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Abstract The purpose of the work was to study the indices of myocardium bioelectrical activity in representatives (women) of swimming on the 100–400 meters distance, who differ in sports qualification. Materials and methods. The myocardium bioelectrical activity was studied using the diagnostic automated complex "Cardio +". For the purpose of differential diagnosis, athletes with right atrial ectopic rhythm, wandering pacemaker and distortion of the terminal portion of the ventricular complex were subjected to an exercise tolerance test on a bicycle ergometer using the method of submaximal exercise PWC170 test and athletes with CLC syndrome – to echocardiography using an echo-Doppler unit (model Sim 5000 Plus, Italy). Results. Among the representatives of MS-MSIC female swimmers sinus bradycardia is more common and fewer persons with a vertical cardiac axis in comparison with the swimmers of CMS qualification category I and II–III, fewer persons with heart rate 80 beats/min or more and normal voltage in comparison with athletes of qualification category II–III. In the female swimmers of qualification category CMS I a vertical cardiac axis, heart rate 80 beats/min or more, high ECG voltage and T-infantile are less common in comparison with the athletes of the II–III category, but normal ECG voltage and IRBBB are more frequent. Conclusions. In athletes with a right atrial ectopic rhythm and wandering pacemaker the sinus rhythm was restored after an exercise tolerance test using the method of submaximal exercise PWC170 and the ECG normalized in athletes with distortion of the terminal portion of the ventricular complex. In athletes with CLC syndrome, showed by echocardiography, dilation and cardiac hypertrophy have not been revealed, and the presence of IRBBB and EVRS should be considered as features of ECG in this category of athletes.

Background and Study Aim. Biomechanics is a fundamental component of Kinesiology, offering critical insights into the mechanics of human movement. As the demand for comprehensive educational programs in Kinesiology grows, understanding the role and effectiveness of biomechanics within these programs becomes increasingly important. The aim of the study is to investigate and highlight the role and importance of biomechanics in the context of higher education, with an emphasis on the discipline of Kinesiology. Material and Methods. This study involved 71 students from the Department of Physical Education and Sport at Pitești University Center. It included 43 students specializing in Physical Education and Sport (PES) and 28 in Sports and Motor Performance (SMP). The research utilized the university's e-learning platform to monitor teaching and evaluation activities within the Kinesiology discipline. The evaluation of fundamental Kinesiology knowledge was assessed through various indicators. Google Forms-Questionnaire sought to gauge student opinions on the thematic content of Biomechanics as applied to Kinesiology and to evaluate the teaching staff. The nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test was employed to analyze differences in means across the groups. Results. The study revealed a diverse interest in sports across the Physical Education and Sport (PES) and Sports and Motor Performance (SMP) programs. Soccer, basketball, and handball were the most popular among students. Comparative analysis of academic performance showed no significant differences between the groups in various assessments (p>0.05). The overall student feedback on the "Fundamentals of Biomechanics of Physical Activities and Sports" course was predominantly positive. Over 50% of the students rated it as very good. Areas for improvement in teaching methods were also identified to enhance the academic experience. Conclusions. This study highlights the effective integration of biomechanics within the Kinesiology discipline at the higher education level. Findings suggest that well-structured educational programs can enhance students' understanding and application of biomechanics. This contributes positively to their academic and professional development in sports sciences. Continuous curriculum assessment and refinement are crucial for maintaining the relevance and effectiveness of such programs.

The generalization of the results accumulated to date has shown that the implicit measures of attitudes (some even suggest defining them with a less pretentious term “indirect”) show a disappointingly weak predictive potential in relation to real behavior. Thus, the predictive validity of the Graphical Association Test of Attitude (GATA), which also claims to be an indirect method, has been questioned. To check this assumption, we analyzed the results obtained with GATA in 64 predictions provided that the predicted outcome could be verified by real action. Such forecasts cover the domains of electoral, consumer and communicative behavior. In some cases, the prediction based on the data from a representative sample was checked referring to the actual behavior of the group represented by the sample, e.g., the electorate, or the consumers of a certain category of goods, etc. In other cases, the accuracy of the forecast was checked for each respondent. This allows to avoid the effect of “mutual compensation” of erroneous forecasts with opposite valence. The test method consisted of a comparison of the prediction accuracy of pairs of “control” and “experimental” prediction models: the only difference identified was that the latter used the data from indirect measurements of GATA as an additional factor of action. In the article, all models are presented in their simplest and most transparent versions. The results of the conducted meta-analysis do not fully correspond to the general trend: the use of the GATA data significantly and continuously improves the accuracy of predicting behavior. In addition, the incremental effect on the accuracy of individual forecasts (for each respondent) turned out to be higher than that of the sample-based group forecasts.

Актуальність. У сучасній системі фізичного виховання в процесі розробки моделей занять для студентів із гіпокінезією з урахуванням їх індивідуальних адаптаційних резервів організму та рівня резистентності до стресового подразника, визначення оптимального співвідношення основних компонентів, які впливають на параметри навантаження, є однією з актуальних й одночасно нерозвʼязаних проблем. Мета роботи – визначити пріоритетність використання під час розробки моделей занять із фізичного виховання для реадаптації студентів із гіпокінезією основних режимів навантаження, принципів, засобів силового фітнесу та комплексу методів діагностики систем організму. Методи. У роботі застосовано соціологічний метод анкетування. У дослідженні брали участь фахівців із силового фітнесу, фізичної реабілітації, кінезіології й викладачі з фізичного виховання. Загальна кількість респондентів становить 240 осіб. Основні питання пов’язані з моделюванням, контролем і корекцією занять із фізичного виховання для студентів із гіпокінезією. Здійснено порівняльний аналіз відповідей респондентів. Результати. Установлено, що в процесі розробки моделей занять із фізичного виховання для студентів із гіпокінезією більшість опитуваних фахівців із фізичної реабілітації (66,6 %) та викладачів (80 %) надають перевагу використанню режиму навантажень низької інтенсивності з великим обсягом роботи в умовах аеробного енергозабезпечення. Однак фахівці із силового фітнесу (73,3 %) та кінезіології (46,6 %), навпаки, указують на необхідність застосування режиму навантаження високої інтенсивності з малим обсягом роботи в умовах анаеробного енергозабезпечення м’язової діяльності. 70 % опитуваних викладачів із фізичного виховання для цієї категорії студентів, використання загальнорозвивальних вправ вважають найбільш ефективним. Респонденти з фізичної реабілітації (43,3 %) і силового фітнесу (66,6 %) вважають пріоритетним застосування в процесі розробки моделей занять комплексу вправ на тренажерах. Більшість фахівців із кінезіології (66,6 %) вважають, що в цьому випадку потрібно використовувати саме вправи з власною масою тіла зі зміною кінематичних характеристик техніки. Виявлено, що основним механізмом корекції подібних моделей занять, на думку більшості фахівців із кінезіології (56,6 %) і силового фітнесу (66,7 %), є зміна пара- метрів основних компонентів режиму навантажень. При цьому більшість опитуваних викладачів із фізичного виховання (73,3 %) надають перевагу корекції моделей занять за рахунок зміни комбінацій та пріоритетності застосування відповідних вправ на м’язову групу. Висновки. Різноманітність поглядів фахівців із кінезіології, фітнесу, фізичної реабілітації на процеси моделювання, корекції структури та змісту занять, режимів фізичних навантажень для студентів із гіпокінезією, пріоритетності використання відповідних методів контролю за процесами адаптації до подразників, свідчать про відсутність єдиної концепції реадаптації організму та науково обґрунтованих закономірностей співвідношення й взаємозв’язку ключових компонентів системи фізичного виховання.

Актуальність. Сучасні вимоги в бодібілдингу навіть на етапі початкової підготовки вимагають від дослідників пошуку найбільш інформативних маркерів оцінки адекватності силових навантажень адаптаційним резервам організму підлітків для розробки безпечних та водночас ефективних моделей тренувальних занять. Мета дослідження – визначити оптимальний спектр біохімічних маркерів крові для оцінки адаптаційно- компенсаторних реакцій організму підлітків на стресовий подразник в умовах використання різних за інтенсивністю режимів навантажень на етапі початкової підготовки в бодібілдингу. Методи. Обстежено 60 підлітків віком 15–16 років, які протягом року займаються бодібілдингом і не мають протипоказів до подібних занять. Ураховуючи мету роботи, учасників розділили на три групи. Представники першої в процесі тренування використовували режим силових навантажень високої інтенсивності (Ra=0,72). Учасники другої групи – режим силових навантажень середньої інтенсивності (Ra=0,67), третьої – режим навантажень низької інтенсивності (Ra=0,58). Для оцінки адаптаційно-компенсаторних реакцій організму підлітків на навантаження в умовах заданих режимів у процесі занять бодібілдингом використовували показники біохімічного контролю активності ферментів креатинфосфокінази, лакатдегідрогенази та концентрації кортизолу в сироватці крові. Результати. Отримані результати свідчать, що у відповідь на силові навантаження в умовах застосування режиму високої інтенсивності (Ra=0,72) в підлітків збільшується активність ферменту креатинфосфокінази на 46,0 % та концентрація кортизолу – на 50,5 % у сироватці крові в порівнянні зі станом спокою. Установлено, що у відповідь на навантажень середньої інтенсивності (Ra=0,67) в учасників підвищуються всі контрольовані біохімічні показники в сироватці крові в межах 19,3–22,1 % у зіставленні з вихідними даними. Виявлені біохімічні результати в умовах використання представниками 3-ї групи в процесі тренувального заняття режиму навантажень низької інтенсивності (Ra=0,58) демонструють підвищення креатинфосфокінази на 3,8 %, лактатдегідрогенази – на 14,4 % і зниження концентрації кортизолу в сироватці крові на 20,4 % у відповідь на подразник. Висновки. Виявлена різноманітність характеру змін досліджуваних нами показників біохімічного контролю крові чітко демонструє адаптаційно-компенсаторні реакції організму підлітків в умовах різних за інтенсивністю та енергозабезпеченням м’язової діяльності режимів силових навантажень у бодібілдингу на етапі початкової підготовки. Отримані результати дають підставу обґрунтовано змоделювати оптимальний, залежно від умов тренувальної діяльності та адаптаційних резервів організму, комплекс інформативних біохімічних маркерів крові.

Актуальність. Зростаючі вимоги до рівня функціональних можливостей організму військовослужбовців підрозділів спеціального призначення вимагають від науковців разом із фахівцями зі Збройних сил України розробки ефективних механізмів удосконалення системи силової підготовки. Мета роботи – вивчення проблеми доцільності впровадження в процес силової підготовки військовослужбовців підрозділів спеціального призначення результатів сучасних досліджень адаптаційних змін в організмі в умовах різних режимів навантаження. Методи дослідження. У роботі використано теоретичний аналіз й узагальнення наукової літератури та соціологічний метод опитування. У досліджені брали участь 25 інструкторів із фізичної підго- товки ЗСУ й 84 військовослужбовці підрозділів спеціального призначення (ПСП). Ключові питання пов’язані із силовою підготовки в ЗСУ. Здійснено порівняльний аналіз відповідей інструкторів, військовослужбовців із результатами досліджень провідних науковців, які вивчають сучасні механізми вдосконалення силових можливостей. Результати досліджень. Установлено, що результати опитування інструкторів із фізичної підготовки ЗСУ та військовослужбовців ПСП щодо питань, пов’язаних із використанням методів контролю за адаптаційними змінами в організмі й механізмами корекції навантажень, не відповідають інформації, виявленій у роботах переважно іноземних науковців. Так, у сучасній системі силової підготовки іноземних армій активно застосовуються фізіологічні, морфофункціональні та біохімічні методи контролю адаптаційних змін в орга- нізмі, а в Збройних силах України, як показали результати нашого опитування – лише показник ЧСС. Також у ЗСУ не використовують методи кількісної оцінки параметрів силових навантажень, що не дає змоги розробити оптимальні для кожної категорії військовослужбовців режими навантажень. Висновки. На підставі проведеного дослідження можна стверджувати, що інструктори та військовослужбовці ПСП, які брали участь в опитуванні, лише мінімально реалізують потенціал, котрий можна отримати в процесі силової підготовки. Відсутність механізму розробки оптимальних режимів навантаження, їх корекції й інтегрального контролю за адаптацій- ними змінами в організмі, не дасть змогу вибірково підвищити в короткий термін часу показники максимальної сили чи силової витривалості відповідних м’язових груп, необхідних для реалізації бойових завдань.

Актуальність. Один із найважливіших аспектів у сфері спорту – визначення відповідності використовуваних навантажень для адаптаційних можливостей організму спортсменів. Це ключовий елемент як у тренувальному, так і в змагальному процесі, що вимагає негайної корекції та розробки ефективних систем підготовки з урахуванням довгострокового прогнозування результатів не лише в змішаних єдиноборствах, але й у всіх інших видах спорту. Мета. Вивчити особливості кореляційного зв'язку між параметрами робочої маси снаряду й адаптаційними змінами в організму спортсменів зі змішаних єдиноборств (ММА) у процесі спеціальної силової підготовки. Методи. У дослідженні брали участь 50 спортсменів ударного стилю ведення поєдинків у ММА віком 19±0,7 років. Сформовано дві дослідні групи. Представники обстежених груп використовували протягом трьох місяців силової підготовки експериментальні режими тренувальних навантажень. Проводився кореляційний аналіз між параметрами робочої маси снаряду (m) та біохімічними показники крові, антропометрії, біоімпедансометрії, контрольного тестування розвитку максимальної сили спортсменів. Результати. У спортсменів першої групи на всіх етапах дослідження виявлено, що постійний сильний позитивний зв'язок (r>0,70) спостерігаємо між показником робочої маси снаряда (m=56–59 % від 1 ПМ) в умовах режиму тренувальних навантажень типу А (Ra=0,56) і розвитком максимальної сили м'язів ніг під час виконання вправи «жим ногами на блоці» (r=0,73), а також базальним рівнем концентрації ферменту лактатдегідрогенази в сироватці крові (r=0,72). Аналіз результатів дослідження, отриманих після трьох місяців спеціальної силової підготовки, свідчить про те, що в спортсменів другої групи в умовах використання режиму тренувальних навантажень типу С (Ra=0,74) кількість кореляційних сильних зв‟язків зросла в девʼять разів у порівнянні з даними, виявленими на початку експерименту. Установлено, що найбільша за кількістю зміна рівня кореля- ційних зв‟язків із помірного на початку дослідження (у середньому r=0,57) на високий після трьох місяців тренувань (у середньому r=0,87) відбулася між показником робочої маси снаряду та результатами контрольного тестування розвитку максимальної м‟язової сили (грудних м‟язів, м‟язів плеча й стегна) під час виконання контрольних вправ. Висновки. Установлено, що лише в спортсменів другої групи, які в процесі спеціальної силової підготовки використовують режим тренувальних навантажень типу С (Ra=0,74), посилюються кореля- ційні зв‟язки протягом трьох місяців тренувань, що свідчить про виражені процеси довготривалої адаптації.

Актуальність. Визначення оптимальних параметрів навантажень у фітнесі з урахуванням вікових фізіологічних особливостей та адаптаційних змін нервово-м’язової системи є однією з найбільш дискусійних тем серед провідних науковців у цій галузі. Мета роботи – розробити моделі кодових комбінацій із силової підготовки різних вікових груп з урахування фізіологічних процесів адаптації їхнього організму до стресового подразника в умовах силового фітнесу. Методи дослідження – порівняльний аналіз результатів наукових досліджень щодо ефективності використання в процесі моделювання занять із силового фітнесу для різних груп населення оптимальної комбінації між параметрами зовнішнього фізичного подразника та фізіологічними особливостями адаптаційних реакцій їхнього організму. Результати. Установлено, що в процесі розробки кодових комбінацій із силової підготовки для різних вікових груп характер фізіологічних реакцій їхньої нервово-м’язової системи на стресовий подразник залежать від особливостей режиму навантаження й струк- тури комплексу тренувальних вправ. Для підліткового віку, ураховуючи особливості фізіологічного процесу адаптації, саме застосування режиму навантажень середньої інтенсивності в поєднанні з комплексом вправ ізолюючого характеру сприяє процесам внутрішньом’язової та міжм’язової координації. Для представників юнацького віку в процесі розробки кодових комбінацій, спрямованих на розвиток основних видів сили, активно використовується весь діапазон режимів навантаження. Особливу увагу приділяють подразникам, які сприяють підвищенню кількості активних рухових одиниць типу FF. У зрілому віці, особливо в другому періоді, зміст кодових комбінацій для підвищення силових можливостей суттєво змінюється. Здебільшого це стосується параметрів інтенсивності режимів навантаження, використання яких вибірково впливатиме на гіпертрофію певного типу м’язових волокон на тлі вираженої міжм’язової координації. Для людей літнього віку в процесі розробки кодових комбінацій із силової підготовки пріоритетність надається вибірковій активності груп агоністів під час виконання ізольованих вправ із навантаженнями середньої інтенсивності. Висновки. Моделювання кодових комбінацій із силової підготовки з урахування фізіологічних процесів адаптації нервово- м’язової системи до стресового фізичного подразника є одним з інноваційних механізмів удосконалення системи підготовки людей різних вікових груп в умовах силового фітнесу

Purpose To study the peculiarities of adaptive and compensatory reactions in mature women after prolonged hypokinesia using various kinesiological models of the neuromuscular system readaptation. Material and methods 52 women of mature age (39-46 years) after long-term (6-7 years) hypokinesia took part in the study. Group A used a kinesiological model based on free weight exercises with changes in kinematic and dynamic characteristics. Group B used a model based on machine exercises. The following methods were used to monitor adaptation processes: bioelectrical impedance analysis, anthropometry, testing of strength capabilities, biochemical blood analysis (cortisol and creatinine concentration). Results The dynamics of the studied indicators differed significantly between the groups using the proposed kinesiological models for 12 weeks. Thus, the fat-free and body cell mass indicators were 5 times higher in group A women compared to group B participants. The body fat mass decreased by 5 times in group A participants. The circumference measurements reduced in all participants, but in group A the rate of change was 1.8 times faster. The level of strength growth was almost the same in all study participants; it fluctuated within 10-25% compared to the initial data. The cortisol concentration in the blood serum increased only in group B during all stages of control. At the end of the research, the cortisol level did not change in response to stress in the women of group A, which indicates increasing of their resistance level. The basal level of creatinine grew by 4% in group A women after 12 weeks of training, but it did not change in group B participants. These changes indicate an accelerated growth of muscle mass in group A women. Conclusions Pronounced adaptive changes occurred in women of mature age after prolonged hypokinesia in case of using the kinesiological model of the neuromuscular system readaptation with free weight exercises. Applying this model helps to increase the functional capabilities of the body, to strengthen the level of resistance to a stress stimulus, and to improve the morphometric parameters of the body.

Several latest elections and referendums were marked by the dramatic failure of electoral forecasts based on mass polls. To respond to the dissatisfaction of the public and politicians, alternative approaches like prediction markets, Implicit Attitude Test (IAT), expectationbased forecasts and so on were developed. IAT proves to be one of the most efficient ways to enrich the forecasting models and improve their accuracy. The problem is that the original form of IAT implies too rigid rules to be applied in the traditional mass poll. As a thorough laboratory-style measurement of nervous reactions to stimuli, IAT requires a special environment, for instance, nothing should disturb or distract respondents from performing experimental tasks. Such an environment is difficult to provide during the mass poll’s fieldwork; thereby, researchers usually implement IAT on small samples. This article presents the Graphic Associative Test of Attitude (GATA) as a tool for mass polls. It is the IAT’s functional analog developed by the author and tested in a wide range of preelectoral mass polls in Russia. GATA is easy to use even with inexperienced interviewers, and its simple and intuitive-clear tasks do not create additional barriers for respondents and do not decrease the response rate. At the same time, in a reliable way, GATA identifies implicit factors of behavior and helps to improve the accuracy of forecast. As a theoretical research, this study proves the ‘dual attitude’ concept of the structural theory of attitude.

Мета статті – удосконалення рівня професійної діяльності тренерів із силового фітнесу за допомогою використання показників варіабельності серцевого ритму для розширення методів діагностики функціональ- ного стану спортсменів та оцінки адаптаційних реакцій на навантаження. Методи. Для досягнення поставленої мети залучено 40 нетренованих чоловіків 18–20 років і 20 тренованих юнаків, які займаються силовим фітнесом протягом трьох років. Сформовано три дослідні групи по 20 осіб у кожній. Представники контрольної та 1-ї основної груп (нетреновані) й представники 2-ї основної групи (треновані) застосували протягом трьох місяців дослідження різні режими силового навантаження. Для оцінки процесів вегетативної регуляції серцево- судинної системи використовували методи аналізу варіабельності серцевого ритму (ВСР). Результати. На початку досліджень у контрольній групі реакція серцево-судинної системи відображає найбільш знижений рівень резистентності до навантажень середньої інтенсивності й великого обсягу тренувальної роботи. Застосування навантажень великого обсягу роботи та низької інтенсивності підвищує параметри показника наднизькочастотного спектра коливань кардіоінтервалів з одночасним зниженням активності низько- й високо- частотного спектра в порівнянні з даними, установленими під час роботи в режимі високої інтенсивності та малого обсягу. Показники ВСР учасників усіх груп після трьох місяців тренувань свідчать, що процес довготривалих занять силовим фітнесом в умовах заданих режимів навантаження приводить до економізації функціонування серцево-судинної системи. У кінці програми дослідження в юнаків усіх трьох дослідних груп у стані спокою виявлено більш виражене превалювання наднизькочастотного спектра (VLF). Висновки. Поглиблене вивчення та практичне застосування методу варіабельності серцевого ритму в процесі діагностики адапта- ційних змін в організмі під час використання різних режимів навантаження дає змогу удосконалити рівень професійної діяльності тренерів із силового фітнесу.

Background and Study Aim. To study the influence of power load regimes different in energy supply and intensity on functional capabilities of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) athletes. Material and Methods. We examined 75 men aged 19±0.7 who had been practicing MMA for 4±0.8 years. The athletes were divided into 3 groups, 25 participants in each group. The study participants used power load regimes of different intensity in conditions of anaerobic-glycolytic and anaerobic-alactate energy supply of muscle activity. The study lasted 12 weeks. To assess the functional capabilities of athletes in these conditions we used the method of maximum strength development (1 RM). Control of biochemical blood parameters (creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase, testosterone) allowed determining features of adaptive and compensatory body reactions in response to loads. Results. During the study the 3rd group athletes showed the most pronounced increase (by 40.1%; р

Background and Study Aim. The study intends to estimate the theoretical and applied perspectives of the Kinesiology discipline in the field of Sport and Physical Education science. Material and Methods. A total number of 127 subjects (students of the Physical Education and Sport Department in the University of Pitești) participated in this research. There are 59 students in Physical Education and Sport (PES), 37 in Sport and Motor Performance (SMP) and 31 in Physical Education and Sport Conversion (PESC). The research was conducted during COVID-19 pandemic, in the academic year 2021-2022. The teaching and evaluation activity in the Kinesiology discipline was carried out online by means of Zoom program. The monitoring of the teaching activity was done with the help of the university e-learning platform. The opinions of the subjects on the discipline taught and the assessment of the teaching staff by the students were analyzed using Google Forms questionnaire. The fundamental basic knowledge in Kinesiology was evaluated using the following indicators: S1 (periodically evaluated activities) = A1 (40%) +A2 (20%), final evaluation (FE) – examination (40%), S2 – sum of the fractions of grade obtained at the periodic evaluations and those from the final verification. Results. The analysis of the subjects’ opinions regarding the topic of the discipline taught reveals 5% moderate opinions, 16% - good and 79% very good ones. The evaluation of the basic fundamental knowledge in Kinesiology highlights the following values of the indicators: A1 (40%) – an average of 8.05 points between groups (p0.05); S1 – an average of 4.81 points (p

Purpose. To study the peculiarities of influence of power training loads including machine and free weights exercises on the development of maximum muscle strength of athletes in horting and on their level of training in strike fighting. Methods. We examined 40 sportsmen aged 20±1,2 engaged in horting. The study took place at the stage of specialized basic training and lasted 3 months. All participants were divided into 2 groups, 20 athletes in each group. Group 1 used machine exercises and group 2 used free weights exercises (barbells, dumbbells). The effectiveness of the proposed exercises in the specified modes of muscle activity was evaluated by the indicators of maximum strength development and level of training in strike fighting in horting. Biochemical analysis of cortisol concentration was used to assess their adaptive and compensatory reactions to a physical stimulus. Results. The research results showed that using machine exercises in conditions of anaerobic-glycolytic mode of energy supply contributed to the growth of average group indicators of maximum strength development by 44,8 % (р

Background and Study Purpose. One of the main aspects of improving the special training of athletes in hand-to-hand combat is increasing functional reserves in conditions of power loads. Study Purpose - to study the peculiarities of adaptive body changes and the level of special training in female athletes of hand-to-hand combat using power fitness programs with different structure, parameters, and means. Material and Methods. We examined 36 female athletes (18-20 years old) who had been engaged in hand-to-hand combat for the last 4 years. We divided these women into two groups,18 people in each group. Groups used completely different power fitness training programs. We used methods of testing special training (the number of accurate kicks on the mannequin for 30 s) and laboratory monitoring of blood biochemical parameters (cortisol and LDH) before and after training load during 3 months. Group A used the standard power fitness training program for women of this age (exercises on simulators). Group B used well-known exercises with their own body weight with a complete change of kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the technique during 3 months of training. Results. The obtained results showed that indicators of special training positively changed by 10.4% (p

One of the debatable issues in the theory of social action is the interaction of explicit and implicit factors in their influence on human behavior. The ‘parallel’ influence models oppose the ‘sequential’ models. The former argue that one factor determines another, and the last one influences behavior. The latter argue that factors are of an independent nature and affect behavior each in their own way. In practical terms, agreeing with one of these models means rejecting or accepting the idea of a conflict of factors and of behavior as a result of this conflict. In the previous article, we showed that the influence of ideologically biased statements on the explicit and implicit components of the attitude towards the object of these statements can be exactly the opposite. It is necessary to check whether this phenomenon is stable. If so, it will be necessary to recognize the independent nature of the factors of behavior. Such a check was carried out and (within the limits of the empirical data) confirmed the correctness of the ‘parallel’ models. This conclusion is all the more convincing because it was obtained by observing the dynamic reaction of the associations between the components of the attitude and the assumed factors of its formation. As the criticality of respondents increases, the nature of this relationship predictably changes. But it changes differently for the explicit and implicit component of the attitude. Moreover, we identified a phenomenon of the “anticipatory engagement of a situationally dominant factor”. If we are not mistaken in understanding its nature, the very foundations of theories of the ‘sequential’ influence are under a question.

There is a growing understanding in social sciences that even purposeful human behavior cannot be fully explained by rational motives. The behavioral economy developed a program for studying economic behavior considering more factors than the blind pursuit of ones benefit. In social psychology, the theory of two groups of factors that influence human behavior has been developed: explicit factors are determined mainly by conceptual thinking, while implicit factors - by non-rational motives, often not obvious for the subject of action. It is argued that the study of both groups of factors is a prerequisite for the correct understanding and accurate prediction of behavior since they are of different nature, irreducible to each other, and have very different effects on behavior. The article focuses on the issue of the different nature of explicit and implicit factors. Can we say that the models of dual decision-making from social psychology are applicable to social action? We tested the nature of the interaction of the explicit and implicit components of the attitude towards the United Russia party with the basic judgments that, it would seem, should form this attitude. The results were paradoxical. It turned out that ideologically biased statements addressed to the political party form an attitude towards it on the implicit level. At the same time, the attitude to these statements depends on the attitude to the party, but at the rational level. Thus, this is a convincing evidence of the fundamentally different nature of explicit and implicit factors of social behavior.

Study purpose. To study the peculiarities of correlation between the maximum strength development and quantity of kicks in MMA using load regimes of different intensity and energy supply. Materials and methods. 75 athletes aged 19±0.7 practicing MMA for 4±0.8 years were examined and divided into 3 groups. During 12 weeks, group 1 athletes used low-intensity (Rа=0.53) load regime, group 2 – medium-intensity (Rа=0.65) and group 3 – high-intensity (Ra=0.72). The control of attacking kicks (front kick, reverse side kick, roundhouse kick) quantity with maximum force until full muscle fatigue for 20 s allowed to check special training. The level of strength training was evaluated by estimating the maximum strength development (1 RM) indicators. Non-parametric methods of mathematical statistics were used for data processing. Results. The indicators of special training showed the greatest increase by an average of 13.2% in group 3 athletes during 12 weeks. In the other two groups, the dynamics of the controlled indicator was 3.2 times smaller for a similar period of time. The maximum muscle strength indicator increased by 41.9% in group 3 athletes compared to the initial data. These changes are on average 1.5 times higher than the results recorded in athletes of groups 1 and 2. Despite the revealed growth of strength and special training indicators in MMA athletes, there was no strong correlation between them in any research group. Conclusions. Using high-intensity load regime in conditions of anaerobic-alactate mode of energy supply allowed achieving the greatest results in strength and special training indicators. However, the study did not show correlation between the increase in maximum strength development and quantitative indicators of attacking kicks. Further research will be focused on searching for more informative markers for assessing the training of athletes in MMA and adaptation processes using biochemical control methods.

Background The research was aimed at comparing the effect of using two types of training load different in intensity and energy supply. We studied the influence of the proposed load variations (machine and free weight exercises) on long-term adaptation of the body at the stage of specialized basic training in bodybuilding. Methods A total of 64 athletes aged 18–20 years were examined. The research participants were randomly divided into four groups, 16 athletes in each group. Athletes of group 1 and 3 used a complex of free weight exercises. Group 2 and 4 participants performed machine exercises. Bodybuilders of group 1 and 2 were trained in conditions of medium intensity training load (Ra = 0.58) in the anaerobic-glycolytic mode of energy supply. Athletes of the 3rd and 4th groups used high intensity load (Ra = 0.71) in the anaerobic-alactate mode of energy supply. We managed to determine the nature of adaptation processes using methods of control testing of strength capabilities, bioimpedansometry, anthropometry, biochemical analysis of blood serum (LDH, creatinine). Results The study showed that the difference in the dynamics of the participants’ maximum strength development (on example of chest muscles) did not depend on the content of machine or free weight exercises, but on the features of training load regimes. Thus, the controlled indicator of strength capabilities in athletes of groups 3 and 4 increased by 5.1% compared to groups 1 and 2. During all stages of the study, the indicators of the projectile working mass in athletes of groups 3 and 4 exceeded the results observed in groups 1 and 2 by 25.9%. At the same time, the amount of load in a set is on average 2 times higher in athletes of groups 1 and 2. Group 4 athletes, who used machine exercises and high intensity training load, increased the circumferential body measurements by 3.8 times (the chest), compared to the results recorded in group 1 athletes. Athletes of group 1 and 2 showed increasing in body fat by 3.4% compared to the initial level on the background of large load volume. The basal creatine level in bodybuilders of groups 3 and 4 increased by 3.7 times after 12 weeks of study, which indicates an accelerated growth of muscle mass. Conclusion The most pronounced adaptive body changes in bodybuilders at the stage of specialized basic training occurred during high intensity training load and anaerobic-alactate energy supply mode. Machine exercises contributed to increasing the morpho functional indicators of athletes more than free weight exercises.

Background and study aim: Development an effective system for evaluating and enhancing the adaptive reserves of elite wrestlers is critical issue in professional sports. The challenge of optimizing the functional training of athletes with high resistance to physical loads is particularly pressing. The purpose of this study is to create a mechanism for assessing the adaptive body reserves of elite wrestlers under anaerobic energy supply conditions. Material and Methods: The study involved 60 elite Greco--Roman wrestlers, aged 19±0.5 years. Two test tasks were designed: executing a suplex while alternating between three partners for 15 s (targeting the creatine phosphokinase energy system) and 40 s (targeting anaerobic glycolysis). The control occurred in a state of rest before and after the specified loads. The peculiarities of adaptive and compensatory reactions of sportsmen to physical stress were researched with the help of biochemical analysis (cortisol, CPK, LDH in the blood serum) and HRV. Results. Based on the initial results of the spectral analysis, athletes were divided into two groups: sympathotonics (LF/HF>1.5) and parasympathotonics (LF/HF <1.5). Sympathotonics had a vagal influence on the sinus node increase after 15 seconds of exercise. At the same time, the steroid hormone, the CPK, and LDH activity in the blood increased. In parasympathotonics, the vegetative balance shifted towards sympathetic regulation due to similar loads. The level of CPK and cortisol in the blood increased, but LDH parameters did not change. Depending on the shifts in the vegetative balance in response to the load within 40 seconds, the participants of each group were divided into subgroups. Athletes with both types of regulation showed a decrease in LF/HF indicators, cortisol in the blood, and an increase in LDH in response to this stimulus. An increase in LF/HF, cortisol concentration, CPK activity, and minimal changes in the level of LDH in the blood was observed in other subgroup participants after similar loads. Conclusions. The study results demonstrate the practicality of simultaneously using biochemical indicators of blood and HRV as informative markers for assessing the adaptation reserves of elite wrestlers. The observed changes in cortisol, LDH, CPK in the blood, and HRV indicators of athletes with different vegetative balances will change the concept of optimizing functional training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background To study the peculiarities of changes in functional indicators and body composition parameters of mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes of strike fighting style and a number of biochemical blood indicators during two months of using different intensity training load regimes, and to determine the most informative criteria for assessing adaptive body changes in these training conditions. Methods We examined 40 MMA athletes (men) aged 20–22, who used mainly strike fighting style in their competitive activity, and divided them into 2 research groups (A and B), 20 athletes in each group. Group A athletes used medium intensity (Ra = 0.64), and group B—high intensity (Ra = 0.72) training load regime. To assess the adaptive body changes we applied methods of control testing of maximum muscle strength growth (1 RM), special training (the number of accurate kicks on the mannequin for 30 s), and bioimpedansometry. By monitoring biochemical parameters (testosterone, cortisol, creatinine, phosphorus, calcium, cholesterol, LDH) in the blood serum of athletes, we determined the peculiarities of adaptive-compensatory body reactions in response to training loads. Results The obtained results of special training increased during the study period by an average of 10.5% in group B athletes, but group A participants’ results had no significant changes compared to basal data. The largest increase in the development of maximum muscle strength growth by an average of 44.4% was recorded after 2 months of research in group B. Group B athletes also had positive changes in body fat and fat-free mass indicators during the study which were two times higher than the results of group A. The laboratory studies and correlation analysis showed informative biochemical markers (cortisol, testosterone and creatinine) for assessing the condition of athletes in both groups before using high and medium training load regimes. The biochemical markers for assessing the adaptive-compensatory reactions of athletes in response to high-intensity physical stimuli at the beginning of the study were indicators of LDH and cholesterol, and in conditions of medium intensity it was LDH, testosterone and cortisol. After 2 months of study the set of biochemical markers assessing the adaptation processes before the load completely changed only in group B athletes and consisted of LDH, phosphorus, cholesterol, and calcium. At the same time, the set of biochemical criteria for assessing adaptive-compensatory reactions after training in group B athletes was completely changed compared with the data recorded at the beginning of the study. Conclusion Defining the optimal set of criteria for assessing the adaptive-compensatory changes in MMA athletes of strike fighting style will allow in the shortest possible time to correct the parameters of the training load regime for accelerating the body functionality in the process of special power training.

Background and Study Aim.: Hypokinesia poses a significant challenge in modern physical education systems because prolonged lack of motor activity can lead to physiological maladaptation. This condition decreases adaptive reserves and functional capabilities, thereby negatively impacting educational results. This study aims to develop a technology for improving the physical education of students with hypokinesia through power fitness and to assess its practical effectiveness. Material and Methods.: The research comprised two stages. First, a survey was conducted among university professors of physical education and specialists in kinesiology and power fitness, totaling 60 respondents. The practical part of the research involved 84 students (young men) with hypokinesia aged 19±0.3. Students were divided into three groups of 28 people according to the results of body fat mass indicators (BF, %). Participants of group A (BF=13.7%) used a model of recreational classes in physical education which is common for higher education institutions. Group B (BF=8.2%) took up the 1st experimental model of classes developed on the basis of power fitness. Group C (BF=27.8%) used the 2nd experimental model of classes with power fitness elements. Control testing of muscular strength development and results of bioimpedancemetry were used to determine the nature of adaptation processes. Results. Mechanisms for increasing the adaptive reserves of students with hypokinesia were developed based on the survey results. Only group C participants decreased the BF indicator significantly (by 7.7%) during the research. The FFM and ACM indicators in group B exceeded the results of other groups by 4-5 times. The initial level of muscular strength development was identical in all groups (4 RM). However, using the 1st and 2nd models significantly increased the strength growth rate. The dynamics of muscular strength development in group B participants was 3.5 times higher than in group A. The difference between the results of groups C and A was 2 times. Conclusions. This study confirms the need to find new ways to improve the system of physical education for students with hypokinesia. The results indicated the effective use of power fitness elements in the adaptation of young men with hypokinesia. The proposed mechanism of training model correction allows for determining the optimal load parameters for the level of body resistance to physical stimulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background To study the peculiarities of changes in creatinine concentration in blood serum of untrained men during the prolonged usage of training loads different in volume and intensity, and to determine the value of this biochemical marker for the assessment of adaptive body changes during fitness training. Methods We examined 50 untrained men aged 18–20 years who had no contraindications for practicing fitness. Taking into account the aim of the research, we divided these people into two groups: group A and group B. The research participants used training load regimes different in volume and intensity: representatives of group Aused low intensity training load regime (Ra = 0.53) and representatives of group B used high intensity training load regime (Ra = 0.72). To assess the adaptive body changes in the examined contingent, we used the anthropometry method (circumference body size) and bioimpedansometry (body composition indicators). We also determined the features of adaptation-compensatory body reactions to different training loads by means of biochemical control of creatinine concentration in blood serum. Results The obtained results showed a significant increase in basal level of creatinine concentration in blood serum (by 17.6%) of group B representatives fixed after 3 months of practicing fitness in high intensity training load regime (Ra = 0.72). This group representative also revealed the most pronounced manifestation of adaptive body changes confirmed by the results of the maximal muscle strength growth (1RM) and circumference body size, which was almost 2.5 times higher than the results of group A representatives for the same period of time. The parameters indicating the load volume in a set (Wn) were almost 62.0 % higher in group A representatives in comparison with group B during all stages of control. Nonetheless, the highest creatinine concentration in blood serum (by 11.1 % (p

The research objective is to study the current state of hand-to-hand combat and determine the prospects for its development. Materials and methods. The researchers studied the documents on organizing and holding the competitions that took place in 2014-2016, the number and quality of their participants, coaches, hand-to-hand combat referees. The researchers analyzed training programs and competition rules of the most popular combat sports, constituent documents of public associations engaged in hand-to-hand combat development, normative documents on physical training of law enforcement agencies, the Armed Forces of Ukraine and armies of the world’s leading countries. Results. Hand-to-hand combat is closely related to solving military tasks. Due to its ability to adapt to modern military requirements, it is included in military training programs of various law enforcement agencies, the Armed Forces of Ukraine and armies of many countries of the world. The sports type of hand-to-hand combat is the basis for shaping and improving professional and applied skills and has its peculiarities, namely combat (applied) sections included in its training program and competition rules. The analysis of regulatory documents of hand-to-hand combat competitions of different levels among adults held in Ukraine in 2014-2016 proved that the overwhelming majority of them, 65% (of the total number of competitions held among adults) are competitions among employees of various law enforcement agencies and servicepersons. The analysis of competition rules revealed the peculiarities of organizing and holding competitions in this sport, in particular the possibility to hold competitions demonstrating the techniques used in standard situations of a real combat with an enemy, with and without weapons. This provides an opportunity to control servicepersons’ and law enforcement officers’ proficiency level of the applied section. Conclusions. The modern hand-to-hand combat is a unique sport that combines sports and applied types. Due to its peculiarities, it is currently a significant part of combat and professional training of servicepersons and law enforcement officers.

Background: With the increasing popularity of fitness, there is a growing need for novel mechanisms to evaluate the compliance of load parameters with adaptive body reserves. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between load volume and adaptive compensatory body responses among untrained young individuals undergoing various power fitness regimens. Material and methods: The study comprised 60 young men, aged 17±0.4 years, with no prior fitness experience. They were divided into two groups and subjected to the most prevalent load modes in power fitness (Ra=0.53 and Ra=0.72) for a duration of 12 weeks. Methods of bioimpedancemetry, anthropometry, testing of maximum strength development (1 PM), and biochemical blood tests (creatinine, cortisol, testosterone) were used to analyze adaptative compensatory reactions to physical stimulus. The correlation between load volume parameters (Wn) and controlled indicators of adaptive body changes was determined using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Results: In the study, Wn varied depending on the load mode characteristics. The initial parameters of maximum strength development were almost identical in all study participants. The load volume parameters were 61.9% higher in group 1. During the research, the maximum strength development increased by 20.9% in group 2 representatives. The studied morphometrical indicators expressed the highest adaptative changes in group 2. The biochemical blood markers provided different manifestations of adaptative compensatory reactions of study participants depending on load modes. An increase in the basal creatinine level, indicating muscle mass growth, was found only in young men of group 2. A significant increase in blood cortisol, which demonstrates compensatory reactions, was observed during all stages of the study in participants of group 1. A strong correlation between the load volume and 1 PM, FFM, and BCM indicators was observed in both groups. An inverse moderate to strong correlation between Wn and basal testosterone level was found in both groups during the observation period. The absence of correlation between Wn values, circumferential body measurements, and fat mass in young men of group 1 is justified by the peculiarity of the load mode. Conclusions: Using a low-volume load mode (Ra=0.72) by untrained young men contributed to the most accelerated adaptive body changes during fitness training. The obtained correlation allows for ascertaining a distinct correlation between the external stimulus magnitude and adaptive body change formation. The determination of strong correlations between the studied indicators in different load modes will contribute to the improvement of the training system in fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The use of new technologies in human life leads to an improvement in lifestyle. However, many factors of modern life (environmental, social and others) can provoke a decrease in physical and mental performance, which, as a result, worsens health. One of main factor causing deterioration in health is physical inactivity. Physical activity, in turn, can help improve health and mental well-being. The study of the psychophysiological state of persons with different level of physical active may provide new information about the mechanism of physical inactivity and be of use to improve health. The purpose: We study psychophysiological state in physically active and sedentary persons. We predict that physically active participants buffer environmental stressors better and thus have higher values on their psychophysiological states than sedentary persons. Material and methods 19 physically active men (22-35 years) who practiced sports no more than three times a week were examined. Men with low physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle (20 persons, 26-36 years) were also examined. All of persons are non-clinical subjects. The mental state was studied using an adaptive version of the Luscher color test. Neurodynamic tests included a test of a person's ability to make decisions and anticipate them. Among the cognitive tests, the "Number Comparison" test for perception speed was used. All tests used in the study were part of the Multipsychometer-05 hardware and software complex. Results It was revealed that the lack of physical activity leads to increased tension of the autonomic regulation system and limitation of the body's functional reserves. The relationship of physical inactivity with increased anxiety and tension of the autonomic nervous system was revealed. Thus, the increase in effectiveness and speed of perception in physically active persons indicates the stimulating effect of the motor activity factor. In addition, it was revealed that physically active people have better accuracy and quality of non-verbal perception and information processing. Conclusions Physical activity affects the mental state, cognitive functions and anxiety levels. This is promoted by an increase in the performance of perception and the speed of processing non-verbal information. One of the main useful results of this study is the possibility of the influence of physical activity on improving the mental and cognitive properties of an individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the increasing demands aced by teenage athletes in mixed martial arts (MMA) competitions, there is a pressing need for scientists to develop innovative training. This study aims to formulate a strategy for training teenage athletes to excel in high-level MMA competitions, leveraging the physiological characteristics of neuromuscular system adaptation to stress-inducing stimuli. Additionally, the practical efficacy of this strategy is be assessed. Materials and methods: The research encompassed 24 male athletes, representing various age and weight categories of the Ukrainian national youth team in MMA: U14 (G02-G05), U16 (F01-F04) and U18 (E03-E06). At first, the results of athletes' performance at the 2022 MMA World Championships were analyzed. The training procedures for these competitions were analyzed. In the second stage, the strategy for sportsmen's preparation for the World MMA Championship 2023 was developed. It employed physiological features of the neuromuscular system adaptation to stressful stimuli. An innovative system of training management was implemented. The mechanisms for improving the functional support of technical actions in fights were developed. In the third stage of the study, a comparative analysis of the athletes' performance at the World MMA Championships in 2022 and 2023 was carried out. Results: The 2nd place at the 2022 MMA World Championship was won by the study participants due to the successful implementation of suffocation and painful techniques. 20% of the victories in fights depended on the referees' decision. The strategy for training athletes for similar MMA competitions in 2023 was based on maximizing the adaptive potential of the neuromuscular system. The strategy implementation allowed for winning first place at the World MMA Championship 2023. The dynamics primarily increased owing to the growth of the maximum strength and adaptive body reserves, as well as a change in the priority of using technical actions. The number of victories by knockout and technical knockout doubled compared to similar competitions of the previous year. The number of victories obtained by referees' decisions decreased by 3.5 times, which reduced the possibility of errors during judging. Conclusions: Developing a strategy for training teenage MMA athletes requires a detailed study of the physiological processes of the neuromuscular system adaptation to different load modes. The efficiency of performed technical actions and their priority depends on the functional capabilities to carry out these tasks. An important factor of the training system is the validity of using power load regimes depending on the expediency of increasing adaptive reserves of priority muscle groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As things have developed historically, the realization of the value of the experience and traditions of the Russian system of higher education comes about, as a rule, at the moment when the system is just about ready to breathe its last. Just before the beginning of the Great War for the Fatherland (World War II), Joseph Stalin decided to restore the system of university education that had almost been destroyed by that time, and in 2002 Vladimir Putin proposed reviving the Russian model of higher education. The head of state did not present an explicit list of characteristic features of that model; so far, the revival process has taken the form of discussion and debate, which does not call for any harsh denunciation of heretics. For the most part, participants in the discussions concur that the most valuable features of the system of education took shape in the course of vigorous efforts to establish the autonomy of higher education. Some give the credit to the proponents of autonomy, while others credit their opponents. In this article, the author's analysis of the historical forms of college students' self-organization will serve as the basis for an examination of one of the most important aspects of the revival of the Russian model of education, the effect of present-day society and the technical capabilities of information technologies on the effectiveness of the forms by which young people are induced to get involved in professional scientific activities, forms that were established during the golden age of Russian science. (Contains 3 notes.) [This article was translated by Kim Braithwaite.]

Background: Using different models of strength training in MMA is one of the components of improving the training of athletes of different fighting styles. However, there was conducted no study of the impact of different training loads, structure of workouts on the level of training of striking style athletes during selection fights. The aim of the study was to improve the correction system of special kick training and to study its effectiveness during selection fights by modeling training loads. Material and methods: 60 athletes aged 16±0.9 years using a striking fighting style took part in the study. At the first stage, the results of selection fights for the 2021 Ukrainian Championship were analyzed in terms of using different kicks. At the second stage, the development of correction models for special kick training for each group took place. During next 3 months, the proposed training models for participation in selection competitions for the 2021Ukrainian MMA Cup were applied. At the third stage, there was a comparative analysis of the ratio of using 8 different kicks by the study participants during both selection competitions. Results: Using the developed training models had a different effect on the ratio of kicks performed by the participants of all groups. The 1st and 2nd group athletes demonstrated the unchanging priority of using "left/right kick" at all stages of the study. Despite the significant difference in the structure of models, a comparative analysis of two selection fights showed increased usage of this kick (18.2%). The ratio changes of other 7 kicks in athletes of groups 1 and 2 depended on the features of training load and energy supply modes. In the 3rd group athletes who used the training model developed on the principle of premature fatigue, the priority of kicks changed during the study. At the beginning, 15.2% of the total number of kicks during fights were "side kick to the head". However, at the end of the study, the priority of this kick decreased by 3.0%. The leader among athletes of the 3rd group (16.4%) was the "direct back leg kick from onesided fighting stance". Conclusions: Improving the correction system of special kick training due to the development of new models of strength training allows to increase the athletes' level of training during the selection fights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]