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IntroductionSarcomas are rare tumours of connective tissue. The exact overall incidence of sarcomas is unknown due to diagnostic difficulties and the various histological subtypes (over 80 subtypes). However, the apparent increasing incidence of sarcomas suggests environmental causes such as pesticides. Except for some specific factors (ie, ionising radiation, vinyl chloride, dioxin and genetic predispositions) the scientific knowledge on the aetiology of sarcomas is sparse and inconsistent. France is a particularly appropriate country to set up a study investigating the causes of sarcoma occurrence due to the French organisation in treatment and care of sarcoma patients, which is highly structured and revolved around national expert networks. The main objective of the ETIOlogy of SARcomas (ETIOSARC) project is to study the role of lifestyle, environmental and occupational factors in the occurrence of sarcomas among adults from a multicentric population-based case–control study.Methods and analysisCases will be all incident patients (older than 18 years) prospectively identified in 15 districts of France covered by a general population-based cancer registry and/or a reference centre in sarcoma’s patient care over a 3-year period with an inclusion start date ranging from February 2019 to January 2020 and histologically confirmed by a second review of the diagnosis. Two controls will be individually matched by sex, age (5 years group) and districts of residence and randomly selected from electoral rolls. A standardised questionnaire will be administered by a trained interviewer in order to gather information about occupational and residential history, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and lifestyle factors. At the end of the interview, a saliva sample will be systematically proposed. This study will permit to validate or identify already suspected risk factors for sarcomas such as phenoxyherbicides, chlorophenol and to generate new hypothesis to increase our understanding about the genetic and environmental contributions in the carcinogenicity process.Ethics and disseminationThe present study is promoted by the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (identification number C17-03). This study received National French Ethic committee (CPP Sud Méditerrannée I) approval (identification number 18-31) and French Data Protection Authority (CNIL) approval (identification number 918171). Results of this study will be published in international peer-reviewed journals. Technical appendix, statistical code and dataset will be available in the Dryad repository when collection data are completed.Trial registration numberNCT03670927.

Objective: To evaluate longitudinal associations of distress and inflammation with somatic and depressive symptom severity in breast cancer patients, from before to six months after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We also explored feasibility and effects of an early mindfulness-based intervention for preventing or reducing somatic and depressive symptoms. Methods: Longitudinal pilot study with a randomized waitlist-controlled intervention design. Women with breast cancer were randomized to receive access to a smartphone application offering meditation exercises, either immediately after baseline testing (intervention group) or after study completion (control group) in a 1:1 ratio. Assessments (self-report questionnaires and a blood draw when feasible) were completed before, halfway through, immediately after, and 6 months after completing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Results: Fifty evaluable women were enrolled. Somatic symptom severity increased during chemotherapy, whereas depressive symptom severity was at its peak before treatment and declined gradually thereafter. Distress was positively associated with depressive symptom severity. Only Distress Thermometer-results were positively associated with somatic symptom severity. Inflammation was positively associated with both types of symptoms, and distress did not moderate the associations between inflammation and symptom severity. Intervention adherence was low and no intervention effect on symptom experience was observed. Conclusion: Inflammation and distress are independently associated with somatic and depressive symptoms experienced during breast cancer treatment.

Abstract Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE), is a captivating optical phenomenon typically observed in the mid‐latitude ionosphere. This paper presents an intriguing observation of a STEVE event at high‐latitudes, approximately 10 degrees poleward of previously documented observations. This event was recorded in Yellowknife, Canada, by a TREx RGB imager and a citizen scientist. Swarm satellites traversed the latitude of the observation, measuring extreme westwards ion drift velocities exceeding 4 km/s. Such velocities are more typically associated with the subauroral region located at mid‐latitudes, rather than at the high‐latitudes reported here. Significantly, this event occurred without a substorm, which differs from previous STEVE observations. While high‐latitude radars detected fast ionospheric equatorward flows, GOES satellite did not record any injections. These observations suggest that the inner magnetosphere is highly inflated. This unique case study raises new questions surrounding subauroral dynamics and the influence of magnetospheric configurations on ionospheric responses.

Abstract We present the first global geospace simulation to reproduce auroral giant undulations (GUs). To identify their magnetospheric drivers, we employ the MAGE (Multiscale Atmosphere‐Geospace Environment) model in a case study of a geomagnetic storm for which there were spacecraft‐ and ground‐based observations of GUs. The model reproduces the spatial and temporal scales of the GUs as well as the presence of duskside subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) and plasmapause undulations. Based on our modeling, we are able to identify the magnetospheric drivers of GUs as mesoscale ring current injections which, after drifting westward, create inverted regions of flux‐tube entropy (FTE) and subsequent interchange instability. Outward‐protruding interchange fingers disrupt shielding of the inner magnetosphere, creating longitudinally localized ripples in magnetospheric convection equatorward of the magnetospheric instability, which structure the plasmapause and duskside diffuse precipitation. While not causal, SAPS and plasmapause undulations are a consequence of the unstable magnetospheric configuration.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) present a paradoxical role in infectious diseases, contributing to both immunity and pathogenesis. The complex nature of this process necessitates further characterization to elucidate its clinical implications. However, studying NETs faces challenges with primary neutrophils due to their heterogeneity, short lifespan, and lack of adequate cryopreservation. Researchers often turn to alternative models, such as differentiated HL-60 cells (dHL-60). This study explored LPS-induced NETs formation in dHL-60 cells, revealing significant responses to LPS from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, although significantly lower than primary neutrophils. Moreover, Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK) inhibition with R406, the active metabolite of the drug Fostamatinib, previously demonstrated to suppress NETs in primary neutrophils, effectively reduced NETs release in dHL-60 cells. dHL-60 cells, offering easier manipulation, consistent availability, and no donor variability in functional responses, possess characteristics suitable for high-throughput studies evaluating NETosis. Overall, dHL-60 cells may be a valuable in vitro model for deciphering the molecular mechanisms of NETosis in response to LPS, contributing to our available tools for understanding this complex immune process.

Abstract Omega bands are mesoscale auroral structures emerging as eastward moving quasi‐periodic poleward protrusions well within the closed field line region of the auroral oval. Neither specific conditions of their appearance nor their causes are well understood. We perform a superposed epoch analysis of OMNI and SuperMAG measurements taken during 28 omega band events recorded by auroral all‐sky imager observations from 2006 to 2013 to identify their solar wind drivers. We find local enhancements in the solar wind flow speed, magnetic field, pressure, and proton density at the time of the omega band observation. In the magnetosphere‐ionosphere, we see enhancements in the ring current, partial ring current, and auroral electrojets. These features are consistent with geomagnetic activity caused by stream interaction regions (SIRs). 19 of our events overlap with SIRs from published event catalogs. Our findings suggest that omega bands are driven by compression regions commonly associated with SIR events.

The phenomenon known as strong thermal emission velocity enhancement (STEVE) is a narrow optical structure that may extend longitudinally for thousands of kilometers. Initially observed by amateur photographers, it has recently garnered researchers’ attention. STEVE has been associated with a rapid westward flow of ions in the ionosphere, known as subauroral ion drift (SAID). In this work, we investigate three occurrences of STEVE, using data from one of the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) ground-based all-sky imagers (ASIs) located at Pinawa, Manitoba, and from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN). This approach allows us to verify the correlation between STEVE and SAID, as well as analyze the temporal variation of SAID observed during STEVE events. Our results suggest that the SAID activity starts before the STEVE, and the magnitude of the westward flow decreases as the STEVE progresses toward the end of its optical manifestation.

Abstract In this study, we present an analysis of the spectral transition of a Stable Auroral Red (SAR) arc to Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) emission observed by the Transition Region Explorer (TREx) Spectrograph on the night of 10 April 2022, recorded overhead in Lucky Lake, Saskatchewan. On this night, we see an unusually bright (∼2 kR) SAR arc with enhanced ionospheric flow channels in the conjugate southern hemisphere. Over a short time, on the order of minutes, we observe the spectra change from the typical SAR arc pure redline (630 and 636 nm) emission to the air glow continuum, a broadband enhancement across all wavelengths, characteristic of STEVE. We propose the presence of threshold conditions required for the SAR arc to evolve into STEVE. In addition, we present parameters such as transition times, luminosities, and arc motion to be applied to ionospheric models.

Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE), is a captivating optical phenomenon typically observed in the mid‐latitude ionosphere. This paper presents an intriguing observation of a STEVE event at high‐latitudes, approximately 10 degrees poleward of previously documented observations. This event was recorded in Yellowknife, Canada, by a TREx RGB imager and a citizen scientist. Swarm satellites traversed the latitude of the observation, measuring extreme westwards ion drift velocities exceeding 4 km/s. Such velocities are more typically associated with the subauroral region located at mid‐latitudes, rather than at the high‐latitudes reported here. Significantly, this event occurred without a substorm, which differs from previous STEVE observations. While high‐latitude radars detected fast ionospheric equatorward flows, GOES satellite did not record any injections. These observations suggest that the inner magnetosphere is highly inflated. This unique case study raises new questions surrounding subauroral dynamics and the influence of magnetospheric configurations on ionospheric responses. Plain Language Summary: Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement, also known as STEVE, is a fascinating nighttime optical phenomenon that takes place in the upper part of Earth's atmosphere. It can be easily recognized by its distinctive appearance as a narrow white‐mauve arc that is associated with strong westward flows and is situated just equatorward of the auroral oval. Previous research has shown that STEVE events occur together with intense ionospheric flows and occur after specific disturbances in the near‐Earth space environment known as substorms. They have found that substorms are important for creating the special conditions that lead to STEVE and other subauroral enhancements. In our study, we focus on a unique STEVE event that did not occur after a substorm. Furthermore, this observation took place under remarkably quiet solar wind conditions; nevertheless, strong ionospheric flows were recorded. This unusual case raises new questions about the atmospheric responses and how it is affected by the configuration of the magnetic field in space. By investigating these special circumstances, we hope to learn more about STEVE and its causes, which will help us advance our knowledge in the complex ionosphere‐magnetosphere‐solar wind coupled system. Key Points: Non‐storm and non‐substorm Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) occurrenceStrong subauroral flows during quiet geomagnetic conditionsThe ionospheric electrodynamics of this STEVE event differ from previous studies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Metabolic syndrome is a combination of conditions that together increase one's risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes and of developing colon, liver, and breast cancers. Metabolic syndrome is treatable using lifestyle changes and/or medication. However, clear, professional guidelines are lacking to direct physicians on how to best manage this condition among cancer patients. Consistent with patient-centered care, we interviewed cancer patients with metabolic syndrome on their knowledge, attitudes, and preferences regarding its management. The findings indicate that patients (1) were unfamiliar with metabolic syndrome, (2) preferred making lifestyle changes to taking medications to manage it, (3) identified family as a support and cancer-related treatment side effects as a barrier to exercising and managing this condition, (4) wanted clear communication with their medical team, and (5) wanted to share in developing personalized care plans with their team. This research contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome interventions tailored to cancer patients' needs and preferences. Metabolic syndrome is a group of disorders—hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and insulin resistance—that together increase the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Although ~60% of cancer patients have metabolic syndrome, which increases their risk of mortality, oncology providers lack clear guidance about its management. The development of metabolic syndrome lifestyle interventions requires a better understanding of these patients' knowledge, attitudes, and intervention preferences in order to inform management. During 2022–2023, 19 adult cancer patients with metabolic syndrome engaged in semistructured interviews focused on metabolic syndrome and lifestyle interventions. Interviews were analyzed using hybrid thematic analysis involving deductive and inductive coding. The findings indicated that patients lack knowledge about metabolic syndrome, were motivated to prioritize lifestyle modifications, and expressed strong interest in personalized care plans focused on healthy lifestyle rather than simply on weight loss. As part of their tailored intervention plans, participants desired clear communication with, and coordination of care among, their medical team and shared decision-making with providers about treatment decisions. The findings indicate that patients with metabolic syndrome want collaborative, patient-centered care, tailored interventions, and practical implementation strategies. This research will be used to inform the development of future lifestyle interventions for patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome based on their identified needs and preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with poor survival. While clinical prognostic factors of survival have been identified, the contribution of patient-reported symptoms has only received marginal attention. Fatigue is one of the most commonly reported symptoms of AML. There is some evidence that fatigue is associated with shorter survival in hematological malignancies. However, the prognostic effects of fatigue in a homogenous cohort of patients with untreated AML has not been tested. We here report results of a prospective study on the prognostic value of patient-reported fatigue prior to onset of treatment, for 2-year survival in 94 AML patients. Cox regression models controlling for demographic and clinical factors showed that those with severe fatigue (22%) had decreased survival rates (Hr = 2.255, 95% CI = 1.16-5.60, p = 0.019). Further exploration showed that fatigue was associated with increased plasma concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α, but not with demographic or disease-related factors. In conclusion, we here show for the first time that the experience of severe fatigue prior to remission induction chemotherapy (IC) is prognostic for shorter survival in patients with AML of all ages. These findings point to the importance of interventions aimed at relieving fatigue especially before or in the early phases of treatment in order to improve survival.

Bright auroral emissions during geomagnetic storms provide a good opportunity for testing the proposal that substorm onset is frequently triggered by plasma sheet flow bursts that are manifested in the ionosphere as auroral streamers. We have used the broad coverage of the ionospheric mapping of the plasma sheet offered by the high-resolution THEMIS all-sky-imagers (ASIs) and chose the main phases of 9 coronal mass ejection (CME) related and 9 high-speed stream (HSS)-related geomagnetic storms, and identified substorm auroral onsets defined as brightening followed by poleward expansion. We found a detectable streamer heading to near the substorm onset location for all 60 onsets that we identified and were observed well by the ASIs. This indicates that substorm onsets are very often triggered by the intrusion of plasma with lower entropy than the surrounding plasma to the onset region, with the caveat that the ASIs do not give a direct measure of the intruding plasma. The majority of the triggering streamers are tilted streamers, which extend eastward as their eastern tip tilts equatorward to near the substorm onset location. Fourteen of the 60 cases were identified as Harang streamers, where the streamer discernibly turns toward the west poleward of reaching to near the onset latitude, indicating flow around the Harang reversal. Using the ASI observations, we observed substantially less substorm onsets for CME storms than for HSS storms, a result in disagreement with a recent finding of approximately equal substorm occurrences. We suggest that this difference is a result of strong non-substorm streamers that give substorm-like signatures in ground magnetic field observations but are not substorms based on their auroral signature. Our results from CME storms with steady, strong southward IMF are not consistent with the ~ 2-4 h repetition of substorms that has been suggested for moderate to strong southward IMF conditions. Instead, our results indicate substantially lower substorm occurrence during such steady driving conditions. Our results also show the much more frequent occurrence of substorms during HSS period, which is likely due to the highly fluctuating IMF.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze patients from two distinct families with a novel distal titinopathy phenotype associated with exactly the same CNV in the TTN gene. We used an integrated strategy combining deep phenotyping and complete molecular analyses in patients. The CNV is the most proximal out‐of‐frame TTN variant reported and leads to aberrant splicing transcripts leading to a frameshift. In this case, the dominant effect would be due to dominant‐negative and/or haploinsufficiency. Few CNV in TTN have been reported to date. Our data represent a novel phenotype–genotype association and provides hypotheses for its dominant effects.

We present the first global geospace simulation to reproduce auroral giant undulations (GUs). To identify their magnetospheric drivers, we employ the MAGE (Multiscale Atmosphere‐Geospace Environment) model in a case study of a geomagnetic storm for which there were spacecraft‐ and ground‐based observations of GUs. The model reproduces the spatial and temporal scales of the GUs as well as the presence of duskside subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) and plasmapause undulations. Based on our modeling, we are able to identify the magnetospheric drivers of GUs as mesoscale ring current injections which, after drifting westward, create inverted regions of flux‐tube entropy (FTE) and subsequent interchange instability. Outward‐protruding interchange fingers disrupt shielding of the inner magnetosphere, creating longitudinally localized ripples in magnetospheric convection equatorward of the magnetospheric instability, which structure the plasmapause and duskside diffuse precipitation. While not causal, SAPS and plasmapause undulations are a consequence of the unstable magnetospheric configuration. Plain Language Summary: The visually dazzling display of the aurora during active periods is caused primarily by the precipitation of energetic electrons from the magnetosphere into the ionosphere. The auroral oval plays host to a variety of morphological features, or auroral forms, that are a reflection of magnetospheric processes and therefore a powerful tool for understanding the cross‐scale processes that bind together different geospace domains. Unlocking that power, however, requires an understanding of how magnetospheric processes are reflected in the aurora. Despite decades of study, that understanding has remained elusive, primarily due to limited in situ measurements and uncertainty in the magnetic mapping connecting them to the ionosphere. Only recently have new global geospace models emerged that can provide this understanding. In this letter we identify the magnetospheric driver of auroral giant undulations (GUs), wave‐like trains of undulations that form on the equatorward edge of the diffuse aurora with typical spatial scales of 100 km. We show that GUs are the consequence of a "buoyancy imbalance" formed during the buildup of the ring current and the subsequent disruption of the ionospheric current systems that typically shield the inner magnetosphere. Key Points: We present the first global geospace simulation to reproduce auroral giant undulations (GUs)Model shows GUs result from localized under‐shielding as a consequence of interchange instability during the buildup of the ring currentInterchange‐unstable regions drive ripples in magnetospheric convection, structuring the plasmapause and duskside diffuse precipitation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega bands are mesoscale auroral structures emerging as eastward moving quasi‐periodic poleward protrusions well within the closed field line region of the auroral oval. Neither specific conditions of their appearance nor their causes are well understood. We perform a superposed epoch analysis of OMNI and SuperMAG measurements taken during 28 omega band events recorded by auroral all‐sky imager observations from 2006 to 2013 to identify their solar wind drivers. We find local enhancements in the solar wind flow speed, magnetic field, pressure, and proton density at the time of the omega band observation. In the magnetosphere‐ionosphere, we see enhancements in the ring current, partial ring current, and auroral electrojets. These features are consistent with geomagnetic activity caused by stream interaction regions (SIRs). 19 of our events overlap with SIRs from published event catalogs. Our findings suggest that omega bands are driven by compression regions commonly associated with SIR events. Plain Language Summary: Omega bands are eastward moving wave‐like structures in the aurora that typically appear at the equatorward border of the auroral oval during periods of enhanced activity in Earth's magnetosphere. However, the specific drivers of these structures are not well understood. In this work, we perform a statistical analysis of spacecraft observations taken from multiple omega band events to identify potential drivers of these structures. We find that the solar wind exhibits increased speed, pressure, and particle density when omega bands appear overhead. These features are consistent with localized compression in the solar wind generated when a fast solar wind stream interacts with a slower leading stream. Our work suggests that the appearance of omega bands is driven by this compression. Key Points: A statistical analysis of 28 omega band events shows that they are driven by extended periods of enhanced solar wind density19 of the 28 omega band events studied occurred during documented stream interaction region events in the solar windAnalysis of the flow speed during all 28 events indicate that omega bands are driven by compression regions rather than high speed streams [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon known as strong thermal emission velocity enhancement (STEVE) is a narrow optical structure that may extend longitudinally for thousands of kilometers. Initially observed by amateur photographers, it has recently garnered researchers' attention. STEVE has been associated with a rapid westward flow of ions in the ionosphere, known as subauroral ion drift (SAID). In this work, we investigate three occurrences of STEVE, using data from one of the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) ground-based all-sky imagers (ASIs) located at Pinawa, Manitoba, and from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN). This approach allows us to verify the correlation between STEVE and SAID, as well as analyze the temporal variation of SAID observed during STEVE events. Our results suggest that the SAID activity starts before the STEVE, and the magnitude of the westward flow decreases as the STEVE progresses toward the end of its optical manifestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interplanetary (IP) shocks are perturbations observed in the solar wind. IP shocks correlate well with solar activity, being more numerous during times of high sunspot numbers. Earth‐bound IP shocks cause many space weather effects that are promptly observed in geospace and on the ground. Such effects can pose considerable threats to human assets in space and on the ground, including satellites in the upper atmosphere and power infrastructure. Thus, it is of great interest to the space weather community to (a) keep an accurate catalog of shocks observed near Earth, and (b) be able to forecast shock occurrence as a function of the solar cycle (SC). In this work, we use a supervised machine learning regression model to predict the number of shocks expected in SC25 using three previously published sunspot predictions for the same cycle. We predict shock counts to be around 275 ± 10, which is ∼47% higher than the shock occurrence in SC24 (187 ± 8), but still smaller than the shock occurrence in SC23 (343 ± 12). With the perspective of having more IP shocks on the horizon for SC25, we briefly discuss many opportunities in space weather research for the remainder years of SC25. The next decade or so will bring unprecedented opportunities for research and forecasting effects in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and on the ground. As a result, we predict SC25 will offer excellent opportunities for shock occurrences and data availability for conducting space weather research and forecasting. Plain Language Summary: Solar activity is quite correlated with sunspot numbers. Alternating periods between solar minima and minima, termed solar cycle, usually occur every ∼11 years. As a result, researchers often attempt to predict sunspot occurrences for the following solar cycle. Solar perturbations occur more frequently during periods of high solar activity, and Earth‐bound perturbations can disturb the Earth's magnetic field in geospace and on the ground, affecting satellites and power infrastructure. In this work, we use an artificial intelligence supervised model to predict the number of shock occurrences in the ongoing solar cycle (beginning December 2019) by training the model with observations of sunspots and solar perturbations in the previous two solar cycles (August 1996–December 2019). Then, sunspot number predictions for the ongoing solar cycle are applied to the model, and predictions for the solar perturbations are obtained. We find that the number of predicted solar perturbations is ∼50% higher than their occurrence number in the previous solar cycle (December 2008–December 2019). Finally, we discuss how this relatively higher number of predicted solar perturbations can impact space weather research given the unprecedented number of data sets available in geospace and on the ground in the upcoming years. Key Points: SSN and shock count data in SC23‐24 are used with SSN predictions for SC25 in a supervised regression model to estimate shock counts in SC25We predict SC25 (275) will have ∼48% more shocks in comparison to SC24 (187), but it will have fewer shocks in comparison to SC23 (343)SC25 will offer unprecedented opportunities for space weather research given the availability of many data sets from space to the ground [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The exhaustive collection of new sarcoma cases and their second histologic review offer a unique opportunity to study their incidence and time trends in France according to the major subtypes. Methods Data were collected from population-based cancer registries covering 22% of the French population. Crude and world age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) were estimated according to anatomic, histological and genetic groups, age and sex over the 2010–2013 period. Results Time trends in incidence were calculated by the annual percent change over the 2000–2013 period. During the most recent period (2010–2013), 3942 patients with sarcoma were included. The ASR of soft-tissue and bone sarcomas, and gastro-intestinal stromal tumors (GIST) were 2.1, 1.0 and 0.6, respectively. For the four most frequent histological subtypes (unclassified, leiomyosarcoma, GIST and liposarcoma), the ASR ranged from 0.4 to 0.7. ASRs were 1.9 for complex genomic and 1.3 for recurrent translocation sarcomas. The time-trend analysis showed a significant increase of sarcoma incidence rate between 2000 and 2005, which stabilized thereafter. Incidence rates increased for four histological subtypes (GIST, chondrosarcoma, myxofibrosarcoma, solitary fibrous tumors) and decreased for three (leiomyosarcomas, Kaposi sarcoma and fibrosarcoma). Conclusion To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate sarcoma incidence based on a systematic pathological review of these cancers and on the updated sarcoma classifications. Due to the paucity of literature on sarcomas, future studies using data from population-based cancer registries should consider a standardized inclusion criterion presented in our study to better describe and compare data between countries.