger storms, the reconstructions are biased toward them. We demonstrate that distance weighting the nearest‐neighbors mitigates this issue while allowing a sufficient amount of data to be included in the fitting procedure to limit overfitting. Using this technique, we reconstruct the distribution of the magnetic field and electric currents and their evolution for two storms, the intense 17–19 March 2015 “Saint Patrick's Day” storm and a moderate storm occurring on 13–15 July 2013, from which the pressure distributions can be computed assuming isotropy and by integrating the steady‐state force‐balance equation. As the main phase of a storm progresses in time, the westward ring current density and pressure increases in the inner magnetosphere particularly on the nightside, becoming more symmetric as the recovery phase progresses. We validate the empirical pressure by comparing it to the observed pressures from the Van Allen Probes mission by summing over particle fluxes from all available energy channels and species.

Abstract Reconstruction of the magnetic field, electric current, and plasma pressure is provided using a new data mining (DM) method with weighted nearest neighbors (NN) for strong storms with the storm activity index Sym‐H

On the basis of the archival documents the personal composition of the reception and transit front-line prisoner- of war-camp No. 38, which was established in 1944 in the vicinity of the town of Reni (Odessa region), is analyzed. The camp existed until the autumn of 1945. Most of the prisoners of war died of typhus in it. The main analysis falls on the group of German prisoners of war of this camp (age characteristics, military ranks).

Subjective well-being refers to people’s experience and self-reported measures about the quality of their lives, cognitive evaluation of social and economic activities. This evaluation depends on different factors, like income, standards of living, mood, adaptability, expectation on job-to-pay ratio. The importance of gender in this process cannot be underestimated. Based on data obtained by a sociological survey we examined 75 Altai Krai's married couples responses to determine gender differences in subjective well-being, using a multi-step procedure involving methods of frequency and correlation analysis, the method of studying the relationship between categorical variables. Our results reveal several gender differences, which greatly appear in expectations on a job-to-pay ratio.

The aim: to evaluate the astroglial neurospecific protein – gliofibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the blood serum of pregnant women with post-concussion syndrome (PCS) resulted from a mild closed brain injury. The serum level of GFAP was earlier proposed to be used as a marker of the state of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and a predictor of obstetric and perinatal complications.Materials and methods. To evaluate the permeability of the BBB and the integrity of astrocytes during pregnancy, we measured GFAP (using the enzyme immunoassay) in the sera of 93 women: 41 with PCS (main group), 31 somatically healthy pregnant women (comparison group), and 21 non-pregnant women of the reproductive age (control group).Results. In healthy pregnant women, the level of GFAP did not significantly differ from that in the non-pregnant women and did not exceed a threshold value of 4.0 ng/ml. In most of the pregnant women with PCS (70.73%), the GFAP values exceeded the threshold level starting from the first trimester and tended to increase subsequently, which was indicative of immunological sensitization.Conclusion. In the obstetric and neurological practice, pregnant women with PCS are recommend to be tested for their serum GFAP as a marker of immunological sensitization and a predictor of pregnancy and delivery complications as well as neurological deterioration.

The article analyzes issues related to the resettlement and co-existence of two peoples – Germans and Jews within the territory of Bessarabia. Despite significant differences in the historical past of these peoples, they are united by many different factors, among which are both successes and tragedies.