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Phedimus individuals from Mt. Daeam, once referred to as Phedimus sikokianus, exhibit certain morphological characters that are unique within the genus. Phedimus is one of the most notorious groups for taxonomic problems due to the high morphological variation found in leaf shape, stem numbers, phyllotaxis and seed structure. Taxa in Phedimus also easily hybridize, further leading to taxonomic confusion. To carefully confirm the identity of the putative new species from Mt. Daeam, we examined morphological characters from ~100 herbarium sheets of six closely related Phedimus species. A molecular phylogenetic approach was also employed to delimit the species boundary and infer the phylogenetic relationships among the seven Phedimus species, including the species from Mt. Daeam. Both morphological and molecular phylogenetic results indicated that the species found on Mt. Daeam is a new species that is more closely related to P. middendorffianus and P. takesimensis than to the remaining four Phedimus species. Here, we provided a full description of the new species P. daeamensis as well as an updated key for the seven Phedimus species examined.

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the association between fibrotic focus (FF) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and to determine the prognostic significance of FF and TILs in the breast according to its molecular subtypes.Methods: The study included patients who underwent surgical treatment for breast cancer, for whom tissue samples were available. FF within the tumor and TILs in breast cancer tissues were evaluated. Clinicopathological characteristics were reviewed from medical records.Results: FF and TILs were present in 31.3% and 81.7% of the patients, respectively. FF and TILs showed a positive correlation. FF were significantly associated with tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, regional lymph node metastasis, and tumor stage. TILs were significantly associated with menopausal status, histologic grade, tubule formation, nuclear grade, mitosis, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression, molecular subtype of breast cancer, and the number of cluster of differentiation 8+ T cells. In TIL-positive cases, FF were significantly associated with tumor size, regional lymph node metastasis, extranodal extension, lymphovascular invasion, tumor stage, recurrence-free survival, and overall survival (OS). Based on HER2 overexpression status, TILs were significantly associated with tumor size, tumor necrosis, histologic grade, estrogen receptor status, and epidermal growth factor receptor expression in HER2-negative breast cancer. Further, in HER2-negative breast cancer, OS and recurrence-free survival were significantly associated with FF. The OS of FF-positive patients was significantly shorter than that of FF-negative patients.Conclusion: Our study showed an association between FF and TIL levels in breast cancer, indicating that FF are associated with poor prognostic factors for breast cancer and poor OS, and that TILs are associated with HER2 overexpression. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the interactions between FF and TILs in breast cancer.

Polygonatum falcatum is a perennial herb distributed in East Asia. We determined the characteristics of the complete chloroplast genome in P. falcatum for the first time, with a de novo assembly strategy. The chloroplast genome was 154,579bp in length harboring 87 protein coding genes, 38 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes. It exhibits typical quadripartite structure comprising a large single-copy (LSC) (83,528bp), a small single-copy (SSC) (18,457bp) and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) (26,297bp). Phylogenetic analysis of 16 chloroplast genomes from Asparagaceae reveals that the genus Polygonatum is a monophyletic group and that P. falcatum is clustered together with the congener, P. odoratum.

Given the significant impact of molecular markers on the genetic diversity assessment, understanding genetic diversity pattern across diverse marker types in a comparative manner is of great importance. In Korea, within the last 10 years population genetics studies of wild plants have drawn much attention as varying DNA markers have developed. To investigate the pattern of among-population and within-population level genetic diversity of wild plants in Korea, we reviewed the extent of population genetic parameters across four DNA markers (RAPD, AFLP, ISSR, SSR). We compiled 73 data sets from research papers published between 2010 and 2019. ISSR markers were the most frequently used in population genetics studies conducted on Korean wild plants. Overall, genetic diversity patterns greatly varied across the different marker types. On average, endangered species exhibited low within-population genetic variation and high among-population genetic diversity. Species with wide geographic distribution showed greater within-population diversity values than the ones residing in a restricted area except for AFLP data. Populations were genetically less differentiated in long distance dispersal species with wide geographic ranges. Our review indicates that the studies on the genetic diversity of wild plants may be improved by expanding the scope and increasing the sample sizes.

This study aimed to assess the disease incidence and distribution of toxigenic in Korean triticale. The pathogen of triticale that cause Fusarium head blight were isolated from five different triticale cultivars that cultivated in Suwon Korea at 2021 year. The 72 candidate were classified as a Fusarium asiaticum by morphology analysis and by ITS1, TEF-1α gene sequence analysis. And the results of pathogenicity with 72 isolates on seedling triticale, 71 isolates were showed disease symptom. Also, seven out of 71 Fusarium isolates were inoculated on the wheat, to test the pathogenicity on the different host. The results showed more low pathogenicity on the wheat than triticale. The results of analysis of toxin type with 72 isolates, 64.6% isolates were produced nivalenol type toxin and other 4.6% and 30.8% isolates were produce 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, respectively. To select fungicide for control, the 72 Fusarium isolates were cultivated on the media that containing four kinds fungicide. The captan, hexaconazole, and difenoconazole·propiconazole treated Fusarium isolates were not showed resistance response against each fungicide. However, six isolates out of 72 isolates, showed resistance response to fludioxonil. This study is first report that F. asiaticum causes Fusarium head blight disease of triticale in Korea.

Angelica L. has attracted global interest for its traditional medicinal uses and commercial values. However, few studies have focused on the metabolomic differences among theAngelicaspecies. In this study, we analyzed volatile metabolites of fourAngelicaspecies (Angelica sinensis(Oliv.) Diels,Angelica biserrata(R.H.Shan & Yuan) C.Q.Yuan & R.H.Shan,Angelica dahurica(Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav.,Angelica keiskeiKoidz.) by employing the widely targeted metabolomics based on gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 899 volatile metabolites were identified and classified into sixteen different categories. On average, categorical abundances of volatile metabolites such as terpenoids, alcohol, ketone, and ester were higher inAngelica keiskeithan those in the other threeAngelicaspecies. The metabolomic analysis indicated that 7-hydroxycoumarin and Z-ligustilide were accumulated at significantly higher levels inAngelica sinensis, whereas the opposite pattern was observed for bornyl acetate. In addition, we found a high correspondence between the dendrogram of metabolite contents and phylogenetic positions in the four species. This study provides a biochemical map for the exploitation, application and development of theAngelicaspecies as medicinal plants or health-related dietary supplements.HighlightsEight hundred and ninety-nine volatile metabolites were identified in fourAngelicaspecies.Medicinal plants differed in the accumulation of volatile compounds:Angelica keiskeiis rich in bornyl acetate, whileAngelica sinensisis rich in 7-hydroxycoumarin and Z-ligustilide.Angelica keiskeiexhibited high diversity and abundance of effective volatile compounds, and demonstrated its profound potential for industrial applications.

Biological invasion is a complex process associated with propagule pressure, dispersal ability, environmental constraints, and human interventions, which leave genetic signatures. The population genetics of an invasive species thus provides invaluable insights into the patterns of invasion. Burcucumber, one of the most detrimental weeds for soybean production in US, has recently colonized Korea and rapidly spread posing a great threat to the natural ecosystem. We aim to infer the determinants of the rapid burcucumber invasion by examining the genetic diversity, demography, and spread pattern with advanced genomic tools. We employed 2,696 genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms to assess the level of diversity and the spatial pattern associated with the landscape factors and to infer the demographic changes of 24 populations (364 genotypes) across four major river basins with the east coastal streams in South Korea. Through the approximate Bayesian computation, we inferred the likely invasion scenario of burcucumber in Korea. The landscape genetics approach adopting the circuit theory and MaxEnt model was applied to determine the landscape contributors. Our data suggested that most populations have experienced population bottlenecks, which led to lowered within-population genetic diversity and inflated population divergences. Burcucumber colonization in Korea has strongly been affected by demographic bottlenecks and multiple introductions, whereas environmental factors were not the primary determinant of the invasion. Our work highlighted the significance of preventing secondary introductions, particularly for aggressive weedy plants such as the burcucumber.

Biological invasion poses several biotic and abiotic challenges due to abrupt distribution shifts. Invasive species may benefit from local adaptation responding to environmental stresses during colonization. Saltcedar (Tamarix), a notorious invasive shrub in the western US introduced from Eurasia may have adapted to low rainfall as the species widely occupies the arid land throughout the southwestern US. We investigated variation of quantitative traits in saltcedar between two regions exhibiting opposing average annual precipitations under experimentally manipulated water treatments to test local adaptation. We measured eight quantitative traits, proxies for fitness and genotyped 64 individual samples using genotype by sequencing technique. To test local adaptation, we applied QCT - FCT test based on null distribution of FCT estimated from 2,697 genome-wide SNPs and QCT estimated for the eight phenotypic traits measured. Saltcedar in the southwestern US exhibited a significant interaction between the degree of leaf loss (biomass loss by senesced leaves to total biomass) under simulated drought conditions and the origins from which the genotypes were collected, either relatively high or low rainfall regimes. The divergence found in leaf loss was significantly greater among regions than the expected given the genetic divergence on neutral loci suggesting signature of local adaptation responding to drought. The results demonstrate adaptive potential of saltcedar populations to extreme drought. As extreme aridity is often predicted in climate models across the southwestern US, the western saltcedar genotypes locally adapted to drought may further expand their ranges in this region.

(1) Background: Ultrasound (US) elastography is an imaging technology that reveals tissue stiffness. This study aimed to investigate whether fibrotic focus (FF) affects elastographic findings in breast cancer, and to evaluate the clinical significance of US elastography and FF in breast cancer. (2) Methods: In this study, 151 patients with breast cancer who underwent surgery were included. Strain elastography was performed and an elasticity scoring system was used to assess the findings. The elasticity scores were classified as negative, equivocal, or positive. FF was evaluated in the surgical specimens. Medical records were reviewed for all patients. (3) Results: Elastographic findings were equivocal in 30 patients (19.9%) and positive in 121 patients (80.1%). FF was present in 68 patients (46.9%). There was no correlation between elastographic findings and FF. Older age, larger tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and higher tumor stage were associated with positive elastographic results. FF showed a positive correlation with age, postmenopausal status, tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, and intratumoral and peritumoral inflammation. (4) Conclusions: Our study showed that positive elastographic results and FF were associated with poor prognostic factors for breast cancer. FF did not affect the elastographic findings of this study.

MoO2 was produced by mixing MoS2 and MoO3 via a solid-state reaction in a fluidized bed reactor. The basic fluidization data were acquired by monitoring the minimum fluidization velocity of MoS2 and MoO3. The conversion rate of MoS2 and MoO3 to MoO2 was derived based on the solid-state reactions carried out for 1 h at various stoichiometric ratios. This study confirmed that the optimal stoichiometric ratio of MoS2 and MoO3 was 1.0: 6. The conversion rate at the optimum stoichiometric ratio was studied by varying the reaction temperature. A conversion rate of 99% was achieved when the reaction temperature and superficial gas velocity were 973 K and 0.3 m/s, respectively. Detailed analysis of the final product after the solid-state reaction was by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), to determine the shape, structure, and diffraction patterns.

This study examined the effect of temperature and time on the reduction reaction, agglomeration, and fluidization of NiO particles in a fluidized bed reactor. NiO particles, which are classified as Geldart group B, showed homogeneous fluidization at 600 °C. Above 700 °C, heterogeneous fluidization and a low reduction reaction were observed, and the agglomeration rate of the particles increased. From 600 to 900 °C, the reduction rate increased up to 40 min of reaction time and decreased with increasing agglomeration rate at a reaction time over 40 min. Above 700 °C and over 40 min resulted in a low extent of gas-solid reaction owing to agglomeration of the particles. The structure and distribution of nickel and oxygen in the product were verified at various reaction temperatures, based on SEM, TEM, and EDS analyses.

Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear trap quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ–Orbitrap MS) with multivariate statistical analysis was applied for the metabolite profiling and assessing antioxidant activity of ten commercial vinegars produced by traditional fermentation techniques. Totally, 28 metabolites including three organic acids, three phenolic acids, 11 flavonoids, nine lipids and fatty acids, 6-methoxymellein, and tyrosyl-valine, were identified in the ten vinegars. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), vinegar samples were differentiated based on raw materials used in their production. Based on the PC1 (42.10%) and PC2 (9.86%), mulberry fruit vinegar (OV) and citrus vinegar (CV) were classified as rest vinegars. Fruit vinegars were found to be rich in metabolites and antioxidant properties, as compared to grain vinegars. OV had the highest content of the quercetin derivatives and phenolic acids, and showed strongest antioxidant activity. Of the 28 metabolites identified, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-glucosyl-rutinoside were determined to be the main contributors to antioxidant activity in vinegars. The current study suggests that metabolite profiling by UHPLC–MS can be used to illuminate compounds associated with antioxidant properties as well as selection for vinegar type with the high content of bioactive metabolite profiles.

In this study, we analyzed the upgrade rate and associated factors for upgrade, malignant upgrade, and subsequent breast cancer occurrence of papillary breast lesions diagnosed on core needle biopsy (CNB).One hundred sixty-nine patients who underwent surgery for the treatment of papillary breast lesions diagnosed on CNB were included in this study. Medical records including radiological and pathological reports were retrospectively reviewed.The overall upgrade rate was 29.6%, and upgrade rate to malignancy was 16.6%. Age over 45 years, preoperative tumor size ≥0.7 cm on breast ultrasound, pathologic tumor size ≥0.4 cm, breast imaging reporting and data system (BIRADS) category 4b or 4c, and personal history of breast cancer were associated with upgrade. In addition, age over 45 years, preoperative tumor size ≥0.9 cm, pathologic tumor size ≥0.6 cm, atypia in CNB, and BIRADS category 4b or 4c were associated with malignancy. The risk of subsequent breast cancer occurrence was increased in preoperative tumor size ≥0.8 cm, pathologic tumor size ≥0.5 cm, multiple and recurrent lesions.Our study showed high upgrade rate of papillary breast lesions diagnosed on CNB. Our findings suggest that surgical excision is recommended for papillary breast lesions diagnosed on CNB in selected patients.

African green monkeys (AGMs, Chlorocebus aethiops) are Old World monkeys which are used as experimental models in biomedical research. Recent technological advances in next generation sequencing are useful for unraveling the genetic mechanisms underlying senescence, aging, and age-related disease. To elucidate the normal aging mechanisms in older age, the blood transcriptomes of nine healthy, aged AGMs (15‒23 years old), were analyzed over two years. We identified 910‒1399 accumulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each individual, which increased with age. Aging-related DEGs were sorted across the three time points. A major proportion of the aging-related DEGs belonged to gene ontology (GO) categories involved in translation and rRNA metabolic processes. Next, we sorted common aging-related DEGs across three time points over two years. Common aging-related DEGs belonged to GO categories involved in translation, cellular component biogenesis, rRNA metabolic processes, cellular component organization, biogenesis, and RNA metabolic processes. Furthermore, we identified 29 candidate aging genes that were upregulated across the time series analysis. These candidate aging genes were linked to protein synthesis. This study describes a changing gene expression pattern in AGMs during aging using longitudinal transcriptome sequencing. The candidate aging genes identified here may be potential targets for the treatment of aging.

Myofibromas are mesenchymal tumours of myofibroblastic origin that occur in solitary or multicentric forms. Solitary benign myofibromas mainly occur on the head and neck, especially in the subcutaneous region. They rarely occur in visceral organs in humans, but visceral myofibroma has not been reported in animals. We now report a case of testicular myofibroma in a 6-year-old rabbit in which orchiectomy revealed an enlarged testis with a multinodular surface. The cut surface of the testis showed a thick, homogeneous white-yellow mass surrounding the testicular parenchyma. Histopathologically, the mass was composed of collagen and eosinophilic fascicles of spindle cells that were immunopositive for α-smooth muscle actin but not desmin, S-100 or von Willebrand factor. These features distinguished the myofibroma from other spindle cell tumours. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of solitary testicular myofibroma in any animal species.

This study explores the lexical bundles in the speech of Korean English language users who share the same heritage language and culture, Korean, but with different proficiency in English: Korean-Americans whose first language is English (2nd-generation Korean-Americans; G2KAs), bilingual Korean-Americans who started to learn English at an early age (1.5-generation Korean-Americans; G1.5KAs), and Koreans who learned English in Korea (L2Ks). One of the big differences between native (NSs) and non-native speakers (NNSs) is that NNSs use verb-related lexical bundles dominantly unlike NSs. Thus, the structural patterns of lexical bundle uses in addition to verb uses were examined. The results were consistent to previous studies showing increasing use of lexical bundles with increase in English proficiency; NSs (G2KAs) used the lexical bundles more than G1.5KAs and L2Ks. However, in contrast to previous studies, G2KAs mostly used VP-related lexical bundles, G1.5KAs used lexical bundles in the widest range, and L2Ks used the most lexical verbs. The paper elaborates the details of the results and suggests further studies including the new group of English users, G1.5KAs, to help understand a possible influence of their heritage language and culture on English speaking.

A 15-year-old neutered male miniature pinscher was presented with a pedunculated mass (4 × 1 cm) in its urinary bladder. Exploratory cystotomy revealed that the mass was located at the trigone of the bladder and projected into the lumen. The cut surface of the mass was homogeneous grey to tan in colour with focal brown pigmentation. Microscopically, the mass was predominantly composed of neoplastic spindle cells characterized by moderate cellular pleomorphism, invasion into the muscular layer of the bladder wall and few mitotic figures. The neoplastic spindle cells formed interwoven bundles intersecting at various angles. Immunohistochemically, these cells were negative for cytokeratin 7 and α-smooth muscle actin, but strongly expressed S100 and vimentin, confirming a diagnosis of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (PNST). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a primary malignant PNST in the urinary bladder of a dog.

Monitoring intraspecific diversity offers invaluable insights on conservation practices as the variation is the product of species evolution. Accordingly, the role of population genetic diversity has drawn great attention over the last century responding to the biodiversity loss induced by a series of anthropogenic changes. Orchids are one of the most diverse, yet ironically most rapidly disappearing plant groups due to the specialized habitat preferences. Thus, population-level genetic diversity studies may offer a powerful tool for orchid conservation programs. Using the 3 restriction site-associated DNA (3RAD) approach, 2,734 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were isolated. With the 2,734 SNPs, we investigated genetic diversity and population structure on 72 individuals of Habenaria linearifolia and Habenaria cruciformis in South Korea. Overall, the genetic diversity was well maintained in South Korean Habenaria, but high FST values were estimated suggesting large population diversification with limited gene flow. Bayesian assignment analysis revealed a morphologically cryptic diversity pattern in Jeju Island populations, which might serve as an evolutionarily significant unit.

Monitoring intraspecific diversity offers invaluable insights on conservation practices as the variation is the product of species evolution. Accordingly, the role of population genetic diversity has drawn great attention over the last century responding to the biodiversity loss induced by a series of anthropogenic changes. Orchids are one of the most diverse, yet ironically most rapidly disappearing plant groups due to the specialized habitat preferences. Thus, population-level genetic diversity studies may offer a powerful tool for orchid conservation programs. Using the 3 restriction site-associated DNA (3RAD) approach, 2,734 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were isolated. With the 2,734 SNPs, we investigated genetic diversity and population structure on 72 individuals of

The distribution of organisms is governed by their habitat condition. We analyzed bacterial communities in the gut of the blackworm Lumbriculus variegatus by pyrosequencing of the extracted intestinal metagenomic DNA. Blackworms were collected from two sampling sites with differences in irradiance and riparian vegetation, where site GP7 was covered by riparian vegetation and site GP8 was exposed to sunlight. We obtained the filtered 6414 reads from three samples of each site. At GP7, 271 OTUs were identified, including 32 OTUs unique to the site, whereas at GP8, 238 OTUs were identified, including 22 unique OTUs. Among them, 18 OTUs were shared between both sites. The phylum Proteobacteria was a major component contributing 67.84% and 64.05% of sequences at sites GP7 and GP8, respectively, while each remaining phylum contributed less than 10% at both sites. The two sites differed in microbial community composition and KEGG-indicated biochemical pathways. Community indices such as species richness and Shannon diversity were higher at site GP7 than at GP8. Meanwhile, the abundance of Cyanobacteria was significantly higher at site GP8, while site GP7 showed a greater proportion of genes for membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism, reflecting differences in food resources.

This paper proposes a simple tri-band reflectarray antenna with independent beam control at three operating frequencies and relatively low phase sensitivity for enhanced feasibility. Simply printed on one metal layer, three sets of dipole elements are designed with less mutual interference and thus each is used to flexibly control the main beam direction in the corresponding band. The proposed reflectarray element achieves 360° phase coverage in each band and shows reduced phase sensitivity to improve aperture efficiency. A tri-band reflectarray antenna with a square aperture of side length 120 mm was prototyped and tested. The measured gain is 16.6 dBi for a 7.9-GHz main beam at 16°, 17.9 dBi for a 10.9-GHz main beam at 15°, and 20.7 dBi for the 16GHz main beam at 7°. The measured aperture efficiencies are 36.4%, 25.8%, and 22.8% at 7.9, 10.9, and 16 GHz, respectively.

The distribution of organisms is governed by their habitat condition. We analyzed bacterial communities in the gut of the blackworm Lumbriculus variegatus by pyrosequencing of the extracted intestinal metagenomic DNA. Blackworms were collected from two sampling sites with differences in irradiance and riparian vegetation, where site GP7 was covered by riparian vegetation and site GP8 was exposed to sunlight. We obtained the filtered 6414 reads from three samples of each site. At GP7, 271 OTUs were identified, including 32 OTUs unique to the site, whereas at GP8, 238 OTUs were identified, including 22 unique OTUs. Among them, 18 OTUs were shared between both sites. The phylum Proteobacteria was a major component contributing 67.84% and 64.05% of sequences at sites GP7 and GP8, respectively, while each remaining phylum contributed less than 10% at both sites. The two sites differed in microbial community composition and KEGG-indicated biochemical pathways. Community indices such as species richness and Shannon diversity were higher at site GP7 than at GP8. Meanwhile, the abundance of Cyanobacteria was significantly higher at site GP8, while site GP7 showed a greater proportion of genes for membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism, reflecting differences in food resources.

Amyloid beta oligomers cause glutamatergic synapse degeneration by targeting the planar cell polarity components in the synapses., The signaling pathway directly controlling the maintenance of adult glutamatergic synapses has not been well understood. Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling components were recently shown to play essential roles in the formation of glutamatergic synapses. Here, we show that they are localized in the adult synapses and are essential for their maintenance. Synapse loss at early stages of Alzheimer’s disease is thought to be induced by β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology. We found that oligomeric Aβ binds to Celsr3 and assists Vangl2 in disassembling synapses. Moreover, a Wnt receptor and regulator of PCP signaling, Ryk, is also required for Aβ-induced synapse loss. In the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, Ryk conditional knockout or a function-blocking monoclonal Ryk antibody protected synapses and preserved cognitive function. We propose that tipping of the fine balance of Wnt/PCP signaling components in glutamatergic synapses may cause synapse degeneration in neurodegenerative disorders with Aβ pathology.

Rosa kokanica is a deciduous shrub distributed in Central Asia. We determined the genomic characteristics of the complete chloroplast genome in R. kokanica with a de novo assembly strategy. The chloroplast genome was 156,802bp in length harboring 89 protein coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes. It exhibits typical quadripartite structure comprising a large single-copy (LSC) (85,899bp), a small single-copy (SSC) (18,773bp) and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) (26,065bp). Phylogenetic analysis of 16 chloroplast genomes from Rosaceae revealed that the genus Rosa is a monophyletic group and the R. kokanica is clustered together with the congener, R. acicular.

Background The BLOC1S2 gene encodes the multifunctional protein BLOS2, a shared subunit of two lysosomal trafficking complexes: i) biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 and i) BLOC-1-related complex. In our previous study, we identified an intriguing unreported transcript of the BLOC1S2 gene that has a novel exon derived from two transposable elements (TEs), MIR and AluSp. To investigate the evolutionary footprint and molecular mechanism of action of this transcript, we performed PCR and RT-PCR experiments and sequencing analyses using genomic DNA and RNA samples from humans and various non-human primates. Results The results showed that the MIR element had integrated into the genome of our common ancestor, specifically in the BLOC1S2 gene region, before the radiation of all primate lineages and that the AluSp element had integrated into the genome of our common ancestor, fortunately in the middle of the MIR sequences, after the divergence of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. The combined MIR and AluSp sequences provide a 3′ splice site (AG) and 5′ splice site (GT), respectively, and generate the Old World monkey-specific transcripts. Moreover, branch point sequences for the intron removal process are provided by the MIR and AluSp combination. Conclusions We show for the first time that sequential integration into the same location and sequence divergence events of two different TEs generated lineage-specific transcripts through sequence collaboration during primate evolution.

This study examined the fluidization phenomenon using vertical vibration for fine powder in a mechanical vertical vibration for fluidized bed reactor. The fine powder used belongs to the Geldart group C with a mean powder size of 2.25 µm. It was verified that channeling and agglomeration phenomena appeared with a fluidization method without vibration of fine powders belonging to the group C. To keep fluidization phenomenon of the agglomerating fine powder superior, a smooth fluidization condition was made by giving vertical vibration function and removing cohesion between particles. To verify the smooth fluidization condition of the fine powder, changes in the bed height to diameter (H/D) ratio of the fluidized bed reactor, pressure drop due to changes of vibration frequency with superficial gas velocity, minimum fluidization velocity, and changing characteristics of bed expansion ratio were investigated experimentally. This study examined pressure drops from H/D variable of values 1 and 2, minimum fluidization velocity, and bed expansion ratios at 0 to 60 Hz of vibration frequency. There is a trend that as vibration frequency increases, the pressure drop is stabilized, minimum fluidization velocity decreases, and the bed expansion ratio increases.