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Fibronectin glomerulopathy (FNGP) is an extremely rare glomerulopathy with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Sporadic cases of the disease are also described. Currently, several types of FN1 gene mutations are known that underlie conformational changes in the fibronectin molecule and lead to its deposition in the renal tissue. The clinical manifestations of FNGP may be very heterogeneous, but in most cases are characterized by proteinuria, microscopic hematuria, arterial hypertension, and long-term progressive renal failure. Renal biopsy is the main method for diagnosing the disease. Histologically, GFND is characterized by a lobular glomerular architecture with mesangial expansion and obliteration of capillary loops due to the accumulation of an acellular, periodic acid–Schiff positive, silver Jones-negative material. Immunofluorescence is usually negative. Electron microscopy shows finely granular or fibrillary mesangial and subendothelial electron-dense deposits. At higher magnifications, the fibrils have a diameter of 12-16 nm and are randomly arranged. Standard protocols for the etiopathogenetic therapy of FNGP are not currently developed. Improvement of clinical status and prognosis can be achieved by optimizing blood pressure and proteinuria control by renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockers. The recurrence risk of FNGP after renal transplantation remains uncertain due to the rare prevalence of the pathology. In this article, we report a 25-year-old man with nephrotic syndrome, which occurred after a previous upper respiratory tract infection. Histological changes specific to FNGP were found in the kidney biopsy. Genetic analysis was not performed. The absence of a family history of kidney disease suggests that this is a sporadic case of FNGP.

The influence of antiviral therapy with ingaron on the dynamics of production of interferons α and γ and clinical effects in patients with chronic viral Epstein – Barr infection was studied. The study involved 51 patients (33 women and 17 men aged 35,27 ± 1,28 years) suffering from chronic infection caused by the Epstein – Barr virus. The duration of the disease from the appearance of the first complaints to laboratory confirmation of the Epstein – Barr virus infection and diagnosis was 2,23 ± 0,21 years. Determined the serum, spontaneous and induced production of cytokines interferons α and γ in serum and in the culture of lymphocytes. Three months after the end of antiviral therapy, in patients with an initially low level of induced interferon-γ, the production of interferon-γ increased. The absence of an increase in the production of induced interferon-γ in patients one and three months after the end of therapy with ingaron indicates the absence of the effect of the drug on the level of endogenous interferon-γ. It has been established that the initially low level of induced interferon-γ can be a marker of the positive effect of the therapy with ingaron. Correlation analysis revealed the effect of baseline interferon-γ induced on the clinical picture of the disease. Thus, initially a high level of induced interferon-γ (2706 ± 1058.94 pg/ml) inversely affects the development of sweating in patients ( r = –0.506, p = 0,023; τ = –0.419, р = 0.021), and initially low level of the induced IFN-γ (287.2 ± 64.65 pg/ml) — on development of weakness ( r = –0.405, р = 0.045; τ = –0.419, р = 0.037). In general, ingarone can be used in the therapy of patients with chronic Epstein virus — Bar infection at a dose of 500,000 IU every other day, at least 10 injections.

The choice of non-drug methods for the treatment of systemic scleroderma is currently very limited. Several studies show that extracorporeal photochemotherapy can improve kidney and lung function and reduce skin fibrosis in patients with systemic scleroderma. We studied the dynamics of clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with systemic scleroderma with an assessment before and after 12 months against the background of complex treatment, which included programmed extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Indications for inclusion in the study was the ineffectiveness of standard therapy with glucocorticoids and cytostatics or the impossibility of their use, as well as signs of an unfavorable prognosis of the disease: diffuse form, high skin count (14), rapid progression with a significant initial decrease in the glomerular filtration rate, forced vital capacity, high immunological activity (high titer of antinuclear factor and positivity for antibodies to Scl-70). When evaluating the results of complex treatment, a good clinical effect was observed in all patients: the induration of the skin decreased, the functionality of the lungs and kidneys increased. A significant decrease in the disease activity index was noted. These positive changes were the basis for a decrease in the daily dose of glucocorticoids. Significantly significant changes were observed in a decrease in the immunological activity of the disease: levels of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and immunoglobulin G, antinuclear factor titer and all types of circulating immune complexes. The results of our study confirm the data of other studies that demonstrated the positive effect of extracorporeal photochemotherapy as a component of the complex treatment of systemic scleroderma.

The results of complex treatment with the programmed procedures of extracorporeal photopheresis and methotrexate in patients with psoriatic arthritis for 12 months are presented. It has been established that program extracorporeal photopheresis in combination with basic therapy with methotrexate in patients with psoriatic arthritis have a significant effect on the relief of articular syndrome (reduction of morning stiffness, pain intensity, joint swelling). It was revealed that the inclusion of programmed extracorporeal photopheresis and methotrexate in the complex treatment of psoriatic arthritis reduces the level of circulating low molecular weight, medium molecular weight and high molecular weight immune complexes and in most cases leads to clinical and immunological remission. This is confirmed by a decrease in complaints of the severity of articular syndrome and a decrease in the clinical and laboratory activity of the disease (a significant decrease in the level of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate). A scheme has been developed for the programmed use of extracorporeal photopheresis procedures in the complex treatment of psoriatic arthritis, which consists of 2 procedures every other day with an interval of 2,5-3 months for 12 months. Combined therapy with the programmed application of extracorporeal photopheresis procedures and methotrexate prolongs the period of disease remission and can be recommended for patients with psoriatic arthritis with high activity, insufficient effect of basic therapy and intolerance to higher doses of immunosuppressive drugs.

A total of 60 patients (38 women and 22 men, 36,54±2,14 years old) with a Epstein - Barr infection were examined. The patients were divided into two groups depending on the treatment regimen: 1 group - 34 patients received ingaron therapy (10 intramuscular injections of 500000 units every other day); group 2-26 patients received valcyte (450 mg 2 times a day, by mouth, 2 months) + ingaron at the same dosage. One month after the end of antiviral therapy in the1st group, negative results of half-chain reaction were obtained only in 29,41% of patients. The combination of valcyte and ingaron in patients of the 2nd group was different and differed in the duration of the injection of ingarone: 2a group: ingaron10 injections of 500000 IU intramuscularly every other day; 2b group: ingaron 20 injections of 500000 IU intramuscularly every other day; 2c group: ingaron 10 injections of 500000 IU and 15 injections of 100000 IU intramuscularly every other day. The best result after the introduction of ingaron was obtained in 90% of patients who received the longest course of ingaron in the form of 20 injections of 500000 IU every other day in combination with valcyte. In the other groups, where the total dose of ingaron was lower, positive results were found in 60 and 66,7% of patients. A significant positive change in the number of copies of deoxyribonucleic acid Epstein - Barr virus was found in samples of saliva and the severity of clinical complaints in patients one month after the ingaron monotherapy or combination therapy (valcyte and ingaron) was completed. The best effect of treatment with ingaron is achieved in patients with chronic Epstein - Barr infection with the prolonged introduction of ingaron (at least 20 injections).

The results of the determination of levels of apoptosis in vitro in lymphocytes during the procedures of extracorporeal photochemotherapy (extracorporeal photopheresis) using flow cytometry are described. It was found that carrying out extracorporeal photopheresis does not have a significant effect on the viability of cells immediately after the procedures. Thus, the relative content of living cells in the samples after isolation of the mononuclear fraction of peripheral blood did not differ from both samples prepared for photopheresis and samples after this procedure. It should be noted that carrying out extracorporeal photopheresis does not lead to rapid cell death. At the same time, the level of living lymphocytes at the beginning of the experiment averaged about 90%, while the protocol used to extract the mononuclear fraction of peripheral blood cells and further manipulations with them in vitro allowed increasing the percentage of living cells in the samples to90% or more. An increase in the level of cells in the early stages of apoptosis occurs already in the first day after the beginning of the experiment, which is confirmed by the data of other researchers indicating that there are significant differences in the viability of cells with an initial point in the interval of 20-24 h in vitro incubation. The launch of the processes of programmed cell death in the case of own experiments was not related to the preparation of samples for extracorporeal photopheresis (as evidenced by the absence of significant differences between freshly isolated lymphocytes and samples prepared for the procedure), but with the procedure of photopheresis itself.

The results of combined treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with the use of extracorporeal hemocorrection on the background of replacement therapy for kidney function are presented. The dynamics of the activity of the disease, assessed on the scales recommended by the European League against rheumatism, is presented. The analysis of humoral immunity indices and markers of inflammation before and after the application of efferent therapy methods is carried out. Thus, after applying the first operation cascade plasma filtration using fractionator plasma «Cascadeflo EC40», was a decrease in disease activity with a very high to a high degree, also decreased the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus with high to low degrees of activity after application of the second operation of systemic lupus erythematosus using plasma fractionator «Cascadeflo EC20». The results of combined treatment testify to the high effectiveness of therapeutic apheresis in the complex treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Operations cascade plasma filtration as part of combination immunosuppressive therapy allows to correct the main factors of the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (antinuclear factor, antibodies to double-deoxyribonucleic acid, antibodies to histones, total immunoglobulins of classes G, M, A, circulating immune complexes, inflammation markers) selectively removing them from the vascular bed. Thus, the inclusion cascade plasmafiltration operation in the combined treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, allows to quickly remove the main factors of the pathogenesis, which leads to a rapid decrease in the disease activity and reduces the dosages of cytostatic and glucocorticoid therapy.

The spatial dynamics of the resistive hose instability of a relativistic electron beam has been studied for the case when the charge neutralization time is much longer, on the order of, or much shorter than the current compensation time. It has been found that the growth of this instability has the highest increment when the charge neutralization time is on the order of skin time.

The influence of the current neutralization process, the phase mixing of the trajectories of electrons and multiple Coulomb scattering of electrons beam on the atoms of the background medium on the spatial increment of the growth of sausage instability of a relativistic electron beam propagating in ohmic plasma channel has been considered. It has been shown that the amplification of the current neutralization leads to a significant increase in this instability, and phase mixing and the process of multiple scattering of electrons beam on the atoms of the background medium are the stabilizing factor.

Kinetic methods are used to derive the transport equations, virial equation, dynamic equilibrium condition, and the equation of the envelope of an axially symmetric paraxial relativistic electron beam propagating in an Ohmic plasma channel during the evolution of resistive firehose instability. The equation of the beam envelope is generalized by taking this instability into account.

We consider the effect of the multiple Coulomb scattering on the spatial dynamics of the relativistic hose instability of a relativistic electron beam propagating along an Ohmic plasma channel. It is shown that the enhancement of scattering noticeably suppresses this instability.

The effect of the current rise time in a relativistic electron beam pulse on the tracking force exerted by the low-conductivity Ohmic plasma channel on the beam has been analyzed using the “hard” beam model. It is shown using numerical analysis that an increase in the beam current rise time substantially reduces the tracking force considered here.

We have analyzed the tacking force exerted by a low-conductivity Ohmic plasma channel on a relativistic electron beam. It has been shown that, for the given type of evolution of the resistive hose instability of the beam along its pulse, this force substantially depends on the frequency and the increment of the increase in the given instability.

The problem of formulating the generalization of the Bennett equilibrium condition is considered for a relativistic electron beam propagating in the Ohmic plasma channel, as well as in the ion focusing regime in the presence of an external longitudinal uniform magnetic field. We assume that the electron component of the background plasma is not completely removed from the region occupied by the beam. This equilibrium condition is derived using the mass and momentum transport equations obtained for a paraxial monoenergetic beam from the Fokker–Planck kinetic equation.

We have derived the formulas for calculating the force of the interaction of a relativistic electron beam with an ion plasma channel in the case of the beam transportation during ion focusing. The dependence of the difference in radial profiles of the beam and the ion channel on this force for different amplitudes of beam deviations from the channel symmetry axis has been studied.

Promising orbital remote sensing of the Earth are created in the form of clusters of small spacecraft. One of the central problems of creating small satellites clusters is the development of management systems of their information interaction. The lack of effective control technologies multi-satellite group, transmission, and processing of distributed information huge volumes can negate the impact of the latest achievements in the construction of future space systems usedness. Management system of small spacecraft clusters information interaction should be oriented mostly on maintaining a separate spacecraft and control its production cycle, and to assess the status of the entire cluster and making decisions on its reconfiguration and use for the intended purpose in conditions of limited resources (information, energy, etc.) of the cluster. The solution to such a complex question fraught with difficulties, caused by the imperfection of the existing scientific and methodological apparatus management information by the interaction of complex objects (systems network architecture) [1, 2, 3, 4]. The authors proposed a technique based on the developed models [5], which allows to optimize structure and parameters of the Earth’s remote sensing small spacecraft cluster information interaction system. The article shows that the application of the developed technique enhances the performance of the small spacecraft cluster application.

Kinetic methods are applied to derive the transport equations, the virial equations, the dynamic-equilibrium equation, and the envelope equation for an axially symmetric paraxial relativistic electron beam propagating in the ion focusing regime in the presence of an ion plasma channel with a radial density profile differing significantly from the corresponding profile of the beam current density. The resultant equations contain the terms that take into account this difference. In addition, the equations obtained account for the case when the electron component of the background plasma is only partially removed from the beam region.

The equation is formulated that covers two regimes: resistive firehose instability and the situation of ion firehose instability evolution at the linear stage of their dynamics. Stabilizing and destabilizing terms in these equations are indicated.

The problem on the interaction of an Ohmic plasma channel displaced in the transverse direction with a paraxial azimuthally symmetric relativistic electron beam propagating in a dense gas-plasma medium is considered. The formula for determining the force of the beam-plasma interaction is derived using the “hard” model of the beam and the channel in the case of an arbitrary displacement of the symmetry axis of the plasma channel relative to the corresponding axis of the beam. The forces are calculated in the Bennett and Gauss approximations for the radial profiles of the beam and the channel.

We analyze the effect of a conducting waveguide on the dynamics of the ion hose instability of a relativistic electron beam propagating in a rarefied gas-plasma medium in the ion focusing regime. It is shown using the linear theory of the instability under investigation that a decrease in the waveguide radius noticeably stabilizes the ion hose instability. In addition, it is noted that radial narrowing of the ion channel relative to the beam considerably decreases the amplitude of hose oscillations.

We derive the equation connecting the final equilibrium radius of a paraxial azimuth-symmetrical relativistic electron beam propagating in the ion focusing regime with its initial nonequilibrium value. The dependence of the final equilibrium radius and the increment of the rms emittance on the density of the scattering background medium is analyzed.

The effect of the return plasma current with a characteristic radius differing from the relevant radius of the current density in a relativistic electron beam on the dynamics of the resistive hose instability of the beam is analyzed. The equations are derived for the linear stage of instability evolution. It is shown that when the return plasma current is broader in the radial direction (as compared to the beam), the resistive hose instability becomes noticeably weaker.

Based on analysis of the effective potential, a possibility is found to realize a single type of radial evolution of high-density relativistic electron beams. This operating mode is characterized by periodic oscillations of the beam radius within a certain range. Conditions are found for radial beam stabilization under this beam transport regime.

It is shown that a low-density relativistic electron beam can be transported under conditions of (i) periodic oscillation of the beam radius, (ii) unlimited beam expansion, and (ii) pinching. Analytical expressions for the radial evolution of the beam under these transport condition are obtained.

An equation for the envelope of an azimuthally symmetric relativistic electron beam with an arbitrary self-similar profile is derived. It includes the nonlaminarity of the beam and its scattering by the residual gas, as well as the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field and a focusing radial electric field produced by the ionic background.

Transport and virial equations, as well as the equation for the mean total transverse energy of a particle from a transverse segment of an electron beam, are used for deriving an expression for the rms radius of a beam propagating in dense and rarefied gas-plasma media along an external magnetic field.

Equations of transfer of mass, momentum, and energy for a transverse segment of a paraxial relativistic electron beam propagating in dense and rarefied gas-plasma media along an external magnetic field are derived from the kinetic equation. A virial equation is obtained, and the dynamic equilibrium condition that generalizes the wellknown Bennet equation for the cases under study is found.

An equation is derived for the envelope of a quasi-stationary relativistic electron beam propagating in a gas-plasma medium. It generalizes the well-known Nordsieck equation to the case of the presence of an external longitudinal magnetic field both under the beam transportation in an ohmic plasma and under ion focusing conditions. A formula for the rms radius of the beam at the stage of intense expansion with regard to a compensating ionic background, multiple scattering, and an external longitudinal magnetic field is found.

The statement of an equation for the envelope of a quasi-stationary relativistic electron beam experiencing Resistive Hose instability is considered. The well-known Nordsieck equation is generalized to the case of Resistive Hose instability using analytical methods.

The effect of the current rise rate in a relativistic electron beam pulse propagating in the ion focusing regime on the spatial dynamics of the ion hose instability is considered. Numerical analysis of the formulated equations shows that the lower rate of current rise in the beam pulse at the linear stage of evolution of the instability noticeably reduces the amplitude of hose oscillations.

We investigate the transverse expansion of a relativistic electron beam propagating in a rarefied gas-plasma medium in the ion focusing regime during the development of ion hose instability. The expression is constructed for the pinch potential of the beam as a function of the amplitude of transverse deviation of the beam and on the parameter characterizing the ratio of the characteristic radial scales of the ion channel and of the electron beam. It is shown that this potential becomes substantially lower upon an increase in the hose oscillation amplitude and when the ion channel expands relative to the transverse size of the beam cross section.

A kinetic equation that describes the transverse dynamics of an axisymmetric paraxial relativistic electron beam propagating along an external magnetic field in a gas-plasma medium is derived with allowance for the influence of the self-consistent electromagnetic field on the beam, the effects related to the nonlaminar motion and rotation of the beam electrons at the exit from the injector, and the scattering and energy loss of the beam electrons in their collisions with the neutral particles of the background gas.

The force of interaction between a relativistic electron beam deflected by resistive hose instability and the eddy current induced in a tubular plasma channel of finite conductivity is computed. Dependences of the force on channel ohmic conductivity and current rise time in a beam pulse are studied. For a beam propagating through a perfectly conducting waveguide under the ion-focused regime, the interaction of the beam with the ion-channel electrostatic image on the waveguide wall is studied for the case when the beam and the channel are deflected from the waveguide axis as a result of ion hose instability. The dependence of the force on both deflection amplitudes is ascertained for the nonlinear phase of instability. It is demonstrated that the force under study may become comparable to the beam-channel interaction force if the deflections are large.

Boltzmann’s H theorem and variational methods are used to find the temporally asymptotic form of the radial current density profile of a paraxial relativistic electron beam propagating in a scattering gas-plasma medium along a static external magnetic field and a neutralizing ion background. It is shown that in this case the radial profile is Gaussian.

An equation describing the evolution of the transverse energy of a segment of a paraxial axisymmetric relativistic electron beam (REB) propagating in a gas-plasma scattering medium along an external magnetic field is used to find the equation relating the final equilibrium radius of the beam to its initial nonequilibrium value. An analytical expression for the increase in the mean-square emittance of an REB during transport up to achievement of the equilibrium state is found for the case considered. The dependence of the final equilibrium radius and the corresponding increase in the mean-square emittance on the density of the scattering medium and the induction of the external magnetic field is investigated.

A study is made of the effect of the magnetic self-field of a relativistic electron beam propagating in the ion focus regime on the transverse dynamics of plasma electrons. For Gaussian radial profiles of the beam and the ion density in the channel, the maximum deviation of the plasma electrons from the axis of the beam-plasma system is determined as a function of the space-charge neutralization fraction, the ratio of the characteristic beam radius to the channel radius, and the net beam current.

Generalized equations are derived that describe the linear stage of the resistive firehose instability of a relativistic electron beam whose radius and current change along the pulse. Such factors as reverse current, the perturbations of the plasma channel, and the evolution of the plasma conductivity due to impact ionization, avalanche ionization, and recombination are taken into account.

A formula for calculating the interaction force between a relativistic electron beam and a preformed Ohmic plasma channel with an arbitrary offset of the channel axis from the beam axis is obtained in the case of complete charge neutralization. It is shown that this force is repulsive for radial profiles of the conductivity with a peak on the channel axis.

The interaction force between a paraxial relativistic electron beam and a preformed Ohmic plasma channel of low conductivity is calculated in the electrostatic limit. The dependence of this force on the channel conductivity and the distance from the beam front is found for concrete parameters of the relativistic electron beam and various values of the beam current rise rate.

The present paper gives the results of the elaboration of a mathematical model of the radial motion of the plasma filament in tokamak thermonuclear machines with account for its ohmic resistance as well as the total flux linkage of the circuit formed in the plasma filament. At the same time, no account was taken of the effect of the metallic structures of the machine on the radial motion of the plasma filament. A significant limitation on the applicability of this model is the requirement of a small slope for the plasma filament (a/r≥1). Under these conditions it has been shown that the motion of the plasma filament from one equilibrium position to another under a change in the vertical magnetic field is of a complex nature. The parameters of the elements of the motion depend markedly on the initial characteristics of the plasma filament.

Within framework of the “rigid” beam model the problem of the influence of a relativistic electron beam (REB) radius time modulation on the ion hose instability dynamics is investigated at the beam transportation in the ion focused regime. It is shown that the beam radius time profile can appreciably influence on the REB's ion hose dynamics.