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The ionization front of a cosmic ray air shower propagates in the atmosphere with almost the speed of light in vacuum, i.e., faster than a radio wave in the air. There can be no reflection of a radar signal from such a front. Instead, an additional transmitted wave, which travels behind the front in the backward direction, is generated. We study the frequencies, propagation directions, and amplitudes for the waves excited at the front and discuss their use for radar detection of air showers.

We show that the highly relativistic motion of an extensive air shower allows one to increase the wavelength of the radar signal above its transverse size without giving rise to signal scattering. This increases the efficiency of detection due to an increase in the reflection from the shower and a lower level of sky noise in the frequency range of the reflected signal.

Food additives from non-traditional plant raw materials are a promising source of new fortified bakery products. However, they can affect the protein-starch structure of wheat flour and the rheological profile of the semi-finished bakery products, thus changing the quality of the finished product. The research objective was to study the effect of a novel plant food additive on the moisture, water absorption, and protein-proteinase complex of flour mixes and the rheological properties of wheat dough. The study featured flour mixes of top-grade wheat flour and the new food complex additive (10, 16, and 22%), as well as dough semi-finished products. The food complex additive consisted of whole grain wheat flour and powders of germinated spelt, pumpkin seeds, oyster mushrooms, and gooseberries in a ratio of 56.3:25.0:17.2:0.9:0.6, respectively. The moisture content was determined by the gravimetric method, while the water absorption and rheological properties were described using a Farinograph-AT. The content of wet gluten was measured by washing, the content of dry gluten was determined by drying, and the quality of gluten was tested according using an IDK-3M device. The additive decreased the water absorption and the dough development time, contributed to the gluten relaxation, and increased the amount and humidity of wet gluten. At 16 and 22% of the additive, the amount of dry gluten decreased by 3.4 and 4.0%, respectively; at 10%, it increased by 3.3%. The best stability, dough softening degree, and farinograph quality indicator were observed at 16%. The results can be used to produce new bakery products fortified with the new complex plant food additive, with the amount of water and kneading time adjusted for each particular case. Further research will feature the effect of the additive on the properties of dough semi-finished products during fermentation and proofing.

The subject. The article characterizes the role of Russian Constitution, federal laws and bylaws in ensuring tax security.The purpose of the article is to identify legal norms that ensure the tax security of the state, and to confirm the hypothesis that such norms hat such norms are effective in systemic interaction.The methodology. The author uses methods of system analysis of scientific papers devoted to the provision of various types of security. Formal logical and legal interpretation of Russian regulatory legal acts is used also.The main results. Regulatory documents in the field of tax security can be classified into: the Constitution of the Russian Federation at the highest level; program documents (conventions, strategies, charters, concepts, programs, doctrines, standards, directives) as acts of the first level, the legislation of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities is at the second level; departmental regulatory legal acts are at the third level. The law on security should be an act of direct action that determines the content of the management activities of public authorities to ensure security by fixing its goals, principles, the most general forms and means of implementation. The basis of legal provision of tax security at the legislative level should be defined in the federal law on security as well as in the federal law "On Tax Authorities of the Russian Federation" (in intra-governmental relations context because tax authorities are the main subjects of tax administration) and in the Russian Tax Code (concerning relations between public administration bodies and private entities). Any draft legislative acts affecting issues of tax relations and economic management should be examined for compliance with national interests in the field of tax security and the effectiveness of minimizing threats. Each legislative act should take into account the implementation of the goals and principles of ensuring tax security (as well as other types of security) enshrined in the concept document. Such expertise is possible in the process of approving draft laws by the Russian Government as well as when registering relevant bylaws by the Russian Ministry of JusticeConclusions. The Russian Constitution should consolidate a unified approach to the essence of security as a whole. Legislative acts (first of all, the laws on security, on tax authorities, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) should provide for the main directions of countering threats to tax security arising in the relevant areas of regulation. By-laws and regulations are designed to fix specific managerial ways of dealing with such threats.

The availability of new radioactive ion beams has broadened the study of nuclear reactions and nuclear structure. The main mechanism to produce the secondary beams is the fragmentation of the projectile. An alternative method for the production of the exotic nuclei is the multinucleon transfer. We measured production cross section for the B, C, N and O isotopes in the reaction18O + Ta and the beam energy at 10 MeV/nucleon. The cross sections were obtained by integrating the momentum distributions of the isotopes. It was shown that in deep inelastic processes the production yields of different isotopes could be well described using statistical models and could also be explained by the Qgg-systematic.

Background. The lithogeochemical features of fine-grained detrital rocks (mudstones, shales, and fine-grained siltstones) allow, with a certain degree of success, the main parameters of the formation of sedimentary sequences to be reconstructed. These parameters include (primarily in terms of their REE and Th systematics) the types of river systems supplying thin terrigenous suspension in the sedimentation area: the rivers of the 1st category – large rivers with a catchment area of more than 100,000 km2; 2nd category – rivers feeding on the products of erosion of sedimentary deposits; 3rd category – rivers draining mainly igneous and metamorphic rocks; and 4th category – rivers carrying erosion products of volcanic associations.Aim. To reveal, based on the analysis of interrelationships between such parameters as (La/Yb)N, Eu/Eu* and the Th content, the types of river systems that fed the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous deposits of the Shaim oil and gas region (OGR) (Sherkalinsky, Tyumen, Abalak and Mulymya formations) and the region of the North Pokachevsky field of the Shirotnoe Priobye region (Sherkalinsky, Tyumen and Bazhenov formations, Lower Cretaceous deposits).Materials and methods. The ICP MS data for almost 100 samples of mudstones and fine-grained clayey siltstones were used to analyse the features of distribution of lanthanides and Th in the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous clayey rocks of the Shaim OGR and the area of the North Pokachevsky deposits. Individual and average composition points for formations, members and layers were plotted on the (La/Yb)N-Eu/Eu*, (La/Yb)N–Th diagrams developed by us with classification areas of the composition of fine suspended material of modern rivers of different categories.Results and conclusion. The results presented in the article showed that during the formation of the deposits of the Shaim OGR in the Early and Middle Jurassic, erosion affected either mainly sedimentary formations or paleo-catchment areas that were very variegated in their rock composition. In the Late Jurassic, the source area was, most likely, a volcanic province, composed mainly of igneous rocks of the basic composition, and located within the Urals. This conclusion suggested that the transfer of clastic material from the Urals to the Urals part of the West Siberian basin “revived” much earlier than the Hauterivian. The Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous section of the vicinity of the North Pokachevsky field was almost entirely composed of thin aluminosilicaclastics formed due to the erosion of volcanic formations. These volcanic formations were located, as followed from the materials of earlier performed paleogeographic reconstructions, probably within the Altai-Sayan region or Northern Kazakhstan. Thus, the supply of detrital material in the considered territories of the West Siberian basin had a number of significant differences in the Jurassic and early Cretaceous.

Abstract Clinical examination of three-dimensional image data of compound anatomical objects, such as complex joints, remains a tedious process, demanding the time and the expertise of physicians. For instance, automation of the segmentation task of the TMJ (temporomandibular joint) has been hindered by its compound three-dimensional shape, multiple overlaid textures, an abundance of surrounding irregularities in the skull, and a virtually omnidirectional range of the jaw’s motion—all of which extend the manual annotation process to more than an hour per patient. To address the challenge, we invent a new workflow for the 3D segmentation task: namely, we propose to segment empty spaces between all the tissues surrounding the object—the so-called negative volume segmentation. Our approach is an end-to-end pipeline that comprises a V-Net for bone segmentation, a 3D volume construction by inflation of the reconstructed bone head in all directions along the normal vector to its mesh faces. Eventually confined within the skull bones, the inflated surface occupies the entire “negative” space in the joint, effectively providing a geometrical/topological metric of the joint’s health. We validate the idea on the CT scans in a 50-patient dataset, annotated by experts in maxillofacial medicine, quantitatively compare the asymmetry given the left and the right negative volumes, and automate the entire framework for clinical adoption.

The subject. The key characteristics of risks and threats in state control context are researched comprehensively.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that threats and risks should be the basis for determining the content of other elements of the system of state control and supervision.The methodology. The authors use the formal legal interpretation of normative acts, as well as systemic approach and analysis of philosophical literature, concepts of the security the-ory and monographs in different branches of law.The main results, scope of application. The relationship between the concepts of "threats" and "risks" is determined, and their author's definitions are proposed. A threat in control and supervisory activities is a set of events or acts that cause or are capable of causing damage to socially significant values. Risks are such threats to socially significant values, which are expressed in the actions of participants of social relations. Risks are associated with an incorrect assessment of the objective situation and can lead to harm with varying degrees of probability. The categories "risk" (in the negative aspect) and "threat" highlight two facets of the same entity. When describing malicious phenomena as threats, attention is focused on the possibility of causing harm as an integral attribute of such phenomena. Understanding them as risks allows us to give a quantitative description of the probability of occurrence of harmful consequences of the impact of a particular act on the protected object. Problems are identified in the reflection of the essential characteristics of risks and threats in the current legislation on state control (supervision) and in the new Federal Law of 31.07.2020 No. 248-FZ "On State Control (Supervision) and Municipal Control in the Russian Federation". The analysis of the Russian legislation shows that there is no comprehensive approach to fixing the essential characteristics of threats and risks, which are aimed at minimizing the control and supervisory activities. New Russian Law No. 248-FZ of 31.07.2020 also demonstrates that the legislator does not have a systematic approach to identifying risks and other threats and therefore effective measures to counteract their implementation through control and supervisory activities are not determined. The scientific substantiation of the characteristics of risks and threats in general allows both to enrich the theory of public control, and to improve the legislation on control and supervisory activities, as well as to increase the effectiveness of the protection of public interests in the process of its application.Conclusions. The key nature of threats and risks for determining other elements of the sys-tem of state control and supervision is substantiated The use of the term “threat" is preferred because of its more universal nature. Threats determines both the goals and principles of control and supervisory activities in any area, as well as its forms and methods.

This paper examines the need to create new infrastructural payment and financial institutions in Russia to ensure greater independence of the Russian financial market from any external factors as well as the efficiency of the market for ruble conversion transactions and cross-border payments. The issue of creating an analogue of Continuous Linked Settlement (CLS) in Moscow on the basis of the Interstate Bank, or establishing a new payment system, is highly relevant. Almost seven years ago, on September 22, 2014, the CLS international payment system postponed the inclusion of the Russian ruble in its list of currencies, scheduled for November of that year. The prospect of such inclusion in the coming years remains very weak. In March 2014, VISA and MasterCard payment systems stopped servicing cards of several Russian Banks in retail outlets and ATMs. Amendments to the Federal Law “On the National Payment System” were prepared and promptly adopted in order to provide infrastructure and information support for the processes of making money transfers within Russia. On July 23, 2014, the National Payment Cards System was launched, which was tasked with creating an operational and clearing center for processing domestic transactions with cards of the international payment systems and promoting the national payment card. This experience should be used to create new payment systems in order to secure the efficiency of cross-border payments and currency conversion operations. This step will extend the sphere of ruble convertibility, ensure an increase in the status of the ruble and its importance in international trade, and bring Russia closer to practical steps to create a regional international financial center. To expand settlements in rubles on the part of non-residents, it is necessary to strive to perform trade and financial transactions in rubles and keep ruble savings, which is impossible without a market for ruble conversion transactions. The author examines the prospects for creating a new payment system, in particular with participation of the CIS and BRICS countries.

Light self-destruction-degradation of the second type has been observed in samples of semiconductor lasers with electronic energy pumping with high optical homogeneity and good quality of surface treatment. In these samples, damage appeared in the form of cords perpendicular to the ends of the resonator. According to the current understanding of the passage of powerful light streams through various media, the emergence of narrow light channels is due to the phenomenon of self-focusing. It refers to the fundamental physical mechanisms of propagation of laser radiation and is caused by nonlinear phenomena arising in a medium under the influence of high-power laser radiation. The physical reason for self-focusing is an increase in the refractive index n in a strong light field. Thermal self-focusing is the most probable cause of radiation redistribution in the active region of the crystal. However, it is possible that in the initial stage of the appearance of light channels a certain role is played by the growth of the intensity of radiation in certain sections of the crystal because of the instability of generation or small fluctuations in the pump current density. Then the process acquires an avalanche character, since the localization of the ray in the channel increases the density of light radiation which can lead to overheating of the substance and the activation of the thermal self-focusing mechanism. The experiments performed in this paper have shown that optically homogeneous crystals possess maximum resistance to degradation processes. In them, the critical power of light destruction is determined by the self-focusing threshold of radiation in a material. Since the nonlinear addition to the refractive index Δn = n2E2 at the self-focusing threshold is determined by the change in the concentration of non-equilibrium carriers ΔN(E2), the value of the maximum fluctuation DΔNmax itself is proportional to the value of the non-equilibrium carrier concentration at the generation threshold ΔNpores and the relative excess of the generation threshold J = (j – jn)/jn. Thus, a low threshold concentration of non-equilibrium carriers is one of the conditions for increasing material resistance to degradation processes. In doped crystals ΔNpores is less than in pure materials. This, perhaps, explains the rather higher value of Pcritial in the optimally doped homogeneous n-GaAs. Smaller values of Pcritial in p-type samples doped with zinc can be associated not only with the inhomogeneity of these crystals, but also with large generation thresholds. In addition, the cross section for absorption of radiation by holes is about 3–4 times larger than by electrons, which can also reduce the self-destruction threshold of lasers. At Т = 300 K, the lasing thresholds are higher that naturally reduces the value of the self-focusing threshold.

Introduction. Simultaneous operation of numerous sources of radio emission form complex signal environment. Different devices with the common name “wideband analyzers” (WBA) are widely used to analyze and to control such environment. There is currently a need for developing the quantitative characteristics of a complex signal environment, which will make it possible to predict the stability of the WBA operation.Aim. The development of the indicator of the signal environment complexity, which will make possible the quantitative assessment of such environment.Materials and methods. To provide the desired indicator, simulation and mathematical tools for random events description are used. All calculations are performed using MatLab.Results. The principles of disturbances in the WBA receiver and algorithmic errors in the processing of overlapped signals are described. To quantify the “complexity” of the signal environment it is proposed to use the probability that pulses from several sources overlap in time. This allows one to compare signal environments with each other. The new analytical expression for estimating the pulse overlap probability is proposed. Functions of the pulse overlap probability from the complex signal environment parameters were obtained.Conclusion. According to the comparative analysis of the calculations using proposed analytical expression and simulation, the new expression allows one to achieve the calculation speed up to 6 orders of magnitude higher with an error below 7% compared to the simulation. The high performance of the calculations using the proposed expression allows one to simulate the complex signal environment in dynamics more efficiently.

This paper examines the evolution of merchant acquiring in Russia. Initially, the term was purely professional and meant the involvement of “service points” in accepting cards. Today it denotes the whole range of business for the creation and development of the infrastructure of non-cash settlement and cash services in trade and service enterprises using payment cards. Technological innovation has spurred the development of acquiring tools. However, today, when the number of non-cash transactions is steadily growing and has almost reached the number of transactions using cash, the issue of acquiring fees is still a burning issue between retail and banks. The authors consider the positions of the two parties to the dispute, and also draw conclusions about the possible consequences if the requirements of retail or banks are satisfied.

Research subject. The object of the study is the Ulyuk-Bar gold deposit ore-bearing rocks, located in the Bashkir meganticlinorium (the Southern Urals). Methods. The article presents the first data on the distribution of rare earth elements (REE), platinum group elements (PGE) and Au, obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) on “ELAN- 6100 DRC” and “Agilent 7700” with the use of the computer data processing program “TOTALQUANT”, which includes automatic accounting of isotopic and molecular overlays on the mass spectral analytical lines of the determined elements. The chemical composition of ore minerals (native gold, pyrite, pyrrhotite, gersdorfite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, and galena) was determined using an REMMA-202M scanning electron microscope with an LZ-5 X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer and detectors for secondary and reflected electrons. Results. As a result of the studies, the enrichment of heavy lanthanides from ore-bearing rocks of the Ulyuk-Bar deposit in comparison with the sandstones and shales of the Bolshoi Inzer Formation outside of the ore field was established. It is shown that the noble-metal geochemical specialization of ore-bearing sediments of the Bolshoi Inzer Formation of the Ulyuk-Bar deposit is similar in a number of parameters to rocks of the Mashak Formation of the Shatak complex, formed under the influence of Middle Riphean magmatism on sedimentary rocks of the upper layers of the earth’s crust. Based on the calculation of the age of the minerals thorium and uranium, according to the isotopic studies of Rb-Sr (996 ± 26 Ma) and K-Ar (676–706 Ma) methods and galena by the Pb-Pb method (950 Ma), it was established that mineralization was formed in two stages. The first of which is associated with tectono-thermal activation at the border of the Middle and Late Riphean, and the second was realized about 600 Ma ago. Conclusions. It is concluded that the REE-EPG-Au taxonomy of ore-bearing deposits of the Ulyuk-Bar deposit is due to the polychrony and polygenicity of ore formation processes associated with the Middle Riphean plume magmatism, manifested over a vast territory, and the Late Vendian dynamothermal collisional metamorphism.

The object of research. At the top of the Upper Riphean-Vendian sedimentary sequence of the Bashkirian meganticlinorium (western and central parts of the named structure, corresponding to the stratotypical locality of Riphean) there is a series of fairly well-established hiatuses – the pre-Uk and pre-Bakeevo. One can also assume the existence of the pre-Uruk and pre-Basa hiatuses. During each of them, the thin-grained aluminosiliciclastic’s distribution systems could be subjected to one or another transformations. However, whether this is actually the case is still not entirely clear. To solve this problem, the lithogeochemical features of clayey rocks of the Inzer, Minyar, Uk, Bakeevo and Basa formations are analyzed. If we assume that the hiatuses are accompanied by restructuring of the provenances, then this can/should lead to the appearance of more fresh, previously not subject to weathering, rock complexes at the paleo-watersheds. This circumstance should cause a change in the lithochemical characteristics of the thin-grained aluminosiliciclastics entering to the sedimentation area. Methods. The analysis of the lithogeochemical features of clayey rocks is based on data on the content of the main rock-forming oxides (about 40 analyzes) and rare and trace elements (total of 70 analyzes). These data make it impossible to investigate the change in different lithogeochemical parameters of clayey rocks (for example, CIA, GM, K2O/Al2O3, or others) from the bottom upwards through the section of each of the formations listed above, therefore we operate with the averages for the formation values of such parameters taking into account the values their standard deviations. Results and conclusions. On the majority of the discriminant diagrams used by us, the figurative data points of the Basa Fm. mudstones occupy a position that to some extent differs from the position of the clayey rocks of other formations. The only lithostratigraphic subdivision in the part of the Upper Precambrian sedimentary sequence of the Bashkirian meganticlinorium under consideration, whose clayey rocks demonstrate a chemically noticeably less mature, compared to the underlying formations, is the Uk Fm. It may be thought that this is the result of the appearance of more fresh (less transformed by weathering) rock complexes at the provenances. The scales of the pre-Bakeevo and pre-Basa breaks, if they existed, were, most likely, noticeably less significant.

. Catastrophic degradation takes place in case of reaching critical values of laser radiation density power in semiconductor lasers with electronically pumped energy made from single crystals of some compounds. It has been accompanied by mechanical destruction of the surface at resonator ends, an irreversible decrease in radiation power and an increase in generation threshold. Moreover, during the catastrophic degradation of semiconductor lasers under the action of intrinsic radiation, significant changes in the crystal structure occur within the single crystal: dislocation density reaches a value more 1012–1015 cm–2. It has been shown that initial density of dislocations and critical power density of the intrinsic radiation are inversely proportional. Thus, the degradation process of semiconductor lasers is directly related to generation and multiplication of dislocations during laser operation. Mechanical destruction of a crystal lattice occurs at critical values of laser radiation power and dislocation density. To clarify the proposed mechanism for the degradation of semiconductor lasers, it is necessary to take into account an effect of dislocations on optical properties of semiconductors. Typically, this effect is considered as follows: dislocations cause an appearance of a local deformation field and, in addition, form space-charge regions that surround a dislocation core in the form of a charged tube. The paper proposes a model of the phenomenon under study: large stresses arise in the dislocation core, leading to a displacement of individual atoms and deformation of the crystal lattice. Lattice deformation in the dislocation core leads to a local change in the width of a forbidden band. This change value is about 10–2 eV for a screw dislocation and 10–1 eV for a boundary dislocation. The mechanism of this change is that aforementioned deformation leads to a multiple rupture of electronic bonds and an increase in the electron concentration in the dislocation core to approximately value 1018 cm–3. The developed analytical model of the degradation mechanism allows to perform selection of a semiconductor and estimation of a laser operating mode under conditions of increased radiation power.

Research subject. This article aims to review modern methods for investigating detrital zircons and apatites used as mineral indicators of the composition and age of distributive provinces. Materials and methods. Data on the U-Pb-isotopic age and composition of detrital zircons isolated from Riphean and Vendian sandstones, as well as from the lower Triassic of the Southern Urals, was analysed. In addition, numerous examples and data from published sources were studied.Conclusions. A review of the main methods used for investigating the minerals in question was conducted. It is shown that the reconstruction of the composition of source rocks should be carried out using data on both detrital apatites and zircons. In addition, the petrogenetic signs of various detrital minerals and information about their ages have a high potential for accurate diagnosis of sources rocks.

Анализ распределения составов глинистых пород рифея и венда Волго-Уральской области на диаграммах (La/Yb)N–Eu/Eu* и (La/Yb)N–Th показал, что осадочные последовательности верхнего докембрия указанной территории сложены преимущественно материалом, поступавшим в область седиментации под влиянием крупных рек и рек, дренировавших осадочные образования. Продукты размыва магматических/метаморфических террейнов и вулканических провинций (все типы провинций, по Bayon et al., 2015) играют в их составе подчиненную роль. Это в той или иной мере согласуется с имеющимися в литературе представлениями, но требует определенной корректировки.

Research subject and methods. The work is based on a comparative study of the data obtained by the authors and those published in literature on U-Pb ID-TIMS and “in-situ” isotopic examination of zircons extracted from a number of Ural geological objects (volcanogenic rocks of the Mashak Formation of the Bashkir Meganticlinorium, granitoid massifs of the Northern part of the Uraltau Ridge, Kumba gabbro-norite massif Platinum-bearing belt), as well as Australian diorites and South African mafic xenoliths. Results. Since the methods of ID-TIMS (ID-MC-ICP/MS) and SIMS dating of zircon are fundamentally different, their advantages and disadvantages should be taken into account when solving the corresponding geochronological problems. Conclusions. U-Pb ID-TIMS (ID-MC-ICP/MS) methods allow the analysis of individual crystals, as well as their fragments, with an unprecedented level of uncertainty concerning age dating (up to 0.05%). The main drawback of the U-Pb SIMS method consists in a significant error when dating U-Pb (2–5%), which might disguise possible Pb losses (and / or U-contribution) and lead to appearance of artifacts when interpreting U-Pb zircon data. This, in turn, leads to the identification of non-existent stages of magmatism, metamorphism, false ideas about the length of evolutionary processes, etc. The use of U-Pb SIMS methods should be limited to solving geological problems that do not require a high accuracy of dating (i.e., allowing rough estimation) but involving the need to study a large number of samples and corresponding zircon grains. Such problems arise during examination of clastic material in the process of reconstructing sources and geological conditions of sedimentary basin formation. U-Pb SIMS methods can be used for studying the heterogeneity of zircon crystals having a complex structure under preliminary selection of materials for subsequent high-precision dating using U-Pb ID-TIMS and / or ID-MC-ICP/MS methods. The expansion of the number of laboratories using these high-precision methods seems to be the most important direction in the development of Russian isotope geochronology.

The article provides new data on geochemistry and mineralogy of rare-earth elements (REE) in rocks of structural-material complexes of the Bashkir megaanticlinorium, which underwent metamorphic transformations of various nature: contact metamorphism (Suran section); syn- and postgenetic contact-dislocation metamorphism (Shatak complex) and hydrothermal metamorphism (Uluelga-Kudashmanovo zone). It has been established that when a magmatic melt is exposed to sediments, the latter are enriched with REEs with the formation of rare earth minerals (monazite, allanite, xenotime et al.). The study of the chemical composition of monazites and allanites showed that all variations of oxides in the composition of the former are due to isomorphous Ce-Ca-Th substitutions in the structure of minerals, but redistribution of these elements was an independent process characteristic of each structural-material complex. The study of allanites made it possible to establish the presence of isomorphism according to the Ca↔Ce, La, Nd principle, as well as the sharp difference between the characterized minerals in the amount of MgO, Fe* and MnO from analogues from other regions, which indicates the presence of a regional component in the chemical compositions of minerals altogether, geotectonic settings of mineralization formation. The temperature regimes of mineral-forming processes with metamorphic transformations of rocks calculated from chlorite and muscovite compositions (344-450°C – Suran section, 402-470°C – Shatak complex, 390-490°C – Uluelga-Kudashmanovo zone) indicate the possibility of stable coexistence of the association monazite-allanite. It was established that when a magmatic melt on the sedimentary substrate of the frame, the lanthanides enrich the exocontact rocks with the formation of newly formed REE-mineral associations. At the same time, the processes of formation of rare-earth mineralization are largely determined by the physicochemical parameters and thermobaric conditions of the accompanying and subsequent metamorphism.

Research subject. This article considers accessory minerals, which, unlike zircons, are present in the vast majority of common clastic rocks. Materials and methods. The data on the chemical composition of minerals (garnet, tourmaline, chromespinelide, rutile, chloritoid and clinopyroxene) extracted from the Riphean and Vendian, as well as Upper Permian and Lower Triassic sandstones of the Southern Urals, were used to illustrate the features of applying various methods and techniques. In addition, numerous examples from publications are presented. Results. A number of modern methods for studying accessory minerals, which might be used to elucidate the composition and characteristics of the provenance rocks for terrigenous strata, were reviewed. Conclusions. It is shown that, similar to zircons, accessory minerals possess a significant potential in terms of providing important data on parent rocks.

Primorski territory is the territory of high risk for probably delivery and spreading of quarantine and other diseases of particular danger, which is conditioned by its geopolitical position characterized by intensive international transport communications with the majority of countries. Complex of organizing, anti-epidemic and preventing measures, which were conducted in the territory during 2003, because of world SARS epidemic is presented. State Surveillance Service cooperation with other Territory services and departments, and with quarantine border service of PRC province is reflected. Antiepidemic measures are described which were held in case of detecting of two suspected SARS patients.

Research subject. In this paper, we consider specific features of the use of litho- and isotopic-geochemical data for the purposes of provenance reconstruction.Methods and materials. The reconstruction tools under consideration included the analysis of the ratio of major oxides and variable trace elements, as well as the study of the distribution of trace elements. The research potential of these methods was illustrated using the data on the bulk chemical composition of sandstones and mudstones from the Bir’yan Member of the Upper Riphean Zilmerdak Formation, Upper Vendian Basa Formation (Southern Urals), Upper Devonian Kodinka and Ust’kodinka formations (Middle Urals), Lower Cretaceous Sortym Formation (Western Siberian sedimentary megabasin, Bolshekhetskaya depression).Results. It was shown that the use of the vast majority of the described paired and triangular diagrams allows conclusions (consistent both with each other and conventional geological concepts) to be drawn about the composition of source rocks. These findings reinforce the insights gained from mineralogical and petrographic studies of sandstones.

Research subject. This is the first in the series of four articles, which aims to review existing provenance reconstruction tools.Methods and materials. The data obtained during evaluation of different sandstone allothigenous components was used as a basis for analysis. The data was collected from the Upper Riphean Zilmerdak Formation Bir’yan Member and the Upper Vendian Bassa Formation (Southern Urals); the Upper Devonian Kodinka and Ust’kodinka formations (Middle Urals); the Lower Cretaceous Sortym Formation (Western Siberian sedimentary megabasin, Bolshekhetskaya depression).Results. The sandstone composition patterns of the lithostratigraphic units under study allowed the most common provenance features to be established by means of comparing data obtained by various diagrams.Conclusions. It is established that only the Kodinka, Ust’kodinka and Sortym sandstone compositions can be used as a source for rock reconstruction analysis, while the Bir’yan and Basa sandstone compositions have undergone massive transformations.

The report on the speeches of the participants of the scientific conference "Axiology in the financial law of Central and Eastern Europe" is presented in the article. The conference was organized by Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno and Center for Public Finance of Central and Eastern Europe and took place in Grodno on September, 19-20, 2019. The most relevant topics were: the essence of legal values, constitutional basis of financial law, axiological approach to budgetary system, fiscal federalism, taxation of cross-border trans-actions, tax security.

Анотація. Узагальнено аргументи і контраргументи в межах наукової дискусії з питання визначення основних методологічних засад аналізу ефективності здійснення державно-приватного партнерства. Основною метою проведеного дослідження є виокремлення та аналіз методів оцінювання ефективності державно-приватного партнерства та спричинених ним ефектів. Систематизація літературних джерел і підходів до розв’язання проблеми засвідчила, що існує велика множина методологічних принципів оцінки ефективності державно-приватного партнерства, що розкривають інвестиційний, економічний, фінансовий, соціальний та інші аспекти його реалізації і можуть бути адаптовані та агреговані в загальну методику, що відображатиме оцінювання всіх альтернативних варіантів отримання доходів i витрат. Актуальність розв’язання цієї наукової проблеми полягає в тому, що доцільність реалізації масштабної програми реалізації проєктів державно-приватного партнерства є значною, а єдиного методологічного підходу до оцінювання їхньої ефективності немає, що призводить до появи подвійного рахунку та неврахування важливих ефектів різного виду і масштабності. Дослідження питання визначення методологічних засад оцінювання ефективності проєктів державно-приватного партнерства здійснено в такій логічній послідовності: визначення кількісних та якісних критеріїв оцінювання ефективності реалізації партнерства, виокремлення видів ефектів від цього реалізації із зазначенням основних показників ефективності та привабливості. Методичним інструментарієм проведеного дослідження стали методи порівняння при реалізації наукової дискусіє з питань визначення основних засад реалізації державно-приватного партнерства, наукової абстракції — при визначенні можливих ефектів впливу зростання ефективності реалізації державно-приватного партнерства на національну економіку як на макро-, так і на мікрорівні, моделювання — при формуванні загальних методологічних принципів оцінки партнерства. Об’єктом дослідження обрано проєкти державно-приватного партнерства. Результати проведеного дослідження можуть бути корисними для формування державних програм реалізації державно-приватного партнерства у всіх сферах народного господарства. Ключові слова: проєкти, державно-приватне партнерство, методологія оцінювання, показники ефективності державно-приватного партнерства. JEL Classification М10, М48 Формул: 3; рис.: 0; табл.: 0; бібл.: 18.

Aim. To evaluate the common carotid artery (CCA) intima-media complex thickness (IMT) and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques (ASP) in young people with abdominal obesity who don’t have metabolic syndrome and those who have it, as well as a link between fat depots (perivascular, visceral, subcutaneous, epicardial) and CCA IMT. Materials and methods. The study included 145 people aged 18-45 years. They were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (n=18) - healthy volunteers (control group), group 2 (n=48) - patients with abdominal obesity and no more than one additional risk factor (metabolically healthy) and group 3 (n=79) - patients with metabolic syndrome. In persons included in the study the following parameters were measured: the height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, uric acid, lipid profile, insulin and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). They also were given a 24-hour blood pressure monitoring, and an evaluation of CCA IMT, a presence of ASP in the carotid arteries and a maximum degree of internal carotid stenosis was performed using the duplex scan of brachiocephalic arteries. Computed tomography (Aquilion One Vision Edition, Toshiba, Japan) with determining subcutaneous, visceral, perivascular, epicardial fat was performed, and the ratio of subcutaneous to visceral fat was calculated. Results. Significant differences in mean CCA IMT were revealed only between persons of group 1 and group 3 (p=0.025), while the median of IMT were within normal ranges (group 1: 0.49 [0.46; 0.56]; group 2: 0.53 [0.49; 0.59]; group 3: 0.56 [0.52; 0.62]). Significant differences in a distribution of individuals with increased IMT between groups were also not revealed. However, the proportion of individuals with ASP was significantly higher in group 2 compared with group 1 (p

Aim. To evaluate the efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with metastases of colorectal cancer in the liver.Materials and methods. A study aimed at investigating the effect of selective transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) of the hepatic artery on liver metastases in colorectal cancer was conducted at the Oncology Centre of the RZhD Central Clinical Hospital No. 2 named after N.A. Semashko, Moscow. The research basis included data for 10 patients, who had undergone chemoembolization of the hepatic arteries using Biosphere microspheres 50– 100 µm — 25 mg and doxorubicin 50 mg.Results. Both immediate and long-term results of up to 12 months were evaluated using the RECIST 1.1 scale. A partial response was achieved after 4 TACE treatments in 22.2 % of cases. The stabilization of the oncological process in the liver was observed after 9 TACE treatments in 50 % of cases. Disease progression was noted after 5 procedures in 27.8 % of cases.Conclusions. Transarterial chemoembolization of metastatic liver lesions in patients with colorectal cancer can be used according to certain indications in specialized centres providing endovascular treatment services.

Background Corticosteroids (CS) are the mainstay of immune-related adverse effect (irAE) management, as well as for other indications in cancer treatment. Previous studies evaluating whether CS affect immune checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) efficacy compared patients receiving CS versus no CS. However, there is a paucity of clinical data evaluating the timing of concomitant CS and CPI efficacy.Methods We retrospectively collected data from patients who received CS during CPI treatment at a single institution. Patients were in two cohorts based on timing of initiation of CS (≥2 months vs

The search for early markers of atherosclerosis is an effective method for providing personalized medicine allowing the prevention of the progression of this pathology. The aim of this study was the determination of the total indices of dyslipidemia and the identification of the gender indices of the extended lipid profile in the population of residents of the Southern and Central Federal Districts (Voronezh, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Kursk and Rostov regions) for the identification of early markers of atherogenicity. In a simultaneous clinical study, involving 339 patients (mean age 48 years), the concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL (low density lipoproteins), HDL (high density lipoproteins), apolipoproteins B and A1, the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio and the atherogenic coefficient were determined. For the identification of the relationship between changes in lipid profile indicators with cytolysis syndrome and indicators of carbohydrate metabolism, the activity of ALAT (alanine aminotransferase), GGTP (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) and glucose content were also studied. Analysis of the results of the lipid spectrum of the population sample of the middle age group revealed significant metabolic disorders of lipid metabolism with a predominance of atherogenic lipid fractions and a significant excess of indicators of atherogenic lipid fractions in middle-aged men in comparison with women. It has been shown that the apoB/apoA1 index can be used as an auxiliary marker for early assessment of the prevalence of atherogenic lipid fractions, allowing the identification of risk groups for the development of diseases associated with metabolic disorders

Research subject. This article presents new data on carbonate facies of the upperUk subformation, Upper Riphean of theSouth Urals. A particular attention is paid to the distribution of rare-earth elements (REE) and yttrium (Y) in stromatolitic and intraclastic limestones and calcareous shales (bulk samples and their acetic acid leachates).Materials and methods. We have studied lithological features of limestones in the geological section and in thin sections. The contents of trace elements in rocks were determined by the ICP-MS method at the IGG UB RAS (Yekaterinburg), the composition of organic matter was determined at the IPGG SB RAS (Novosibirsk) by gas-liquid chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results. The most representative section of the Upper Uk Subformation located along the eastern edge of the town Ust-Katav can be subdivided into several members of different lithology and thickness: (1) biohermdominated member comprising large microbialitic build-ups and inter-bioherm sediments (intraclastic limestones, calcareous biolaminites); (2) transitional member characterised by small bioherms alternating with other carbonates; (3) interbedded coarseand fine-grained limestones. The presence of molar-tooth structures in the carbonate rocks of Uk Formation made it possible to constrain the age of thisUpper Riphean formation to pre-CryogenianConclusions. There are similarities in REE and Y distribution in both clean (devoid of siliciclastic component) bulk limestone samples and in their acetic acid leachates. PAAS-normalised REE + Y patterns demonstrate positive La, Gd, Y anomalies and negative Eu, Ce anomalies. The latter suggest marine depositional environments for theUpper Uk stromatolitic limestones. The results of the pioneering research into the composition of bitumens and biomarkers from the Upper Uk Subformation have shown that carbonates and shales are depleted in the organic matter. The source material for the organic matter was provided by two types of communities comprising both eukaryotes and prokaryotes and inhabiting well aerated environment, perhaps with lowered salinity of marine water.

Information on the distribution of trace and rare-earth elements in the bottom sediments of estuarine zones of various river categories (large rivers, rivers draining water collections, composed of sedimentary or magmatic and metamorphic rocks, etc.) of silt and pelitic dimensions can be considered as the data, reflecting characteristic features of the suspention, transported to marine basins from various catchment provinces. In certain situations, the composition of the surface bottom sediments of the marine basin is determined by the suspension composition of any large river flowing into it (the Caspian Sea and the Volga River, the Laptev Sea and the Lena River, etc.). The similarity and difference in the rare-earth elements (REE) systematics of bottom sediments of estuarine zones and suspended particulate matter of rivers of various categories is quite well expressed in the pair diagrams (La/ Yb)N–(Eu/Sm)N, (La/Yb)N–Th, etc. A comparison of the features of the distribution of REE and Th in the Riphean clay rocks of the Southern Urals and in bottom sediments of the estuaries of various categories of recent rivers has been performed. It has been concluded that clay rocks forming a typical Riphean section are formed due to the erosion of mainly or predominantly sedimentary and/or metasedimentary complexes that existed during the PreRiphean or the Riphean in the east part of the East European platform and have not survived to date.

Research subject. This article presents the results of a study undertaken to investigate the systematics of rare-earth elements (REE), Y, Th, U and Mn in the Upper Devonian conodonts of the Western Ural region of the foreland fold of the Southern Urals (Askyn and Makarovo horizons, Kukkarauk, Ryauzyak and Lemezinsky sections).Methods. The conodonts were isolated from carbonate rocks using the conventional method of their dissolution in organic acids, mainly formic acid. Sample preparation and mass spectrometric analysis were carried out in the class 1000 and 10 000 cleanroom facilities of the Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry. A PerkinElmer ELAN 9000 quadrupole ICP mass-spectrometer was used to determine the concentration of the trace elements under study. Sm and Nd isotope ratios were measured from a 3% nitric acid solution by a Thermo Fischer Neptune Plus multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometer. The long-term reproducibility and accuracy of the measurement procedure were evaluated using a standard Merck Nd solution based on the NIST Nd2O3 and yielded 143Nd/144Nd = 0.511720 ± 15 (1 SD, n = 40).Results. The established features of PAAS-normalised lanthanide distributions in the conodont bulk samples (10.4–21.8 mg), Ce-anomalies, high REE values (173–1211 ppm) and a number of other parameters indicate the leading role of late diagenetic processes in the formation of conodont REE systematics. This is also evidenced by the Y/Ho values (≈26–32) specific for the studied conodont samples.Conclusions. In general, the distribution of lanthanides in the conodonts suggests that this process was mainly controlled by a lithogenic (from 90 to more than 99%) REE source. The εNd (t) (–4.0…–2.8) values characteristic of the cono donts of the Askyn and Makarovo horizons suggest that their Nd isotopic composition was either formed under the influence of the open ocean (island arc basin), characterised by a significant share of radiogenic Nd, or due to the entry of radiogenic waters of the ocean into the shelf zone at the peak of the marine transgression that took place in the region under consideration in the Famennian.

Colitis cystica profunda is a rare nonmalignant disease, characterized by an inflammation of mucous coat of intestine and formation of submucous cysts. The clinical picture of this pathology and oncological diseases of colon and rectum is similar. It is very difficult and important to differentiate this disease from colorectal cancer to protect the patient from unjustified mutilating surgery. Nowadays either in Russian and foreign scientific literature there are single reports dedicated to this disease. In our opinion the publication of this clinical case and analysis of scientific literature devoted to this subject is currently important.In this article there is a short review of modern state of problem of diagnostics and treatment of colitis cystica profunda. Also there is an own rare clinical observation of a patient who was diagnosed with colitis cystica profunda.

The subject. The article is devoted to the analysis of the procedural competence of tax authorities in the context of ensuring national fiscal security.The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the procedural powers of the tax authorities in the field of fiscal security provision. The hypothesis of the study is that the purpose of tax authorities’ procedural powers is dual and it should be aimed at implementation of the fiscal function of the state and municipalities, as well as at protection the tax‐ payer from illegal and unjustified seizure of taxes in accordance with legal principles. The overall objective involves a number of specific tasks:– definition of the concepts of competence and procedural legal status of tax authorities in the field of fiscal security;– identification of the objectives of law enforcement activities of tax authorities in the field of fiscal security provision;– identification of the principles of law enforcement activities of tax authorities in the field of fiscal security provision.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparative method, description) as well as particular academic methods (interpretation of legal acts, formal‐legal method).The main results and scope of their application. The competence of the tax authorities directly in the tax sphere is a set of their powers to control and monitor compliance with the legislation on taxes and fees, the correctness of the calculation, completeness and timeliness of the payment of taxes and fees to the budget; to bring persons who have committed tax offenses to responsibility; to consider and resolve complaints of citizens on acts of the ruling subjects of tax relations (tax bodies and officials). Procedural and legal status of the tax authorities can be understood as a system of powers that ensure the proper procedure and conditions for the tax authorities to exercise their legal functions in accordance with the principles of law and the requirements of the procedural form. Both material and procedural powers of the tax authorities are implemented in tax authorities’ activity in the field of fiscal security provision.The legal consolidation of the dual purpose of the tax authorities will contribute to provision of the national fiscal security. This dual purpose should be aimed at both the implementation of the fiscal function of the state and municipalities, as well as at protection the tax‐ payer from illegal and unjustified seizure of taxes. The system of principles of procedural activities of tax authorities to ensure tax security should include general legal, inter‐sectoral and special tax procedural principles.Conclusions. The procedural aspects of the tax authorities' exercise of their powers must be systematized in national legislation. If there is lack of legislative consolidation of the principles and objectives of law enforcement activities of the tax authorities, such situation significantly worsens the possibility of applying the law in a single procedural form, making it difficult to implement the objectives of ensuring the national fiscal security.

Aim. To analyze current epidemiological and epizootological situation on cystic (hydatidiform) echinococcosis in constituent entities of the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. Data of the administrations of the Federal service for surveillance on consumers rights protection and human wellbeing as well as data of the FBIH «Center of hygiene and epidemiology» located in different constituent territories of the FEFD during 2013-2017 was used. A review of scientific papers concerning the topic of the current article was performed. Results. Mainly sporadic cases of the disease were registered in 7 out of 9 constituent entities of the FEFD during the 2013-2017. The Jewish Autonomous district and Kamchatka region were free of the echinococcosis during the 5-year observation period. Echinococcosis cases were registered annually in the Chukotka Autonomous district, Republic Sakha (Yakutia) and Primorsky region. Herewith, the incidence rates in Chukotka Autonomous district and Republic Sakha (Yakutia) notably exceeded the national average. No fatal outcomes due to cystic echinococcosis in the FEFD were registered. Conclusion. Implementation of immunoepidemiological surveillance of the population of different age groups and professions is recommended on the constituent entities with registered cases of cystic echinococcosis.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a neoplasm of the B cell or T cell. Diagnosis is made by peripheral blood smear and bone marrow biopsy. Those with relapse/measurable residual disease (MRD) present with fever, weakness, fatigue, and easy bruising due to bone marrow infiltration (Kantarjian et al., 2017). A 59-year-old male with history of relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia and allogeneic stem cell transplant presented to the Emergency Department (ED) multiple times with shortness of breath. 2D Echo revealed recurrent pericardial effusion. His MRD was discovered in the pericardium. He underwent the creation of a pericardial window with cytology and culture which confirmed B cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, consistent with relapsed disease. We present a case of a patient with B-ALL and MRD who presented with symptoms of shortness of breath. His MRD was discovered not in the bone marrow, but in the pericardium.