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Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme that accelerates the biosynthesis of PGs during inflammation and has emerged as an important therapeutic target for anti-inflammatory drugs. Natural compounds may serve as a source of inspiration for pharmaceutical chemists and a foundation for developing innovative COX-2 inhibitors with fewer side effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the potent COX-2 inhibitor and anti-inflammatory activity of the Fimbristylis aestivalis whole plant extract (FAWE). The plant extract was found dominant with rosmarinic acid followed by catechin hydrate, syringic acid, rutin hydrate, (-) epicatechin, quercetin, myricetin, and catechol. FAWE exhibited considerable dose-dependent analgesic efficacy in all analgesic test models. FAWE also showed promising anti-inflammatory potential in carrageenan-induced inflammations in mice. This result was corroborated by molecular docking, revealing that the aforesaid natural polyphenols adopt the same orientation as celecoxib in the COX-2 active site. On the other hand, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed between the most abundant components (rosmarinic acid, catechin hydrate, and syringic acid) and COX-2. Based on hydrogen bonding, RMSD, RMSF, radius of gyration, PCA, and Gibbs free energy landscape analysis, the results demonstrated that these compounds are very stable in the active site of COX-2, indicating substantial COX-2 inhibitory activity.

A significant cyclic sesquiterpenoid known as Zerumbone was extracted from Zingiber roseum using the volume liquid chromatographic (VLC) technique. It’s a naturally occurring phytochemical having a variety of physiological properties, including antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and antiproliferative action. This study's major goal was to evaluate Zerumbone's anti-inflammatory effectiveness against the inflammation receptors-Secretory Phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-alpha), and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase 4 using various in-silico methods. The targeted receptors were obtained from Protein Data Bank, and the ligand was accessed in the Pubchem database. Utilizing the Autodock PyRx platform, which supports Autodock Vina, molecular docking was carried out. Even in the computational prediction, it was revealed that this substance was non-toxic. Receptors exhibiting the highest binding affinity for our ligand were further investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with WebGRO, CABS-flex, and iMODS web servers. The molecular docking outcomes showed that our ligand molecule exhibited the highest binding affinity for the sPLA2 receptor. MD simulation studies also showed good leads to sPLA2. In conclusion, our outcomes suggest that Zerumbone is an important inhibitor of sPLA2 and might be further utilized as a potential anti-inflammatory agent. Keywords: Zerumbone, Inflammation, Docking, QSAR, ADMET, MD Simulation References Harvey, A., Strategies for discovering drugs from previously unexplored natural products. Drug discovery today, 2000. 5(7): p. 294-300. Bakhotmah, B.A. and H.A. Alzahrani, Self-reported use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) products in topical treatment of diabetic foot disorders by diabetic patients in Jeddah, Western Saudi Arabia. BMC Research Notes, 2010. 3(1): p. 1-8. 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The objectives of the study were to evaluate the analgesic, anxiolytic and sedative-like activities of methanol extract of leaves of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe in mice model. Analgesic activity was investigated using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin-induced paw licking test. In vivo neuropharmacological effects, including anxiolytic and sedative effects were examined by open field, light-dark, elevated plus maze, thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time and hole cross tests behaviors in mice. The extract produced significant (p

The present study determined phytochemical content, antioxidant and antidiarrhoeal effect of methanol extract of Fimbristylis miliacea. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. Total phenolic, flavonoids, flavonols, tannins, β-carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll-α, and chlorophyll-β contents were found 154.13 mg GAE/g, 83.14 mg QE/g, 126.45 mg QE/g, 215.72 mg GAE/g, 1.51 µg/g, 0.66 µg/g, 7.10 mg/g and 4.25 mg/g, respectively. Antioxidant potential was compared against ascorbic acid. IC50 and EC50 values were determined as indices of antioxidant potential using five experiments; IC50 in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay were 138.83 and 353.82 µg/ml respectively. EC50 of thiobarbituric acid assay, FRAP assay and reducing power assay were observed 2159.5, 31.59 and 129.56 µg/ml respectively. Total antioxidant capacity was 155.35 mg/g AAE. Significant reduction (p≤0.001) in fecal movement was produced by plant extract and the effect was stronger than that of the standard drug loperamide (5 mg/kg.bw). Loperamide showed 58.16% inhibition whereas extract at 400 mg/kg.bw dose inhibited 80.85% diarrhea. Key words: Fimbristylis miliacea, phytochemical content, antioxidant, antidiarrhoeal

Zingiber roseum is native to Bangladesh and widely used in folk medicine. This present study was designed to assess the ameliorative potential of Zingiber roseum rhizome extract in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in mice model. Seven phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC analysis in the plant extract, including quercetin, myricetin, catechin hydrate, trans-ferulic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, (-) epicatechin, and rosmarinic acid. Hepatotoxicity was induced by administrating a single intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 (10 mL/kg) on 7th day of treatment. The results revealed that plant extract at all doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced (p

Essential oil from plants belonging to several species has been extensively used as natural resources in the prevention and treatment of a large number of diseases. The medicinal and aromatic plants of genus Etlingera produces high percentages of essential oil from its every organ and is recommended for a variety of health problems by traditional systems of medicine in south-east Asia. Essential oils from this genus demonstrated promising antimicrobial properties. As antibiotic resistance is emerging at an alarming rate, many infectious diseases have become difficult to treat. Thus, the genus Etlingera can be considered as a good source of essential oils, and extensive studies of biological activities of these oils may lead to the identification of new compounds which can be used in modern medicine, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry, primarily as antimicrobial agents. This review summarizes the characteristics of essential oil of Etlingera species with particular attention to the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities from the data in the recent literature. Key words: Etlingera, essential oil, chemical composition, antimicrobial activity.

Etlingera species are widely used traditionally as cooking herbs for their medicinal properties and also used as cosmetics by different ethnic communities in Borneo. This study investigated the bioactive potential of methanolic extracts of leaves, stems and rhizomes of Etlingera fimbriobracteata. Standard methods were applied to detect the presence of phytochemicals and to determine the phenolic content in methanolic extracts of leaves, stems and rhizomes of E. fimbriobracteata. Plant extracts were subjected to antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, reducing power assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power and total antioxidant capacity) and antimicrobial (disc diffusion) evaluations. Antidiabetic (for 4 weeks using Wistar rats) and anticancer (MTT assay) activities were also determined for leaves extract of E. fimbriobracteata. Phytochemicals screening revealed the presence of steroids, cardiac glycosides and saponins. Leaves extract showed the highest amount of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity than those of stems and rhizomes. A significant correlation (p

The Curcuma genus has been extensively used for therapeutic purposes in traditional or folk medicine worldwide, including for its anti-inflammatory activity. Curcuma spp.’s active constituents, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, can act on various targets in the signaling pathway, restrain pro-inflammatory enzymes, lower the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and reduce oxidative stress, which subsequently suppresses inflammatory processes. Preclinical and clinical studies have reported the predominant anti-inflammatory activity of several Curcuma species. This review provides an overview of the anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts, preparations, and bioactive components in this genus. This analysis may provide a scientific basis for developing new and alternative methods for the isolation of a single entity from this genus to attenuate inflammatory conditions. The Curcuma genus is waiting for researchers interested in developing safe and efficient anti-inflammatory agents for further investigation.

The Curcuma genus has been extensively used for therapeutic purposes in traditional or folk medicine worldwide, including for its anti-inflammatory activity. Curcuma spp.’s active constituents, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, can act on various targets in the signaling pathway, restrain pro-inflammatory enzymes, lower the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and reduce oxidative stress, which subsequently suppresses inflammatory processes. Preclinical and clinical studies have reported the predominant anti-inflammatory activity of several Curcuma species. This review provides an overview of the anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts, preparations, and bioactive components in this genus. This analysis may provide a scientific basis for developing new and alternative methods for the isolation of a single entity from this genus to attenuate inflammatory conditions. The Curcuma genus is waiting for researchers interested in developing safe and efficient anti-inflammatory agents for further investigation.

Medicinal plants are the major sources of traditional treatment of disease in Indian subcontinent due to abundant presence of plants and vast side effects of synthetic drug. The present study was subjected to observe in vitro thrombolytic, antibacterial, and in vivo antidiarrheal activities of methanol soluble fraction of fruits of Annona muricata. In thrombolytic activity assay, various concentrations (2 ─ 10 mg/ml) of methanol soluble fraction was used and dose dependently less potent activity was found. The maximum clot lysis 18.33% (p* < 0.05) was achieved at 10 mg/ml of methanolic fruit extract, whereas standard drug streptokinase showed 55.50% (p*** < 0.001) clot lysis. In antibacterial assay, disc diffusion method was used comprising two gram positive (S. aureus and Micrococcus luteus) and two gram negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) bacteria. None of four (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 5 mg/disc) concentration of fruit extract showed antibacterial potentiality, whereas standard amikacin (3 mg/disc) revealed strong antibacterial activities (=~ 23 ─ 24 mm of MIC). To evaluate antidiarrheal activity, castor oil induced diarrhea was created in Swiss albino mice and different doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kgbw) of fruit extract was introduced post orally. All of three different doses of fruit extract showed significant (p < 0.05 ─ 0.001) antidiarrheal activities. Notably, the percent inhibition of diarrhea by methanolic extract of fruits of Annona muricata was found to be 58.38% at a dose of 400 mg/kgbw. The effect of vehicle saline (10 ml/kgbw) was considered as control and loperamide (5 mg/kgbw) as standard that provided 67.01% inhibition of diarrhea. The results suggest that, the fruits of Annona muricata possess potent antidiarrheal properties, providing scientific basis of using the plant parts in the treatment of diarrheal disease., Biochemistry; Thrombolytic; Annona muricata; Antidiarrheal; Methanol.

Aeginetia indica (Linn.), commonly known as aankuri bankuri, guan-jen-huang, forest ghost flower, dok din daeng, dapong tubo; is a root parasitic plant of the Orobanchaceae family native to South and South-East Asian region. Different parts of the plant are traditionally used to treat fever, pain, inflammation, arthritis, cough, diabetes, and chronic liver disease. Local practitioners often recommend this plant as a folk remedy for dermal swelling, painful menstrual periods, wounds, and knee pain. However, the antipyretic and analgesic activity of A. indica have never been investigated.The present study was aimed to evaluate the analgesic and antipyretic potential of Aeginetia indica plant extract to verify its effectiveness as reported in traditional uses.Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Aeginetia indica crude extract was performed using previously established methods and antioxidant capacity was determined by phosphomolybdenum assay. In vivo analgesic activity of Aeginetia indica methanol extract (AiME) was evaluated by acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin-induced paw licking test, and hot plate test model. The antipyretic activity was studied in Baker's yeast induced pyrexia model.Phytochemicals screening revealed cardiac glycosides, saponins, phenols, tannins, and flavonoids in the crude extract of Aeginetia indica. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were recorded as 101 ± 1.1 mg GAE/g of the extract and 35 ± 0.8 mg QE/g of the extract, respectively. The total antioxidant capacity observed in phosphomolybdenum assay was 68.3 ± 1.3 mg ascorbic acid equivalent per gram of the extract. AiME showed significant dose-dependent analgesic activity against acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced paw licking, and hot plate pain model. A higher dose of A. indica (200 mg/kg) produced significant (P 0.001) inhibition of writhing by 69% whereas, standard aspirin showed maximum 85.6% inhibition. AiME at all doses showed a significant (P 0.001) decrease of paw licking time in both early neurogenic and late inflammatory pain phase of formalin-induced licking test. In the hot plate test, AiME at a 200 mg/kg dose produced antinociceptive activity (55.18%) higher than the standard ketorolac (49.88%) at 1 h. However, after 2 h, ketorolac showed a maximum effect of 62.66% and AiME 200 mg/kg showed a 60.24% effect. A significant (P 0.001) reduction of rectal temperature (4.54 °F↓) was recorded for AiME 200 mg/kg, which was higher than the standard paracetamol (3.86 F°↓) after 24 h of treatment.The in vivo investigational studies' results demonstrated promising analgesic and antipyretic activities of A. indica, which supported the claim of its folk uses.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the possible phytochemicals present, antioxidant activity and analgesic potential of ethanolic extract of leaves of Stephania japonica (Linn.). For investigating the antioxidant activity, four complementary test systems, namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, reducing power assay, Fe++ ion chelating ability and total phenolic content were used. Analgesic activity of the extract was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing model of pain in mice. In DPPH free radical scavenging test, IC50 value for ethanolic crude extract was found moderate (18.57 ± 0.079 μg/ml) while compared to the IC50 values of the reference standards ascorbic acid and BHA (1.93 ± 0.027 and 4.10 ± 0.035 μg/ml), respectively. In reducing power assay, the maximum absorbance for ethanolic crude extract was found to be 2.013 ± 0.024 at 100 μg/ml, compared to 2.811 ± 0.013 and 2.031 ± 0.019 for standard ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), respectively. The IC50 value of the extract as % Fe++ ion chelating ability was determined as 18.68 ± 0.029, where ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) showed 8.87 ± 0.035. The total phenolic amount was also calculated as moderate in ethanolic crude extract (237.71 ± 0.57 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent). At the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight, the extract showed significant analgesic potential in acetic acid induced writhing in mice, showing 41.47% inhibition (P < 0.001) comparable to that produced by diclofenac Na (45.02%) used as standard drug. These results show that ethanolic extract of leaves of S. japonica (Linn.) has moderate antioxidant and potent analgesic activity. These activities increase with the increase of concentrations. The potency of the extract may be due to the presence of phytochemicals like tannins, flavonoids, phenolics etc. Key words: Antioxidant, analgesic, phytochemicals, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolic content, reducing power assay, Stephania japonica, Menispermiaceae.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl ( Cyperaceae ) is a grass like herb usually grows as a weed in rice fields and is mainly distributed in tropical or sub-tropical countries of south and south-east Asia, central America, northern Australia and west Africa. The plant has been traditionally used to treat fever as a form of poultice. Aim of the study The present study aimed to investigate antipyretic and anti-nociceptive effects of methanol extract of leaves of Fimbristylis miliacea in mice model. Materials and methods Antipyretic effect of Fimbristylis miliacea was examined using Baker's yeast induced hyperthermia test. Anti-nociceptive effect was investigated using acetic acid induced writhing test, formalin induced hind paw licking test and hot plate test. Results The extract at concentration of 400 mg/kg produced significant reduction in body temperature after 0.5 h of administration (4.12 °F, p ≤ 0.001) and continued to decrease (after 4 h, 5.92 °F, p ≤ 0.001). Extracts at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg decreased the temperature by about 2.77 °F (from 99.47 °F to 96.7 °F) and 5.58 °F (98.2 °F–92.62 °F) respectively after 4 h whereas paracetamol dropped by about 7.2 °F (p ≤ 0.001). The extract showed significant decrease in number of writhes at all concentrations. Highest effect was found at 200 mg/kg having 35.7 writhes (p ≤ 0.001), much lower than control (89.2); standard drug diclofenac showed 23.2 writhes. Percent inhibition of writhing were 54.26 and 73.99 for 200 mg/kg and diclofenac respectively. The result of hind paw licking test also corroborated writhing test. Significant reduction in percent inhibition of licking was observed mainly in late phase. Percent inhibition of licking were 93.77 and 51.55 for 400 mg/kg extract and diclofenac respectively. In hot plate test, extract at 400 mg/kg showed significant increase in latency from 10.77 s to 13.59 s (p ≤ 0.05). Extract at this dose after 2 h demonstrated greater percent maximal effect (43.26%) compared to ketorolac (40.19%). Conclusion The experiment confirmed the traditional use of F. miliacea in the treatment of fever with possible anti-nociceptive effects.

The study was carried out to determine the phytochemical content, antioxidant, antibacterial and antidiarrheal activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Limnophila repens . The total phenolic, flavonoids, flavonols, tannins, β-carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll-α, and chlorophyll-β contents were found to be 65.21 ± 0.004 mg GAE/g , 44.83 ± 0.003 mg QE/g , 17.21 ± 0.002 mg QE/g, 56.27 ± 0.002 mg GAE/g , 1.32 ± 0.01 µg/g, 0.93 ± 0.012 µg/g, 11.85 ± 0.04 mg/g and 9.69 ± 0.037 mg/g, respectively. In vitro antioxidant potential of L. repens was assessed using various methods like by 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, FRAP assay and thiobarbituric acid assay. IC 50 values of the aforesaid tests were found to be 2.33 mg/ml, 442.31 µg/ml, 374 µg/ml, 55.09 µg/ml, and 4.30 mg/ml, respectively. The total antioxidant capacity was observed 140.7 ± 0.004 mg/g AAE. Aantibacterial activity of the methanolic extracts of whole plant of L. repens was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. The plant extract didn’t show any activity against Gram-positive (except Staphylococcus aureus ) and Gram-negative bacteria. Finally, castor oil induced method was conducted to investigate the antidiarrheal activity of L. repens . At the dose of 400 mg/kg, the plant extract (35.62% inhibition of diarrhea) exhibited stronger effect compared to standard drug, loperamide (27.4% inhibition of diarrhea).

Background The present study was designed to investigate analgesic potential and in vitro antioxidant activity of crude ethanolic extract of two plants (Ageratum conyzoides L. and Mikania cordifolia L.) of Asteraceae family growing in the coastal region of Bangladesh. Methods The analgesic potentials of the plants were evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing in mice and for investigating the antioxidant activity, four complementary test methods namely DPPH free radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, ferrous ion chelating ability assay, and total phenolic content determination were carried out. Results and discussion The analgesic activities of the crude extracts were found significant at dose of 500 mg/kg-body weight inhibition (p Conclusion The study tends to suggest potent analgesic activity of crude ethanolic extract of leaves of A. conyzoides L. and M. cordifolia L., and justify their traditional use for antioxidant and analgesic treatment; however, in vivo antioxidant activity and active component(s) of the extract for antioxidant and analgesic potentiality are yet to be discovered.

Ageratum conyzoides Linn. (Asteraceae) is an annual herbaceous plant with a long history of traditional medicinal and agricultural uses; it is usually grown in the northeast part of Bangladesh.The ethanol extract of the plant leaves was evaluated for preliminary phytochemical screening with its antinociceptive and antioxidant activities.The preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed on the basis of standard procedures. The analgesic activity of the extract was investigated using the acetic acid-induced writhing method in mice. Five complementary tests such as DPPH free radical scavenging, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, reducing power, Fe(++) ion chelating ability and total phenolic content were used for determining antioxidant activities.The results of preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, reducing sugars, saponins, gums, steroids, tannins and flavonoids. The extract possessed a significant dose-dependent DPPH free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 18.91 μg/ml compared to ascorbic acid (IC50: 2.937 μg/ml) and butylated hydroxyanisole (IC50: 5.10 μg/ml). The IC50 value of the extract for NO scavenging (41.81 μg/ml) was also found to be significant compared to the IC50 value of ascorbic acid (37.93 μg/ml). Moreover, the extract showed reducing power activity and Fe(++) ion chelating ability. The total phenolic amount was also calculated as quite high (378.37 mg/g of gallic acid equivalents) in the crude ethanol extract.Therefore, the obtained results tend to suggest the antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of the plant leaves and justify its use in folkloric remedies.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of methanol extract of leaves of Stephania japonica . The crude methanolic extract of S. japonica , n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate soluble fractions of methanolic extract were screened for their antimicrobial activity against a wide range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by disc diffusion method. The crude extract showed moderate and n-Hexane, chloroform soluble fraction of crude extract showed mild antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhi , Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus . The zones of inhibition produced by the crude methanolic extract, n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate soluble fractions were found to be 12.80-16.55 mm, 12.60 mm, 5-14.30 mm and 10-20.25 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 30 g/disc. Chloroform, n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions of methanolic extract of S. japonica were screened for antitumor properties using brine shrimp lethality bioassay. A reputed cytotoxic agent vincristine sulphate was used as a positive control. From the results of the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, it can be well predicted that chloroform and ethyl acetate soluble fractions of methanolic extract of S. japonica possess cytotoxic principles (with LC 50 66.488 mg/ml and LC 50 45.662 mg/ml, respectively) comparison with positive control vincristine sulphate (with LC 50 0.839 mg/ml). But n-hexane soluble fractions of methanolic extract of S. japonica exhibited no lethality effect on shrimp nauplii. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v28i2.11816 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 28, Number 2, December 2011, pp 52-56

Background: Aeginetia indica, a perennial herb from the Orobanchaceae family, generally grows as a root parasite and is widely distributed in the forests of South and South-Asian countries. The plant has valuable uses in herbal medicine against various diseases, such as diabetes, liver diseases, and arthritis. Aim of the study: The present study was designed to investigate the antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effects of the methanol extract of the whole plant of A. indica in a mouse model followed by the isolation of bioactive compounds and their in-silico studies. Methods: The hepatoprotective effects were evaluated in a paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity mouse model. The antidiabetic effects were examined by an oral glucose tolerance test and in an alloxan-induced diabetes mouse model. Results: The plant extract, at a dose of 400 mg/kg, caused a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in liver enzyme concentrations, including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase, similar to the effects of standard drug silymarin. The plant extract, at 400 mg/kg, also significantly reduced (p < 0.001) the fasting blood glucose concentration by 27.33 % after 3 h, compared with a reduction of 45.31 % in response to glibenclamide. In the alloxan-induced diabetes model mice, significant reductions (p < 0.05) in elevated glucose concentrations were observed on days 10 and 20 in mice treated with plant extract and glibenclamide. Chromatographic analyses and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies identified the presence of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and oleic acid in the extract. The possible mechanism underlying the antidiabetic effects was revealed by molecular docking analyses examining the binding of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol with sirtuin 4, an NAD-dependent deacylase enzyme that downregulates leucine-induced and glutamate dehydrogenase-induced insulin secretion. The binding affinities between sirtuin 4 and β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and NAD were found to be −8.6 kcal/mol, −7.2 kcal/mol and −9.5 kcal/mol, respectively, indicating the probable competition between NAD and the isolated components for sirtuin 4. Conclusion: The present study revealed that A. indica exerted protective effects against alloxan-induced diabetes and paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice, which supports the findings regarding the use of A. indica during traditional medical practice.