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The article is devoted to investigate and interpret the contents and correlation for the concepts of "medical care" and "medical service" in the context of public healthcare. Here, we demonstrate the defective features of the Russian legislation regarding accepting the necessary legal definitions for such concepts. At the same time, while performing a comprehensive formal legal analysis and applying interpretation by analogy, we provide generalizations allowing to understand the essence of the concepts analyzed as well as their inter-relationship. We interpret two definitions for the concept of "medical service", and envision that medical care vs. medical service is an ontological unit of a more general and higher level. Understanding the differences in the definitions of "medical care" and "medical service", demonstrated in the article, will be useful to healthcare organizers.

The article is devoted to the study and explanation of the meaning, nature, structure, features and ontology of extra-legal regulation in the field of healthcare and medicine (lex biomedica). The authors explain the concept and structure of lex biomedica. The article shows other ontological spaces of the bioethical order associated with the lex biomedica normative space; the content of the subject-object area of lex biomedica regulation is described in detail. The article describes and explains the features of the interactions between the space of legal regulation and the space of extra-legal regulation in the field of healthcare. The authors refer to the concept of "bio-law".

This paper is aimed at outlining the essence, nature as well as range of child’s guarantees for receiving pediatric palliative care at prenatal stage including common scope of the rights for such patients. It is emphasized that a child at prenatal stage (starting from certain age) is able to feel pain sensation and suffer from it, thereby underlying its right for palliative care. It is underscored as to why a child’s right at prenatal stage for pediatric palliative care (if necessary) is subject to legal recognition and legal protection.

The article describes the developing technologies for the production of «designer embryos» also known as genetically improved babies. The authors briefly review these technologies with a special emphasis on their medical, legal and bioethical aspects. We propose and substantiate the point of view why some of these approaches may be illegal.

The article investigates the essence of the phenomenon of surrogacy (surrogate motherhood) from the standpoint of Bioethics and moral foundations of Law. Shows a selection of reference regulations of foreign Legislation. The authors present a Bioethical considerations of surrogacy and the most important issues related to the legal provision for surrogacy. Represented by the sample reference provisions of acts of a number of states (United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, France, Russian Federation). The article suggests measures for improvement of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the context of restrictions to be imposed on the use of the surrogate motherhood technology.

The study examines the effect of crop production technology intensification on wheat yield under drought conditions. The causal effect of fertilizers and herbicides usage was quantified based on a dataset of reports from 196 farms located in the Kulunda Steppe in Altai Krai. To quantify causal effects, the various methods were tested – Two Means Comparison tests and Linear regression. Due to the not experimental nature of the data, Propensity Score Matching was used to balance the sample based on the main indicative signs (covariates). We refined the effects of crop technologies intensification based on the balanced sample. The results showed that, according to all considered methods, intensification of agriculture even in the dry climatic conditions resulted in the expected growth of wheat yield. The average causal effect of intensive farming was +2.02 dt/ha. The results also showed that it is possible to obtain more correct estimates of causal effects based on balanced samples. Using simple approaches like Two Means Comparison methods lead to underestimation or overestimation. Finally, we highlighted some limitations and peculiarities of the Propensity Score Matching method. However, the Propensity Score Matching can be considered a good and prospective tool for developing digital services in agricultural analytics.

Concept maps are used for knowledge visualization via representing an input text or domain at the conceptual level. Concept maps reflect the systemic relations between key concepts of a text/ domain and thereby contribute to a deeper understanding of text/domain ideas, save time spent on reading and analysis. However, the process of concept maps construction is laborious and time consuming. Currently, there is a lot of research on the idea of automatic generation concept map from natural language texts. The problem has a high practical value, but in theoretical terms, methods for its solution are mainly language-dependent. Such methods require high-quality annotated linguistic resources, which is a serious problem for low-resource languages like Kazakh. In this work, we analyze the issues related to language-dependent approaches and present our experimental work on automatic generating concept maps from English, Kazakh and Russian texts. We use a well-known language-dependent method called ReVerb which was originally developed for English, and on the example of this method we explore the issues that we have encountered in the case of Kazakh and Russian languages.

Despite the looming land scarcity suited for agricultural expansion, farmland abandonment is widespread globally. The recultivation of some abandoned farmlands could unlock the untapped agricultural potential. Yet, little is known about the determinants of recultivation. To better understand the behavioral intentions of farmers regarding the recultivation of abandoned lands, we concentrated on the Buryat Republic in Russia, where agricultural land abandonment is widespread and farmers with different ethnicities carry out diverse agricultural practices. We conducted 149 face-to-face interviews with the farmers in the Buryat Republic in 2018 and filled a structured questionnaire on farm’s and farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics, perceived corruption, and farmers’ behavioral intentions regarding expected land use. We modeled the intention of recultivation with the Bayesian networks. The Bayesian networks analysis showed that perceived corruption was considered to be a barrier to recultivation. Our study also showed that non-Buryat ethnic and young farmers are more likely to recultivate abandoned land. Abandoned farmlands without or with a low degree of afforestation were preferred for recultivation. In sum, our study showed how behavioral aspects of political trust, the farm’s and farmer’s characteristics, in combination with regional and locational characteristics, may shape farmers’ decisions on land use. The results provide an important ground to assess regional land-use policies, which should foster the recultivation of abandoned lands while preserving ecosystem services in the global hotspots of farmland abandonment, such as Russia

Purpose. This paper aimed to investigate factors that influence the intention of educated youth in remote areas of Siberia to start-up business under the specific conditions with post-communist legacy. Special attention is paid to the willingness of graduates to run a business in agriculture. Methodology / approach. We surveyed 470 university students and applied logistic regression to analyze the probability of becoming self-employed. Results. Study results reveal that being male, an existing family entrepreneurial tradition, and effort of respondents to increase their quality of life, such as a desire for a higher income and career efforts, improve the intention to be self-employed. Preference to live in rural areas decreases the entrepreneurial intention. We identified an important path dependency problem that arises from the low entrepreneurial literacy and tradition of the families because setting up a private business is a novelty in Russia. Originality / scientific novelty. The Global Entrepreneurial Monitor Review ranks Russia among countries with the lowest entrepreneurial intention. This fact may threaten the development of the country as self-employment represents an important trigger for the economic development of a region, especially for its rural and remote part. Entrepreneurs in agriculture might help in re-cultivation of the abandoned land in Russian Siberia if the entrepreneurial education and incentives were set properly. Practical value / implications. A promotion of entrepreneurship education at the universities, removing administrative barriers to business development, and launching programs to support young entrepreneurs, especially in rural areas, might be crucial in increasing the entrepreneurial activity of youth. This study has important implications for policymakers and education system as youth entrepreneurship provides an opportunity to decrease unemployment, ensure the income of the rural population, and promote sustainable growth of rural areas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the efficacy and use of vertebroplasty as a prophylactic measure to prevent stress fractures of vertebrae adjacent to transpedicular screw fixation with augmentation for osteoporosis. Methods: An experimental cadaveric study was performed to assess the overall strength of 10 cadaveric blocks of T10-L4 vertebral segments with simulation of L1 fracture and T12-L2 transpedicular 4-screw system with augmentation. T11 and L2 vertebroplasty cranial and caudal to the transpedicular system was performed in 5 blocks in the main group. Stress testing of the blocks was performed by placing them under a vertically directed load until destruction. Results: Vertically directed load on the blocks in the main group (0.84 ± 0.39831 kN) resulted in T11 vertebrae fractures. Vertebrae with augmentation were resistant to the load in the main group. T10 vertebrae fractures in the blocks of the main group occurred at a load of 1.91 ± 0.40566 kN. Conclusion: 1. The adjacent T11 vertebra is the weakest vertebra in the anatomical blocks of T10-L4 vertebral segments with simulation of L1 fracture (type A according to the AO/Magerl classification) and the T12-L2 4-screw transpedicular system with augmentation. 2. Bone cement injection into the T11 cranial vertebra adjacent to the level of fixation increases the overall strength of the blocks 3. Vertebroplasty of the overlying vertebra is an effective way to prevent its fracture and in case of osteoporosis. 4. Prophylactic vertebroplasty of the vertebra caudal to the level of fixation is unnecessary due to the insignificant risk of a fracture. Level of Evidence III; Experimental – Quasi experiments

Objective. To evaluate the effect of A-PRP-therapy on reparative bone regeneration in acute limb bone fractures. Material and Methods. The study consisted of two parts – in the first part we studied the effect of A-PRP-therapy on the model of a comminuted fracture created in the operating room, an experimental study conducted on 40 Mature rabbits of the Flander breed, all animals were divided according to the principle of analogues into 2 groups (20 animals): in the study group – on the 5th day after osteotomy, platelet-rich plasma was injected into the fracture area, in the comparison group – the fusion occurred without the influence of any drugs. The second part presents the results of clinical testing of A-PRP-therapy, analyzed the results of treatment of 16 women with low-energy fractures of the distal radius metaepiphysis. The study group consisted of 6 patients whose surgical treatment was supplemented by A-PRP-therapy on 7, 14 days after surgery. The control group consisted of 10 patients who underwent surgical treatment without A-PRP-therapy.Results. The use of platelet-rich plasma to stimulate reparative osteogenesis in accute fractures reduces the time of fracture consolidation by 9.5 ± 1.1%.Conclusion. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to stimulate reparative osteogenesis is an inexpensive, easy to perform and effective alternative to the methods considered. The possibilities of application of this technology in traumatology and orthopedics require further research in order to create protocols for the use of PRP-therapy to stimulate the maturation of bone calluses.

Diagnosis of parasitic diseases, in a type of their rarity and diversity, always presents considerable difficulties. Clinical observation of an alveococcosis with invasion in the retroperitoneal space with distribution on mediastinal fat proceeding with progressing retroperitoneal fibrosis with ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis development, with an aorta lumen stenosis, with formation of SVC syndrome in the absence of changes in other parts of the body, first of all in the liver, in the absence of eosinophilia in the peripheral blood throughout all disease and lack of antibodies to echinococci in the blood serum, twice during observation determined by an immunofermental method is presented in this article.

Higher crop yields are critical to satisfy the rising global food demand. Russia holds untapped potential for increasing agricultural production because current grain yields are often far below the potentially attainable yields. Western Siberia is an important breadbasket in Russia, where wheat yields fall particularly short of their potential. Our goal was to assess the determinants of yield variations among farmers in the province of Altai Krai in Western Siberia. We conducted 67 structured in-person interviews with corporate farm managers and individual farmers about the potential determinants of wheat yields and complemented these data with 149 additional observations obtained from the provincial agricultural extension service. We used Bayesian networks (BNs) to represent the relationships between the explanatory parameters and contemporary wheat yields and to examine qualitative future scenarios of future yields. The results revealed higher yields on larger farms than on medium and small farms. Our results corroborated that the application of fertilizers and herbicides and the implementation of new equipment had large positive impacts on the yields. The scenario of higher future production costs and lower precipitation resulted in a yield reduction from 7.6 dt/ha to 5.3. Overall, our results suggest that policies aimed at increasing wheat yields should concentrate on the education of farmers and encourage higher input applications, particularly for small-scale farms. Additionally, policies should address concurrent challenges, such as a higher drought frequency, through the application of new equipment, seed material and tillage practices

Standard surgical treatment for rectal cancer is a total mesorectumectomy (TME) and it demands performing proper pathohistological examination of the removed specimen to select patients with high risk of local recurrence development and those indicated for adjuvant therapy. Pathologists should value quality of surgical intervention, examine both distal and circular resection margins (surgically mobilized mesorectal surface), define surgical clearance (distance from the circular resection margine to the tumor itself), perform pathological staging ((у)pTpN), determine histological type and stage of tumor differentiation. In this paper we describe a route of the specimen removed after the surgery for rectal cancer and its pathohistological examination technique which is based on the guidances of the British Royal Society of Pathologists specialized to the Regional Clinic Hospital requirements.

Lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of diseases with various histological signs which are different in clinical course and prognosis. They all are divided into main groups: B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases, Т-cell lymphoproliferative diseases, Hodgkin disease. The first two groups (excluding leukoses) are defined as "non-Hodgkin lymphomas” (NHL). They are about 5–6% of all malignant neoplasms and in their structure they occupy the fifth position in overseas countries. In the present article we present a clinical case with diffuse B-cell large cell lymphoma of the small pelvis with retroperitoneal space infiltration, root of mesentery, small pelvis fat tissue.

In this article we presented four main changes in the Classification for Thyroid Gland Tumors, the fourth revision (WHO, 2017) regarding the revision presented in 2004. The most essential of them are: 1) defining the «other encapsulated tumors of thyroid gland with a follicular pattem» group which are referred to the category containing boundary tumors and includes the following concepts: a follicular tumor of the uncertain malignant potential (FT-UMP), the high-differentiated tumor of the uncertain malignant potential (WDT-UMP) and a noninvasive follicular tumor with papillary and nuclear properties (NIFTP) and 2) the oncocytic tumors which were earlier considered in group of follicular adenomas / carcinomas are defined as a separate type of tumors with an independent biological entity.

Background Despite improvement of the equipment for polyfocal biopsy of the prostate gland (PBPG), a sufficient percent of data divergence in morphological characteristics of the prostate cancer (PC) at preoperative and postoperative stages is noted. Besides data of PBPG and clinical stage are quite important part of nomograms applied for indication detections for lymphadenectomy and neuro-sparing technique during radical prostatectomy (RPE). Regarding this fact error limits in clinical assessment of the primary tumor could influence surgical outcomes. Aim The aim of the present study was assessment of coincidence frequency of morphological characteristics of PC according to transrectal PBPG and clinical examination with morphological assessment of operational material after radical prostatectomy (RPE). Evaluation of errors influence on frequency of positive surgical margin (PSM) at clinical staging of PC was performed. Materials and methods Data of transrectal PBPG and operational material after RPE in 276 patients with PC were studied. Both biopsy and operative materials were exposed to preservation in 10% buffering solution of formalin, and after automatic conducting was painted by hematoxylin-eozinom. Each histologic conclusion was formed by at least two pathologists who estimated PBPG and samples after RPE in the same structure. The interrelation between staging errors and frequency of PSM was studied. Outcomes Analysis For patients with locally-advanced PC the adequate staging according to TPFB was noted only in 18,7% cases. Errors for clinical staging of the localized PC had no significant influence on PSM frequency: 3.7% in patients with correct staging and 6,5% in patients with poor staging with stage migration within pT2b - pT2c (p = 0,07). With down-staging of locally-advanced PC which was observed in 81,3% patients, significant increase in PSM frequency reached 23,1% in comparison with proper staging - 6.6% patients (p

The adoption of climate-smart agriculture requires the comprehensive development of environmental monitoring tools, including online observation of climate and soil settings. They are often designed to measure soil properties automatically at different depths at hour or minute intervals. It is essential to have a complete dataset to use statistical models for the prediction of soil properties and to make short-term decisions regarding soil tillage operations and irrigation during a vegetation period. This is also important in applied hydrological studies. Nevertheless, the time series of soil hydrological measurements often have data gaps for different reasons. The study focused on solving a problem of gap-filling in hourly time series of soil temperature and moisture, measured at the 30 cm depth using a weighted gravitation lysimeter station while meteorological data were recorded simultaneously by a weather station. The equipment was installed in the Kulunda Steppe in the Altai Krai, Russia. Considering that climate conditions affect soil temperature and moisture content directly, we did a comparative analysis of the gap-filling performance using the three imputation methods—linear interpolation, multiple linear regression, and extended ARMA (p,q) models with exogenous climatic variables. The results showed that, according to the minimum of the mean absolute error, ARMA (p,q) models with optimally selected order parameters, and an adaptive window, had some advantages compared to other single-imputation methods. The ARMA (p,q) model produced a good quality of gap-filling in time series with the mean absolute error of 0.19 °C and 0.08 Vol. % for soil temperature and moisture content, respectively. The findings supplemented the methodology of hydrological data processing and the development of digital tools for the online monitoring of climate and soil properties in agriculture.

The article considers one of the first pieces of music for an academic saxophone ensemble through the aspect of the correlation of the traditional and the renewed in it. The article aims to analyze this work from a variety of angles, namely, the identification of the distinctive features of the composer’s style and also the demonstration of how various principles and tendencies belonging to different periods of musical art correlate in the work in question. The author employs the systematic approach and the principle of historicism which make it possible to reach the purpose of the research. Additionally, the author focuses on the quartet as it plays a special role both as part of repertoire for the saxophone and for the genre evolution as a whole. The main literary sources are archival data related to A. Glazunov’s creative activity and woks on the analysis of musical pieces. Based on textological analysis, the author reveals the complexity of different processes of the musical art of the 20th century, i.e. the influence on non-European musical cultures, the new principles of intonational development, the return to the origins (the revival of some old forms and genres), the use of traditional interpretations and, simultaneously, the renovation of the genre. The main factor of renovation is the composition of the ensemble, i.e. a saxophone quartet of different tessituras. Consequently, in his Quartet for four saxophones, the composer both accentuated the common moments with the string instruments and emphasized the timbre peculiarities for the new instrument of European music which led to changes both in the images and in the structure of the cycle and the interpretation of the genre.

Objective. To substantiate experimentally a method for preventing adjacent vertebra fractures during cement transpedicular fixation of vertebral fractures in osteoporotic patients. Material and Methods. An experimental study included the assessment of overall strength of 10 cadaver blocks of T10–L4 vertebral segments with simulated Magerl’s type A fracture at the L1 level and transpedicular fixation at the T12–L2 levels with four-screw system and cement augmentation. In five control blocks, only cement augmented transpedicular fixation was per- formed after the L1 fracture simulation. In five blocks of the study group it was supplemented by vertebroplasty at T11 and L3 levels cranial and caudal to the level of fixation. Load testing of the blocks was carried out by destruction under the influence of a vertically directed force. Results. Vertical loading of anatomical specimens in the control group (average of 0.84 kN) caused Th11 vertebral body fractures. In the study group, the vertebrae augmented by vertebroplasty were resistant to loading. Fractures occurred in the T10 vertebral bodies (over the vertebra with vertebroplasty) under the average load of 1.91 kN. Conclusion. Vertebroplasty of the vertebra overlying the level of transpedicular fixation is an effective way to prevent its fracture.

Приведены результаты функционирования сети автоматических станций в сухой степи, климатического и почвенно-гидрологического мониторинга за вегетационные периоды 2013-2015 гг. Опубликованные региональные данные по значимым эколого-климатическим параметрам представляют интерес для экологов, физиологов растений и фермеров, работающих на Кулундинской равнине.

The article deals with the leveling and ignoring the rights of boys and the rights of girls. The authors substantiate the right of the boy to receive upbringing as a boy and right of the girl to receive upbringing as a girl. The article shows the international legal guarantees of these rights, and rules of the International Law, of which indirectly follow these rights. The article concluded that from the birth each boy and each girl have a particular sex with patterns of psychosexual development immanent to this sex and formed naturally, and the child has the right to be raised accordingly to his/her sex, based on his/her natural sexual identity, including self-identification, formed naturally in childhood.

Este artículo está dedicado a los elementos específicos de las relaciones laborales de los deportistas profesionales. Los autores examinan el concepto y las características de los traspasos, así como las reglas y las características de estos acuerdos en varios deportes como el fútbol, el hockey, y en el marco de diversas federaciones como la Federación Internacional de Hockey sobre Hielo o la Federación de Artes Marciales de Luxemburgo. También se analizan los traspasos de los deportistas estudiantes en el entorno escolar y el universitario. Se otorga gran importancia a la influencia de las normas de traspaso de deportistas sobre las relaciones laborales en los deportes profesionales. El artículo tiene en cuenta los nuevos principios reguladores establecidos después del caso Bosman y demuestra los problemas legales esenciales que surgen en cualquier parte del hecho de que los clubes y los agentes obtienen muchos más beneficios económicos que los deportistas. Los autores sugieren que debe reconsiderarse el sistema de traspasos establecido, teniendo en cuenta el análisis de las resoluciones de los tribunales, y con la finalidad de ayudar a la comunidad internacional a encontrar nuevos principios y normas reguladoras de los traspasos.

The article is one of a series of articles on the importance and characteristics of bioethics in the modern world and its interaction with the law. The article investigates the ethical-legal and institutional regulation of biotechnology in France, Italy, Germany and Austria. The authors studied the peculiarities of the legal and institutional regulation of clinical trials, in the field of embryology, in the field of stem cell technologies, including the use of stem cells, and in the field of genetic engineering, cloning in humans and animals, in the field of organ transplantation. The author's definition of bioethics (as science) and bioethics (as a system of regulatory statutes (lex biomedica), defining a set of ethical imperatives and approaches in medicine and health care, pharmaceutical and pharmacology).